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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Anxiety behavior, exploratory behavior, and activity in NZB x NZW F1 hybrid mice: role of genotype and autoimmune disease progression.

Behavioral changes often accompany the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans and animals. In a mouse model of SLE, the NZB x NZW F1 (B/W) hybrid, 12-week-old mice display more anxiety behavior, less activity, and less exploratory behavior than non-autoimmune female NZW mice. To determine whether these behaviors result from the autoimmune disease or genetic differences between B/W and NZW mice, they were assessed prior to and during disease emergence (6 and 12 weeks of age, respectively). B/W mice were less active at both ages, suggesting a genetic component to this behavioral difference. Anxiety behavior and exploratory behavior did not differ between B/W and NZW mice at 6 weeks; however, at 12 weeks B/W mice displayed more anxiety behavior and less exploratory behavior, indicating that these behaviors were related with the development of autoimmune disease. Prior experience with these tasks increased anxiety behavior in B/W but not NZW mice, suggesting that B/W mice may be more sensitive to anxiogenic experiences.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive-behavioral mediators of changing multiple behaviors: smoking and a sedentary lifestyle.

BACKGROUND: A significant percentage of the U.S. population has multiple poor health behaviors. Understanding the relationship among these behavioral risk factors is important for designing effective multiple risk factor interventions. While there is some evidence suggesting that participation in physical exercise may have a positive impact on smoking cessation, there is much to be learned about the relationships between cognitive-behavioral (self-efficacy, decisional-balance) and motivational mechanisms (stage of change) which have been shown to mediate changes in both exercise and smoking behavior. METHODS: The sample comprised 332 smokers employed at two workplaces-a government agency and a medical center-recruited as part of a larger worksite health promotion project and who completed questionnaires on their smoking and exercise behaviors. RESULTS: The results revealed significant relationships between smoking variables and exercise variables. Smokers who rated as important the positive benefits of smoking also rated as important the costs associated with increased physical activity. Similarly, the negative consequences of smoking were significantly associated with the positive benefits of physical activity. Self-efficacy for one behavior was significantly associated with self-efficacy for the other. Significant differences by exercise and smoking stage of change were found on the cross-behavior sets of variables (self-efficacy, pros, cons). Smokers who were contemplating a more active lifestyle reported the negative consequences of smoking to be significantly more important to them than smokers who were not considering adoption of a more active lifestyle. Smokers who were exercising regularly reported significantly more confidence in their ability to refrain from smoking than smokers not exercising regularly. Finally, smokers preparing for quitting reported less confidence in their ability to exercise than smokers who had already taken action to change their smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The cognitive mechanisms associated with changes in smoking behavior are related to the cognitive variables which have been shown to predict changes in exercise behavior. Significant relationships in mediating mechanisms including decisional balance and self-efficacy between smoking and exercise provide preliminary information on how change in one risk behavior may relate to change in another. These associations have implications for future intervention research and for methods research on multiple risk factors interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of first-grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems.

Investigates the effect of the first-grade classroom environment on the shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems of 609 children in 19 East Baltimore public schools. First-grade classroom environment was assessed in terms of dominant pattern of classroom achievement and behavior. Structured teacher ratings assessed child shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems at the end of first grade. Children in low-achieving classroom environments had significantly higher teacher ratings of shy behavior and aggressive behavior than children in mixed-achieving or high-achieving environments, even after controlling for potentially confounding child characteristics and classroom behavior environment effects. Analyses controlling for child characteristics and classroom achievement environment effects indicated that children in poor-behaving classroom environments also had significantly higher teacher ratings of shy behavior than children who were not in poor-behaving environments. Subgroup analyses indicated that repeaters in mixed-achieving environments had significantly higher levels of shy behavior compared with nonrepeaters, and repeaters in poor-behaving environments had significantly higher levels of aggressive behavior compared with nonrepeaters. Implications for prevention research are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Has behavior therapy drifted from its experimental roots? A survey of publication trends in mainstream behavioral journals.

