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PubMed2003

Interactions of norepinephrine and galanin in the central amygdala and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulate the behavioral response to acute stress.

Many aspects of drug abuse and addiction share neurobiological substrates with the modulatory processes underlying the response and adaptation to acute stress. In particular, the ascending noradrenergic system has been implicated in facilitating the response to stress, and in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking behavior. Thus, to better understand the link between stress and addictive behaviors, it would be informative to understand better the modulatory function of the ascending noradrenergic system, and its interaction with other neurotransmitters with which it is closely associated or co-localized, such as the neuropeptide galanin. In this paper, we review a series of studies investigating the functional interactions of norepinephrine and galanin in modulating the behavioral response to acute stress in two components of the extended amygdala, the central nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. We showed that norepinephrine facilitates behavioral reactivity to stress on the elevated plus-maze and social interaction tests. However, when stress-induced activation of the noradrenergic system was enhanced by blocking inhibitory adrenergic autoreceptors, galanin release was recruited in the central amygdala, acting to attenuate the behavioral response to stress. By contrast, stress-induced galanin release in the lateral bed nucleus appeared to be independent of enhanced noradrenergic activation, and unlike the central amygdala, both galanin and norepinephrine facilitated behavioral stress reactivity in the bed nucleus. The different modes of interaction and differential region- and response-specificity of galanin and norepinephrine suggest that a complex neural circuit interconnecting these two regions is involved in the modulatory effects of norepinephrine and galanin on the behavioral response to stress. Such complexity may allow for flexibility and plasticity in stress adaptation, and may also contribute to behavioral changes induced by chronic drug administration. Thus, the interaction of galanin and norepinephrine may be a viable target for the future development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating behavioral disorders related to stress or drug abuse.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2005

fsi zebrafish show concordant reversal of laterality of viscera, neuroanatomy, and a subset of behavioral responses.

Asymmetries in CNS neuroanatomy are assumed to underlie the widespread cognitive and behavioral asymmetries in vertebrates. Studies in humans have shown that the laterality of some cognitive asymmetries is independent of the laterality of the viscera; discrete mechanisms may therefore regulate visceral and neural lateralization. However, through analysis of visceral, neuroanatomical, and behavioral asymmetries in the frequent-situs-inversus (fsi) line of zebrafish, we show that the principal left-right body asymmetries are coupled to certain brain asymmetries and lateralized behaviors. fsi fish with asymmetry defects show concordant reversal of heart, gut, and neuroanatomical asymmetries in the diencephalon. Moreover, the neuroanatomical reversals in reversed fsi fish correlate with reversal of some behavioral responses in both fry and adult fsi fish. Surprisingly, two behavioral asymmetries do not reverse, suggesting that at least two separable mechanisms must influence functional lateralization in the CNS. Partial reversal of CNS asymmetries may generate new behavioral phenotypes; supporting this idea, reversed fsi fry differ markedly from their normally lateralized siblings in their behavioral response to a novel visual feature. Revealing a link between visceral and brain asymmetry and lateralized behavior, our studies help to explain the complexity of the relationship between the lateralities of visceral and neural asymmetries.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

The circadian rhythm of the sex-pheromone-mediated behavioral response in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum, is not controlled at the peripheral level.

The pheromone-mediated upwind flight of male turnip moths was observed in a flight tunnel at different times of day under conditions of a light-dark (LD) cycle, constant darkness (DD), and a shifted photoperiod. Under both LD and DD conditions, a significantly larger number of males flew to the pheromone during both the scotophase and the subjective scotophase than during the photophase and the subjective photophase for 2 consecutive days. When 1-day-old moths were transferred to a shifted LD cycle with lights turned off 4 h earlier, male behavioral responses to the pheromone advanced in time accordingly by 4 h. This showed that male behavioral responses to the pheromone are under the control of an endogenous oscillator. To further examine the level at which the circadian rhythm of the male behavioral response is regulated, the authors tested the olfactory responses of male antennal receptors to pheromone stimuli by means of electroantennograms (EAG) at different times of day. No significant variation in the sensitivity of the male antennal response to the pheromone was observed in terms of time of day. The results suggest that circadian regulation of the rhythmic behavioral response to pheromones in the male Agrotis occurs at the central nervous system level.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Sex differences in cocaine-induced behavioral responses, pharmacokinetics, and monoamine levels.

