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Developing senior doctors as mentors: a form of continuing professional development. Report Of an initiative to develop a network of senior doctors as mentors: 1994-99.

BACKGROUND: Senior doctors report that mentoring skills are transferable to everyday medical practice and managing juniors. An analysis of views from consultants and general practitioners, who had trained together on a regional mentoring scheme, reveals significant potential for personal and professional development in such networks. CONTEXT: The Northern and Yorkshire Region Doctors' Development and Mentoring Network was set up in 1994. Since then there have been six programmes with 116 senior doctors participating. In 1997 there was an evaluation of the first four programmes. METHOD: Focus groups and postal questionnaire. RESULTS: There were responses from 71 senior doctors, giving a response rate of 86%, and responses from 78 professional stakeholders in 49 NHS organizations, a response rate of 54%. Results indicate that the programmes were highly valued by the participants, particularly with regard to: being part of a network of senior doctors; developing mentoring skills, and engaging in personal and professional development. The most difficult part of the programme was setting up mentoring networks for junior doctors, and reasons included: personal factors, such as levels of confidence in providing mentoring; cultural factors, such as juniors not wishing to be seen to need help, and organizational factors, such as lack of time allocated for mentoring. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ISSUES FOR FURTHER DEBATE: The positive benefits from the scheme raise questions about how to develop mentoring training for senior doctors. Issues include: developing mentors; who needs mentoring; mentoring and the organization; transferability of mentoring skills, and widening the network.

Clinical Competence↗

Continuing professional development.

There is increasing political and consumer pressure on professions, which have a degree of monopoly of service, to ensure that their members are competent to practise. One means of maintaining competence is the requirement of professionals to undertake professional development activities throughout their practising careers. Options reviewed are: voluntary attendance at continuing education activities; complaints-initiated professional development; compulsory attendance at continuing education activities; practice audit; a professional development programme for recent graduates; and the professional development review process.

Clinical Competence↗

The changing training needs of clinical nurse managers: exploring issues for continuing professional development.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: To identify areas where clinical nurse managers perceived that they would benefit from further training and to make recommendations for planning future programmes to meet their needs. BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of the clinical nurse manager has traditionally been associated with maintaining standards of care. Continuing professional development (CPD) is essential to ensure this important group feel adequately prepared to perform their role and has been recognized as an important factor in maintaining job satisfaction and reducing wasteful staff turnover. A review of the literature indicated that since the 1980s the CPD needs of clinical nurse managers have tended to be overlooked despite increasing complexity of the tasks expected of them. Thus it appeared that a fresh study to address these needs would be justified and should take into account sources of work-related stress and variables relating to job satisfaction. METHODS: The study involved clinical nurse managers employed in all four acute hospital National Health Service (NHS) trusts where training needs were served by a major inner city educational consortium. Data collection proceeded in two stages. Initially interviews were undertaken with a random sample of 15 clinical nurse managers to provide in-depth, qualitative data. This information was used to develop a survey questionnaire distributed to the remaining 182 clinical nurse managers in each of the trusts. RESULTS: Data from the interviews indicated that clinical nurse managers appeared to feel clinically competent but generally experienced lack of confidence when dealing with a range of issues, in particular; human resources, managing budgets, deputizing for senior colleagues across the trust ('acting up') and using information technology in everyday practice. Response rate to the survey was good (65%). The results corroborated the interview findings, indicating a need for updating in the same wide range of topics. There were few differences in training needs across all four trusts. Clinical nurse managers who perceived that they had been well-prepared for their role demonstrated higher levels of job satisfaction. Perceived preparation for clinical leadership was the same irrespective of the employing trust, length of time in post and other sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings confirm that CPD remains a major issue for clinical nurse managers in the United Kingdom (UK) and that providing opportunities for such development may be an important factor in enhancing job satisfaction. The study findings should help those providing CPD to plan more effectively for this group and have implications for staff recruitment and retention.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Continuing professional development--global perspectives: synopsis of a workshop held during the International Association of Dental Research meeting in Gothenburg, Sweden, 2003. Part 2: regulatory and accreditation systems and evidence for improving the performance of the dental team.

This paper is the second in a series of two that report on continuing professional development (CPD). Details of the informants and the methodologies used were reported in the first paper. This paper reports the data and information presented on the topics of regulatory and accreditation systems for CPD and evidence that CPD improves the performance of the oral health team. By June 2003, participation in CPD was mandatory in most of the states of the USA, all Canadian Provinces, the UK and Latvia and was likely to become mandatory in a number of other countries in the near future. A variety of accreditation systems were reported including collecting CPD points, which in some countries were weighted depending on the type of CPD activity, and re-certification examinations. Very few studies for the effectiveness of dental CPD were identified. However, in general it was concluded that there is little evidence for the effectiveness of CPD for the oral health team. The main recommendation from this study is that a systematic review of the effectiveness of CPD in improving the performance of the oral health team and patient based outcomes be undertaken. A range of other research questions was also identified including: how can CPD be best matched to clinicians' needs rather than demands?

Accreditation↗

Staff grades and associate specialists: their continuing professional development and aspirations.

A survey of staff grades and associate specialists in the Oxford deanery showed that there were slightly more females (53%). There were 44% who had on-call commitments, a third of these were first on call. Thirty-eight per cent of the staff grades and 55% of the associate specialists had membership or fellowship of their relevant Royal College. The majority undertake continuing professional development and a majority would like promotion but only a small minority is prepared to relocate to further their training.

Adult↗

Continuing professional development for rural physicians: an oxymoron or just non-existent?