In recent years it has been suggested that behavior therapy, characterized in part by single-subject designs and an idiographic approach to addressing practical problems, is drifting from its experimental roots. To examine trends in behavior therapy, and to provide an objective index of drift, two archival studies were conducted to identify publication trends in the use of single-subject designs vs. group designs, as well as citations to select basic behavioral science journals. In Study 1, articles appearing in Behavior Therapy from 1970 through 1996 were reviewed and categorized in terms of type of article, design, and citations to experimental journals. Findings from Study 1 suggest declining publication trends in single-subject designs and citations to experimental journals in Behavior Therapy, with a modest increase in the use of group designs over the period. Study 2 was designed to replicate and extend our initial findings by surveying three behavioral journals in addition to Behavior Therapy using the PsychLit database and years covering 1974 through 1996: Behaviour Research and Therapy, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, and Behavior Modification. Consistent with Study 1, results of Study 2 showed declining trends in single-subject designs for all mainstream behavioral journals. The significance of these findings in light of the argument that behavior therapy has drifted from its experimental roots is discussed, with emphasis on contingencies that may be responsible for the trends observed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1997

Central lactogenic regulation of maternal behavior in rats: steroid dependence, hormone specificity, and behavioral potencies of rat prolactin and rat placental lactogen I.

Adult virgin female rats display maternal behavior when continuously exposed to foster young for 5-6 days. Central infusions of PRL or placental lactogens (PLs) together with systemic treatment of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) stimulate maternal behavior in 1-2 days. In the present set of studies, it was asked whether the actions of lactogenic hormones are dependent upon both E2 and P and specific to lactogenic molecules. Moreover, we wanted to know whether central infusions of rat (r) PRL and PLs were equally effective in inducing maternal behavior. In the first study, adult virgin rats were ovariectomized (ovx) and stereotaxically fitted with bilateral cannulas directed at the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Rats were then assigned to one of four groups: P plus E2, blank (B) plus E2, P plus B, and B plus B. P-filled or B capsules were implanted sc on treatment day 1 and removed on day 11, whereas E2 or B capsules were implanted on day 11. All groups were infused with rPRL (40 ng/side) five times from days 11-13 and injected with bromocriptine (CB-154) sc (days 11-17) to suppress endogenous PRL release. Behavioral testing was conducted daily from days 12-17. It was found that exposure to both P and E2 was necessary to induce a fast onset of maternal behavior in PRL-infused females; priming with P or E2 alone in PRL-treated rats failed to stimulate a fast onset of behavior relative to that in nonsteroid-treated controls. In the second experiment to determine the biochemical specificity of PRL's action, adult nulliparous rats were ovx, implanted with bilateral cannulas directed at the MPOA, treated with both P and E2, injected with CB-154, and infused centrally (five times) with 40 ng (per side) of bovine GH, ovine LH, or vehicle. Central infusions of either bovine GH or ovine LH failed to stimulate maternal behavior, suggesting that the stimulatory actions of PRL are related to its lactogenic properties. In the final study, rats were ovx, fitted with bilateral cannulas directed at the MPOA; treated with P, E2, and CB-154; and given a single set of bilateral infusions of rPL-I or rPRL (40 ng/side.infusion) on day 11, three sets of infusions of rPL-I or rPRL (days 11 and 12), or vehicle infusions. Rats given three infusions of rPL-I and rPRL responded faster than controls, although the effect was not as robust as that in animals given five infusions in the initial study. rPL-I and rPRL groups did not differ from one another. Together these studies indicate that 1) both P and E2 are required for lactogenic stimulation of maternal behavior; 2) the stimulatory actions of PRL and rPLs on maternal behavior are related to their lactogenic properties; 3) extended treatment of females with lactogenic hormones is more effective in stimulating the onset of maternal behavior; and 4) the neural potencies of rPRL and rPL-I are similar. These findings provide support for the idea that the induction of maternal behavior is stimulated by the central actions of lactogenic hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The role of attribution and self-perception in behavior change: implications for behavior therapy.