Female rats display a more robust behavioral response to acute cocaine administration than do male rats. However, a clear understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying these differences remains elusive. The present study investigated whether sexual dimorphisms in cocaine-induced motor behavior might be based on monoaminergic levels and/or cocaine pharmacokinetics. An acute injection of cocaine (5, 15, 20 or 30 mg/kg) or saline was administered to male and female rats, and behavioral activity was monitored for 3 h. Following acute cocaine or saline administration motor behavior varied according to dose and sex; overall, female rats displayed greater rearing counts and stereotypic scores, greater total locomotor counts at 15, 20, and 30 mg/kg of cocaine, and greater ambulatory counts at 20 and 30 mg/kg of cocaine than did male rats. Neurochemical determinations in post-mortem tissue showed that both male and female rats had increases in total dopamine (DA) in the caudate putamen (CPu) 15 min following cocaine administration. Additionally, male rats had a decrease in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/DA turnover. Female rats showed significant reductions in total levels of DA, DOPAC, HVA, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), and DOPAC/DA turnover in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Male rats displayed a reduction only in DOPAC/DA turnover and increases in 5-HT in the NAc following cocaine administration. Furthermore, sex differences in cocaine metabolism were observed where females had greater brain/blood levels of norcocaine and ecgonine methyl ester while male rats had higher blood levels of benzoylecgonine. These results suggest that sex differences in the behavioral responses to cocaine administration could be explained in part by intrinsic differences in both monoaminergic levels and metabolic processes.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Behavioral responses to injections of muscimol into the subthalamic nucleus: temporal changes after nigrostriatal lesions.

Changes in cellular activity in the subthalamic nucleus are a cardinal feature of Parkinson's disease and occur in rodents after lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway, a model of Parkinson's disease. GABA-ergic neurons from the globus pallidus provide a major input to the subthalamic nucleus. Previous electrophysiological studies revealed temporal changes in the activity of pallidal neurons after nigrostriatal lesions in rats. However, little is known about the impact of these changes on GABAergic transmission in the subthalamic nucleus. We have examined the behavioral responses to a local administration of the GABA A agonist muscimol into the subthalamic nucleus. Muscimol (0.01 and 0.1 microg) induced orofacial dyskinesia in normal rats; this response was blunted 2 weeks but enhanced 2 months after a unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. The early decrease in the behavioral response occurred at a time when increased expression of mRNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase, the enzyme of GABA synthesis, and burst firing have been reported in the globus pallidus, suggesting an adaptive post-synaptic response to increased GABAergic transmission in the subthalamic nucleus. In contrast, we now show that glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA is unchanged in the globus pallidus at the later time point, when electrophysiological changes also subside in this region. The increased behavioral response at this later time point may reflect a decreased activity in GABAergic inputs to the subthalamic nucleus. The results show time-dependent changes in behavioral responses to GABA A receptor stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus which may reflect adaptive changes in postsynaptic inhibitory responses after dopaminergic lesions.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗

PubMed2005

Behavioral response to novelty correlates with dopamine receptor availability in striatum of Göttingen minipigs.

Behavioral response to novelty in rats has been linked both to dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum, and to propensity to self-administer psychostimulant drugs. In order to probe the relationship between behavioral response to novelty and dopamine systems we have developed a behavioral model for correlation with positron emission tomography (PET) of dopamine transmission in brain of Göttingen minipigs. In the present study, we measured exploration of a novel object by recording the number of contacts, and duration of contact with a novel object, in groups of six male and six female adult minipigs. We hypothesized that these novelty scores would correlate with the amphetamine-evoked dopamine release in ventral striatum, measured 2 weeks later in a PET study of the availability of binding sites for the dopamine D2/3 antagonist [11C]raclopride. There were significant correlations between duration of contact with a novel object and the amphetamine-evoked reductions in binding potential (DeltapB) in the left ventral striatum of the 12 animals; Comparison of results by gender revealed that the correlation was driven mainly by the male group, and was not present in the female group. We interpret these results to show that propensity to explore an unfamiliar object is relatively elevated in pigs with low basal occupancy of dopamine D2/3 receptors by endogenous dopamine, and with high amphetamine-induced occupancy of released dopamine in the male pigs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reactivity and regulation in cortisol and behavioral responses to stress.