There is geographic maldistribution of physicians across Australia and their professional isolation, particularly in relation to continuing professional development, is a definite problem. It tends to be worse in smaller centres where there is no critical mass that allows for peer support. Although some academic research has been carried out concerning the needs of rural GP, none has targetted rural specialists. Several activities, including the Commonwealth-funded Support Scheme for Rural Specialists, have been well received and other initiatives, including the rural clinical schools and university departments of rural health, are beginning to provide an infrastructure that will help overcome the professional isolation through the use of innovative technologies such as interactive videoconferencing. This is being used to deliver RACP initiatives such as the basic physician trainee lecture series and the potential for vertical integration of training in rural settings which offer some promise to address the rural workforce shortage in the years to come.

Australia↗

Continuing professional development--supporting the delivery of quality healthcare.

Patients and the general public have a right to expect that doctors remain up to date and are professionally competent. The ultimate aim of continuing professional development (CPD) is to contribute to high-quality patient care. The General Medical Council in the UK has published guidance in relation to standards for CPD, appraisal and revalidation. Doctors in the UK participate in an annual appraisal, the outcome of which is the development of the Personal Development Plan. This paper describes a framework for effective CPD and includes methods of self-assessment of clinical practice. Contributions to effective CPD come from 3 sources--doctors, CPD providers and accrediting bodies. The CPD system of recording credits currently in use by the Royal Colleges of Physicians in the UK is also described.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗

Launching a new continuing professional development programme from the Raven Department of Education.

In recent years the quality agenda has taken centre stage in the medical arena. Coupled with this, the present era of rapid scientific and technological advance means that all professionals are engaged in a continuing process of life-long learning. With the pace of change increasing all the time, new thinking challenges conventional wisdom and traditional methods are constantly being superseded. Continuing professional development is the only way for surgeons to stay at the leading edge in such as challenging environment at every stage in their career, to progress--to be participants in these changes rather than merely observers.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗

Reflective practice and experiential learning: tools for continuing professional development.

The models of reflective practice and experiential learning, described within this article, provide the dental practitioner and his/her team with realistic methods by which they can improve their skills and working atmosphere, and also reduce occupational stress. The reflective dentist is one who engages his/her team in a process of discussion regarding a variety of clinical situations, and who learns from both positive and negative clinical experience. This article offers a detailed analysis of reflective practice and experiential learning, and the ways in which application of these procedures can contribute significantly to the continuing professional development of dentists and dental teams.

Education, Dental, Continuing↗

CELT: a computerised evaluative learning tool for continuing professional development.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a computerised, evaluative learning tool (CELT) designed to encourage self-directed learning and help users make changes in practice following learning. The study aimed to evaluate how CELT was used and to ascertain user perceptions of the program. DESIGN: Qualitative analysis of interviews and quantitative analysis of entries made using the software. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: West of Scotland region, comprising six Health Board areas with a total of 2176 general practitioners (GPs), 39 of whom took part in the study. RESULTS: Of the 39 GPs who started on the project, 34 used CELT. Of these 34, 28 GPs sent in files and six did not. Of the 28 GPs who sent in files, 25 entered data and 76% (22/29) considered the program easy to use. The program was used 7 days a week during the day and night. It raised participants' awareness of the educational value of everyday experiences and led to increased thought about learning. In 41% (45/111) of entries there was evidence that some action had been initiated by users as a result of learning. CONCLUSIONS: CELT was designed to encourage self-directed learning and help users make changes in practice following learning. The study has shown that it can be used to deliver individual continuing professional development. It encourages a disciplined approach to learning, promotes thought about learning needs and increases the ability of GPs to learn from everyday experiences. In some instances, users were able to apply what had been learned.

Adult↗

The continuing professional development of the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists and the Canadian Academy of Clinical Biochemists.

The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (CSCC) and the Canadian Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (CACB) have recently implemented a new professional development program for its 400 members. The program's goals are: to evaluate and recognize professional development based on self-determined needs, interests, and learning preferences; and to ensure that qualified professionals directing clinical biochemistry laboratories have adequate basic and current knowledge to function competently in their profession. Involvement in the program is currently voluntary and based on a 3-year cycle during which time participants must earn a minimum of 150 credits from at least 3 of 8 categories' learning activities. Of these activities: four are related to updating knowledge (Formal Group Learning related to Laboratory Medicine, Other Formal Group Learning, Self-Directed Learning, Self-Assessment); three are related to the maintenance and implementation of practice skills (Service Associated Learning, Teaching, Change in Practice); and one is related to the advancement of knowledge (Publications and Presentations). One credit is defined as one hour of continuing professional development activity. At the end of each year, members document their activities by submitting a 4 page Annual Summary of Activities (ASA) form. The cost of coordinating the program is minimal as it is administered by a steering committee and smaller working committees, all of whom are voluntary. A basic assumption of our program is that self-management of professional development (PD) is an important prerequisite and indicator of maintenance of competence. By recognizing learning through a number of activities and outcomes, it is anticipated that our program will promote an overall improvement in the quality of Laboratory Medicine throughout Canada.

Canada↗

Continuous professional development.

BACKGROUND: Lifelong learning is a requirement for all nurses. Structured continuing education programs are just one method of acquiring knowledge. Non-structured, self-directed methods of development often are overlooked in this process. METHOD: This article presents suggestions for self-assessment and non-structured methods of professional development for professional developers. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: By following the suggestions presented in this article, professional developers can assess their true learning needs and identify useful methods to develop themselves professionally.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Accreditation: standards for quality continuing professional development.

Accreditation is one way of assuring that continuing education providers are credible and competent. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education has recently modified its accreditation standards to meet the needs of the health care system and continuing medical education providers. The standards (Essential Areas and Elements) from the new accreditation system will be reviewed and discussed to illustrate one system of accreditation as a potential model for the continuing veterinary medical education professional.

Accreditation↗