In this report extrapolations were made to behavior therapy from two related lines of social-psychological research: attribution and self-perception. A review of the relevant research literature on attribution suggested that (a) the perception and causal attribution of physiological arousal is an important determinant of emotional behavior and (b) self-attribution of behavior change increases the likelihood of maintenance of that change. A review of research concerned with Bem's self-perception theory indicated that inferences arising from self-observation of one's own overt behaviors may affect subsequent behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. These two lines of research converge in suggesting that an individual's perception of himself (in terms of overt behavior, situational circumstances, and physiological states) may have a marked influence on behavior change and the maintenance of that change. In the major body of this paper the implications of this research are discussed, particularly in terms of new procedures and specific modifications for existing procedures in behavior therapy. The major areas of behavior therapy discussed include: (a) behavioral assessment; (b) role playing (behavior rehearsal); (c) operant procedures; and (d) self-control strategies. Emphasis was placed upon treating the specific implications delineated as hypotheses requiring empirical investigation in the clinical arena. Strategies for such research were outlined.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral effects of peripheral interleukin-1 administration in adult CD-1 mice: specific inhibition of the offensive components of intermale agonistic behavior.

Peripheral administration of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in rodents reduces exploratory behavior in a novel environment while decreasing social investigation of a juvenile conspecific. In this study we wanted to test the effects of peripherally administered IL-1beta on another aspect of the mouse social repertoire, namely intraspecific fighting towards an adult male intruder. In the first experiment, sickness behavior induced by IL-1beta (1 microg/mouse) in adult CD-1 mice was assessed by direct observation of behavioral changes following placement into a novel environment. Three hours after injection, subjects were individually introduced for 20 min in a cage with clean sawdust and a number of behavioral items recorded. Blood samples were collected at the end of the testing session. Body temperature was measured right before, 1 h and 3.5 h following injection. In IL-1beta treated mice, exploration (assessed by measuring duration and frequency of Wall Rearing and Rearing behaviors) was nearly totally suppressed, while duration and frequency of behaviors such as Grooming, Bar Holding, and Digging were also markedly reduced. Administration of IL-1beta significantly elevated CORT secretion above basal levels and, as previously reported for mice, induced hypothermia (about 2 degrees C). In the second experiment, we assessed mice receiving IL-1beta (0.25; 0.5 or 1 microg/mouse or saline solution) in a social context. Three hours after injection, subjects were placed into a neutral cage for 20 min with a non-injected adult male conspecific and aggressive behavior scored. Overall, IL-1beta administration affected the social repertoire of treated mice in a dose-dependent fashion. Specifically, agonistic components of aggressive behavior were nearly totally suppressed, while the defensive elements, such as Upright Defensive posture, Upright Submissive posture, Crouching, or Flee were not affected by IL-1beta. Overall these data support the notion that sickness behavior induced by IL-1beta administration represents an organized behavioral strategy and is not an aspecific response to an illness-type of condition.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1985

The basis of superstitious behavior: chance contingency, stimulus substitution, or appetitive behavior?

This research examined three explanations for the "superstitious" behavior of pigeons under frequent fixed-time delivery of food: accidental response-reward contingency, stimulus substitution, and elicited species-typical appetitive behavior. The behavior observed in these studies consisted of occasional postfood locomotion away from the food hopper, and a predominant pattern of activity directed toward the hopper wall (wall-directed behavior), including approaching, stepping side to side, scratching with the feet, bumping with the breast, pendulum movements of the extended neck, and head bobbing, though not pecking. The consistency of these behavior patterns argued against explanation by accidental response contingencies, and the complexity of behavior was incompatible with the classic stimulus-substitution account. These studies also showed that: (1) response contingencies and prior stimulus experience can modify wall-directed behavior, but within definable limits; (2) pecking sometimes can be obtained in birds of specific strains, and by providing extended training; (3) placing the hopper in the floor at the center of a large chamber replaces wall-directed behavior with circling in a manner that resembles ground foraging for food. We conclude that superstitious behavior under periodic delivery of food probably develops from components of species-typical patterns of appetitive behavior related to feeding. These patterns are elicited by a combination of frequent food presentations and the supporting stimuli present in the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

D1-receptor drugs and cocaine-seeking behavior: investigation of receptor mediation and behavioral disruption in rats.