This study examined relations between reactivity (i.e., peak response) and regulation (i.e., response dampening) in 6-month-old infants' cortisol and behavioral responses to inoculation (N = 62). Data showed that reactivity and regulation were unrelated for both cortisol and behavior. The independence of reactivity and regulation suggests that measures of both are needed to characterize infant cortisol or behavioral response to stress more completely. For both reactivity and regulation, cortisol and behavior were unrelated, suggesting that measures of both are needed to assess infant stress more adequately. There was considerable variation in the timing of the peak cortisol response, suggesting that obtaining only a single poststressor cortisol sample does not provide a sensitive measure of cortisol reactivity.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Effects of short- and long-term estrogen and progesterone replacement on behavioral responses and c-fos mRNA levels in female rats after acute cocaine administration.

It is well established that there are estrous cycle differences in cocaine-induced behavioral activity, implicating fluctuations in levels of estrogen and progesterone throughout the cycle in these alterations in behavior. However, the mechanisms by which steroids alter cocaine-induced behavioral responses have yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine whether short- or long-term estrogen and progesterone administration differentially alters behavioral responses to cocaine. Estrogen (50 microg) was administered 30 min or 48 h before cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) administration; progesterone (500 microg) was administered 30 min or 24 h before cocaine. Short-term estrogen replacement decreased cocaine-induced ambulations. Short-term progesterone decreased rearing, whereas long-term progesterone decreased ambulations. Although cocaine increased levels of c-fos mRNA, none of the estrogen or progesterone replacement paradigms affected this measure. Because long-term estrogen replacement has been shown to have no effect on locomotor activity after acute cocaine administration, our observations suggest that short-term estrogen may underlie behavioral alterations. These findings suggest that after acute cocaine administration, while estrogen may activate only membrane receptors to alter behavioral responses to cocaine, progesterone activates both nuclear and membrane receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Behavioral response of Corophium volutator relative to experimental conditions, physical and chemical disturbances.

The preference/avoidance behavioral response of a widely used amphipod in toxicity tests, Corophium volutator, was investigated in relation to the presence of anthropogenic physical or chemical materials in sediments. Exposure conditions, including the density of amphipods, the depth of sediments, amount of overlying water, and exposure time, were examined for their influence on amphipods' preference for field sediments and avoidance of coarse sand. It was shown that these variables did not affect the response; thus, conditions similar to published standard toxicity tests were chosen. A gradient of sediments spiked with potential habitat disturbances that can be found on a beach or in contaminated sediments, such as those in harbors, were tested. These substances included sand, seaweed, burned wood, coal, crankcase oil, and diesel oil. To enhance the interpretation of results and decrease the variability observed when tests were conducted at different times over the summer, exposures were performed over a gradient of spike material in reference sediments. We conclude that physical obstacles added to reference sediments lead to less correlation with the behavioral response than observed with chemical interferences. Amphipods' behavior ranked harbor sediments similarly to previous studies concerning the health of intertidal mussels collected in proximity to the sediments sites. For five sites, preference of reference sediments was observed until the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diluted harbor sediments reached the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment sediment quality guidelines.

Amphipoda↗

PubMed1989

A home evaluation of a behavioral response measure of sleep/wakefulness.

15 women and 3 men enrolled in a first-year undergraduate psychology course participated in a study concerned with evaluating the home use of a behavioral response monitor of sleep/wakefulness. The subjects, representing a range of fairly poor to good sleepers, used the device for three consecutive nights in their own homes. The 1967 Monroe Questionnaire was used to differentiate "good" sleepers from "poorer" sleepers. The behavioral response system indicated that subjects could adequately report how long they slept but consistently underestimated their number of arousals and could not reliably specify sleep-onset latency. The behavioral response measure was an effective and economical means of obtaining in-home objective sleep data and holds potential for clinical evaluation of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Body image concerns and behavioral responses in a patient with cerebellopontine angle tumor].

This case report investigates the behavioral responses of body image change of a cerebellopontine angle tumor patient. Twelve process recordings obtained from a field study comprised the data for analysis. The dimensions of the subject's body image change were body structure, body function, body sensation, and social function change. Two types of behavioral response were delineated and categorized as the following: (1) Identifying the individual's body image change, such as seeking information, seeking reassurance, and comparative behavior. (2) Maintaining the integrity of individual's body image, such as rationalizing behavior, maintenance behavior, cooperative behavior and seeking religious support. This paper reports how the investigators used nursing interventions to help the subject gradually get through the process and adapt to the body image changes properly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Modification of behavioral responses induced by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in rats.