RATIONALE: Dopamine D1-receptor antagonists and agonists both attenuate cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., operant responding in the absence of cocaine reinforcement) elicited by a cocaine prime or cocaine-paired stimuli. It remains unclear whether these effects are D1-receptor mediated. OBJECTIVES: The present study tested whether a D1 antagonist (SCH-23390) would reverse the attenuating effects of a D1 agonist (SKF-81297) on cocaine-seeking behavior and whether behavioral disruption is involved in these effects. METHODS: Rats trained to press a lever for cocaine reinforcement with light and tone cues paired with each infusion underwent daily extinction sessions during which responding had no scheduled consequences (i.e., neither cocaine nor the cocaine-paired stimulus complex was available). After responding diminished, the effects of the D1 antagonist on the dose-response functions of the D1 agonist for reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior by response-contingent cue presentations or cocaine priming were examined. A separate experiment assessed the effects of the agonist on the dose-response function of the antagonist for cue reinstatement. Stereotyped behavior and activity were also measured during each test session. RESULTS: The attenuating effects of SKF-81297 on cocaine-seeking behavior during cocaine-primed reinstatement were reversed by co-administration of SCH-23390. However, no evidence for reversal of the attenuation during cue reinstatement was found even though agonist-induced stereotypy and antagonist-induced hypoactivity were reversed by co-administration of the two drugs during the same test session. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the attenuating effects of D1-receptor drugs on cocaine-seeking behavior during cocaine reinstatement are mediated by dopamine D1 receptors; however, it remains unclear whether the effects of these drugs on cocaine-seeking behavior during cue reinstatement are D1-receptor mediated. Nevertheless, it is evident that the attenuation of cocaine-seeking behavior by these drugs is not simply due to behavioral disruption.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Valuable, but not maximal: it's time behavior therapy attend to its behaviorism.

The field of behavior therapy is not in touch with itself in terms of its overarching behaviorism. Many erroneously consider its basic behaviorism to have been radical behaviorism and continue to look to develop behavior therapy (including behavior analysis and behavioral assessment) within that framework. But that approach turns out to be much less than maximal because there is a more advanced, better developed behaviorism within which to conduct and project the field. There is much that behavior therapy is not doing in practice and research because it is not making full use of that behaviorism foundation.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of elementary school children's externalizing problem behaviors from attentional and behavioral regulation and negative emotionality.

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of individual differences in negative emotionality in the relations of behavioral and attentional (emotional) regulation to externalizing problem behaviors. Teachers' and one parent's reports of children's regulation (attentional and behavioral), emotionality, and problem behavior were obtained when children were in kindergarten to grade 3 and two years later (N = 169; 146 in major analyses); children's behavioral regulation also was assessed with a measure of persistence. According to the best fitting structural equation model, at two ages behavioral dysregulation predicted externalizing behavior problems for children both high and low in negative emotionality, whereas prediction of problem behavior from attentional control was significant only for children prone to negative emotionality. There were unique, additive effects of behavioral and attentional regulation for predicting problem behavior as well as moderating effects of negative emotionality for attentional regulation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory as a predictor of disruptive behavior during an initial pediatric dental examination.