To investigate the role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a source of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, in paranoid psychosis, a detailed analysis of the behavioral responses induced by electrical stimulation of the VTA was made. Abnormal behavior induced by bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the VTA consisted of two components: forward locomotion and exploration. Similar responses were obtained when the nucleus accumbens (NAC) or prefrontal cortex (PFC) were stimulated. The expression of behavioral responses to stimulation was significantly attenuated by dopamine (DA) receptor or antagonists, such as haloperidol, YM-09151-2 and SCH23390. These results indicate that VTA stimulation causes a transient hyperdopaminergic state in the brain, that resembles psychostimulant-induced abnormal behavior. The effects of chronic administration of methamphetamine (MAP) on the behavioral responses to electrical stimulation of the VAT were also investigated. Although an acute administration of MAP did not affect the behavioral responses to electrical stimulation of the VTA, chronic treatment with MAP (for 2 weeks) caused a long-lasting reduction in the electrical threshold for the induction of abnormal behavior, compared with chronic saline-treated rats. It is suggested that a lasting enhancement in the behavioral response to stimulation of VTA neurons may contribute to the etiology of paranoid schizophrenia and amphetamine psychosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

A comparison of sleep detection by wrist actigraphy, behavioral response, and polysomnography.

Two alternative methods for detecting sleep, wrist actigraphy (ACT) and behavioral response monitoring (BRM), were compared to polysomnography (PSG). In the BRM paradigm, a threshold intensity visual or auditory stimulus generated by a palm-top computer was presented about once per minute, and subjects pressed a microswitch if the stimulus was detected. A response within 5 seconds of the stimulus was scored as "wake" and a failure to respond as "sleep." Four males and four females underwent two nights of simultaneous in-home PSG, BRM, and ACT. Each night, subjects underwent a protocol designed to generate five sleep latency trials. Subjects were awakened by alarm clocks at approximately 1-hour intervals and remained awake for 10 minutes before returning to bed for another sleep onset latency (SOL) trial. Minute-by-minute comparisons were made for PSG versus ACT and BRM. All measures were fairly sensitive in detecting sleep, but BRM was more accurate in determining SOL and subsequent wakefulness. Behavioral response monitoring using a tone resulted in more responses and arousals prior to and during light stages of sleep than BRM using a light. It is concluded that BRM has some important advantages as a simple, minimally invasive method for monitoring sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Behavioral responsiveness in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage.

Preterm infants with varying degrees of intraventricular hemorrhage (none, n = 21; grade I to II, n = 22; grade II to IV, n = 24) and a group of full-term infants (n = 21) were compared with regard to behavioral responsiveness and parental reports of the infant's temperament. Behavioral responsiveness was assessed during the presentation of 15 visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli at 3 months of age (corrected age for preterm infants). Summary scores for positive and negative responsiveness, as well as sociability, soothability, and overall activity levels, were derived from behavioral observations by coders who were unaware of the infant's characteristics. The Bates Infant Characteristic Questionnaire was completed by the main care giver and scored on four summary variables: fussy-difficult, unadaptable, dull, and unpredictable. Preterm infants, regardless of the presence or severity of intraventricular hemorrhage, showed less positive responses and less overall activity in response to stimulation. Infants with grade I to II intraventricular hemorrhage were less sociable and more difficult to soothe than full-term control infants. Individual differences in positive, negative, sociability, and soothability were related to the questionnaire scores of fussy-difficult and unadaptability. Both prematurity and degree of intraventricular hemorrhage affect behavioral responsiveness and these individual differences are related to parental reports of the infant's temperament.

Affect↗

PubMed1995

Variations in the behavioral responses to apomorphine in different strains of rats.

The present experiments compared patterns of locomotor activity during repeated acclimation sessions and determinations of locomotion and stereotypy elicited by administration of the direct dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine in five inbred strains of rats: the results suggest that each strain can be differentiated phenotypically according to these behavioral responses. Brown Norway rats demonstrated the greatest locomotion during acclimation sessions. Low doses of apomorphine (0.1 and 0.32mg/kg) produced a flat body posture in Lewis animals. A higher dose of apomorphine (1.0mg/kg) markedly increased locomotion in Fisher rats. Buffalo animals showed licking during control sessions and the greatest increase in gnawing at higher doses of apomorphine. DA rats were less responsive than the other strains of apomorphine. Between-strains autoradiographic determination of dopamine receptor densities revealed several differences in D1 receptors labeled by (3)H-SCH 23390 and D2/D3 receptors labeled by (125)I-NCQ 298 in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. However, the heterogeneity of dopamine receptor densities was not sufficient to explain the strain-specific behavioral responses. These experiments demonstrate variations in behavioral and neurochemical characteristics of inbred strains of rats which could be used to model genetically determined differences in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

The effect of ketamine isomers on both mice behavioral responses and c-Fos expression in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices.

Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, is a racemic mixture. S(+) ketamine is presumed to be more potent as an anesthetic than R(-) ketamine, and causes less postanesthetic stimulation of locomotor activity than R(-) ketamine in animals at equihypnotic doses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of S(+), R(-), and racemic ketamines on mice behavioral responses and c-Fos expression in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices (PC/RS), which are suggested to be the brain regions responsible for NMDA-receptor-antagonist-induced psychotomimetic activity. Ataxia and head weaving and c-Fos expression in the PC/RS were significantly more induced by both S(+) and racemic ketamines than by R(-) ketamine at the same dose. S(+) ketamine induced significantly more potent ataxia than racemic ketamine at the same dose. Ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the PC/RS correlated well with the intensity of behavioral responses. These results imply that R(-) ketamine is weaker than both S(+) and racemic ketamines in a psychotomimetic effect. Also, S(+) ketamine is more potent than racemic ketamine in a psychotomimetic effect and possibly in an anesthetic effect. They also indicate that PC/RS is at least one of the specific brain regions responsible for ketamine-induced behavioral responses in animals and a psychotomimetic activity in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) exposed to deltamethrin and possible implications for disease control.

Behavioral responses of nine Aedes aegypti (L.) strains, six from recent field collections and three from the long-established laboratory colonies, were tested under laboratory-controlled conditions by using an excito-repellency test system. All nine strains showed significant behavioral escape responses when exposed to deltamethrin at the standard field dose (0.02 g/m2), regardless of background insecticide susceptibility status (susceptible or tolerant/resistant). Insecticide contact irritancy played a predominate role in overall female mosquito escape responses, whereas noncontact repellency was not observed at levels significantly different from paired noncontact control tests (P > 0.01). Among the six field populations, the Jakarta (Indonesia) Toba (north Sumatra), and Bangkok female mosquitoes showed rapid exit (>78%) during 30 min of direct contact with insecticide-treated surfaces, whereas the other three strains demonstrated only moderate escape responses (32-56%) from the chambers. Moderate escape responses during direct insecticidal contact also were observed in the three laboratory test populations (44- 60%). Higher percentage of mortality was observed from laboratory strains (8-33%) that failed to escape compared with nonescape females of field strains (2-16%), possibly a reflection of background deltamethrin susceptibility status. We conclude that contact irritancy is a major behavioral response of Ae. aegypti when exposed directly to deltamethrin and that rapid flight escape from areas exposed to space sprays or surfaces treated with residual pyrethroids could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of adult mosquito control and disease transmission reduction measures.

Aedes↗

PubMed2001

Behavioral responses to dopamine agonists in adult rats exposed to cocaine during the preweaning period.

In order to determine whether developmental cocaine exposure altered the functional responses of dopamine systems, the behavioral responses to selective D1 or D2/D3 agonists were examined and compared to rats treated during the same period with a selective inhibitor of the dopamine transporter, GBR 12909. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered cocaine or GBR 12909 at 25 or 50 mg/kg/day during postnatal days (PND) 11-20. At 60+ days of age, rats were administered a challenge drug (either SKF 82958, a full D1 agonist, at 1.0 or 10 mg/kg, or quinpirole, a D2/D3 agonist, at 0.08 or 0.5 mg/kg, or saline) and subjected to 1 h of behavioral assessment. The cocaine or GBR treatments produced significant effects in three behavioral categories: distance traveled, sniffing, and rearing. For distance traveled, preweaning treatments interacted with sex since in the males, all cocaine- and GBR-treated groups showed relatively flat patterns of locomotor activity across time blocks, while in the treated females, locomotor activity typically increased across the time blocks. For other behaviors, the treatments generally produced enhanced responses to the challenge drugs. These results suggest that intermittent inhibition of the dopamine transporter with either cocaine or GBR during PND 11-20 produces long-term alterations in the functional responses of dopaminergic systems but that the neural substrates for these effects depend upon the sex of the animal.

Animals↗