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), a parent rating scale of children's behaviors at home, and children's disruptive behaviors during an initial dental visit. Behaviors of 18 Headstart children, 40 to 55 months of age, undergoing an initial exam were observed. Four possible negative behaviors based upon the North Carolina Behavior Rating Scale (NCBRS), were recorded by two observers for each subject during five phases of an initial dental visit and statistically compared to the total ECBI score and individual answers within the ECBI questionnaire. Overall, the majority of subjects displayed clinically acceptable behavior. Four disruptive behaviors explained 92.9% of the variation in responses by the subjects to the initial visit. These were: high hand movement during the intraoral examination, crying or verbal protest during prophylaxis, oral physical resistance during prophylaxis, and oral-physical resistance during fluoride application. The following 6 questions explained 99.3% of the variation in ECBI responses by parents or guardians: (#9) refuses to obey until threatened with punishment, (#15) whines, (#18) hits parents, (#24) verbally fights with friends his own age, (#28) constantly seeks attention, and (#35) is overactive or restless. While the total number of subjects observed were too low to generate statistically significant results, the trends appear to indicate that a child's disruptive or nondisruptive behavior at home is not a reliable predictor of disruptive or nondisruptive behavior within the dental setting. These findings are independent of gender or race.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior.

METHODS: Data from a large longitudinal study of boys who were between kindergarten and age 13 years were used to (1) test whether Gray's and Cloninger's personality dimensions measured in kindergarten predicted the early onset of stable, highly delinquent behavior; (2) test whether 1, 2, or 3 dimensions were needed; and (3) test the predictive value of a categorical approach. RESULTS: The impulsivity dimension was the best predictor of the early onset of stable, highly delinquent behavior. Anxiety and reward dependence made significant but weaker contributions. The categorical approach corroborated Cloninger's suggestion that boys who are high in impulsivity, low in anxiety, and low in reward dependence would be more at risk for delinquent involvement. Boys who were high in impulsivity and low in anxiety but high in reward dependence were much less at risk for delinquency. Differences in antisocial behavior among extreme kindergarten personality groups were stable from ages 11 to 13 years. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral activating system appears to be the major dimension underlying the propensity toward early onset of antisocial behavior, but both the behavioral inhibition system and the need for social rewards play important roles. The behavioral style (personality) that results from the interplay of these systems is clearly in place by the kindergarten year. Preventive efforts should target preschool children with at-risk behavior profiles. However, longitudinal-experimental studies with at least yearly assessments between birth and school-entry age are needed to understand the extent to which the behavioral styles are antecedent to preschool disruptive behavior disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Disordered behavioral control in psychiatric illnesses. Neurophysiological aspects of impulsive behavior].

OBJECTIVE: Dysfunction of behavioral control represents a central component of many psychiatric disorders and may be connected with self-mutilating and antisocial behavior. However, only a few studies have investigated objective assessment and quantification of impulsive behavior, which is relevant for psychiatric practice and research. Because new techniques enable objective assessment of behavior generation and execution, the current knowledge about neurophysiological aspects of behavioral control is summarized. METHOD: The contemporary literature on neuronal mechanisms of initiation and execution of behavior and movements and new neurophysiological methods and findings are discussed in respect to their application in psychiatry. RESULTS: Behavior, defined as movements of a body in time and space, is the result of cortical and subcortical processes. These consist of two general components: (1) perception and selection of a stimulus and (2) execution of a movement, including decision and planning phases. Planning and execution, modulated by cognition and emotions, are dependent on the balance of inhibitory and excitatory aspects of behavior control. Combined detection of electrical brain activity and kinematic analysis of peripheral movements enables the analysis of control mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Impulsiveness and inhibition of behavior depend on neuronal control mechanisms which can be analyzed by neurophysiological methods. Objective assessment of impulsive behavior related to psychiatric disturbances including eating disorders, substance abuse, and personality disorders may clarify underlying neurobiological mechanisms and enable rational pharmaco- and psychotherapeutic interventions.

Brain↗
PubMed1988

Effects of cholecystokinin on male copulatory behavior and lordosis behavior in male rats.

Because the distribution of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) within the hypothalamus and limbic system overlaps with steroid concentrating regions, and because these areas are involved in the regulation of reproductive behaviors, we examined the effects of exogenous CCK-8 on male copulatory behavior and lordosis behavior in the male rat. Peripheral administration of a dose of CCK-8 that altered lordosis behavior in females (3 micrograms/kg, intraperitoneal) was ineffective in altering male copulatory behavior in males, either before or after gonadectomy, and was also ineffective in altering lordosis behavior after estrogen priming. In a separate experiment, CCK-8 injected into the lateral ventricle also did not affect male copulatory behavior, but lordosis behavior was increased dramatically after gonadectomy and estrogen priming. Although these results do not answer the question whether CCK-8 is acting to inhibit a neural system that normally suppresses lordosis behavior or is acting to stimulate a facilitatory circuit, these results do indicate the existence of an estrogen sensitive neural substrate in males on which CCK can act to facilitate lordosis behavior.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1996

Estimated magnitude of behavioral effects of phenytoin in rats and its reproducibility: a collaborative behavioral teratology study in Japan.

A collaborative study was conducted by 30 laboratories that participated in the Behavioral Teratology Meeting in Japan. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from four breeders were orally administrated 200 mg/kg of phenytoin each day from day 10 to day 14 of gestation. The offspring were tested for behavioral teratogenic effects at various ages. The effects were estimated in terms of common effect size, which should be very resistant to the variation inevitable in behavioral teratology results, and thus yield a different type of information from that reported in the usual behavioral teratology studies. The common effect size also gives information on the magnitude of the behavioral teratogenic effects that previous studies could not provide. A breeder difference in the effect of phenytoin for several measures was found in terms of common effect size. The estimated phenytoin effect was found to be large enough to be detected by using a sample size of 20 per group. As to reproducibility of results, estimation by standard deviation across laboratories disclosed that there was almost no difference in magnitude between behavioral and non-behavioral measures, indicating that much of the variation in behavioral teratology results of phenytoin might not be due to measurement error from behavioral tests but rather to the phenytoin effect itself administered via the mother. How seriously a single study is affected by uncontrollable variation of results was illustrated by plotting the respective laboratory results on a dimension. A standard practice in the interpretation of discrepancies among results obtained from single studies is criticized; it is pointed out that such interpretations rely on an optimistic assumption: that is, that results obtained from single studies would be free from the usual variation of results found in behavioral teratogenic research.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Inferring traits from behaviors versus behaviors from traits: the induction-deduction asymmetry.

It is argued that inductive inferences from behaviors to traits are performed more frequently than deductive inferences from traits to behaviors-a phenomenon referred to as the induction-deduction asymmetry. Two experiments are reported in which behavior-to-trait inferences and trait-to-behavior inferences were compared within the same paradigm: Participants learned a series of descriptions of a target person, half of which were presented in trait form, half in behavior form. A subsequent recognition task was constructed so that some of the items (traits and behaviors) had actually been seen, some were entirely new, and some were new but had been implied by the information given. The 2 experiments provide clear evidence for the hypothesis that traits implied by a behavior are more frequently misidentified as already seen than behaviors implied by a trait. Response-time data in Experiment 2 further suggest that inferences from behaviors to traits are made on-line, whereas inferences from traits to behaviors appear to be memory based.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral drive versus behavioral inertia in evolution: a null model approach.

Some biologists embrace the classical view that changes in behavior inevitably initiate or drive evolutionary changes in other traits, yet others note that behavior sometimes inhibits evolutionary changes. Here we develop a null model that quantifies the impact of regulatory behaviors (specifically, thermoregulatory behaviors) on body temperature and on performance of ectotherms. We apply the model to data on a lizard (Anolis cristatellus) and show that thermoregulatory behaviors likely inhibit selection for evolutionary shifts in thermal physiology with altitude. Because behavioral adjustments are commonly used by ectotherms to regulate physiological performance, regulatory behaviors should generally constrain rather than drive evolution, a phenomenon we call the "Bogert effect." We briefly review a few other examples that contradict the classical view of behavior as the inevitable driving force in evolution. Overall, our analysis and brief review challenge the classical view that behavior is invariably the driving force in evolution, and instead our work supports the alternative view that behavior has diverse--and sometimes conflicting--effects on the directions and rates at which other traits evolve.

Altitude↗