Effects of xylene isomers on operant responding and motor performance in mice.
Xylene, a widely used industrial solvent, is a mixture of the ortho-, meta-, and paraisomers. In this study we examined the effects of each individual isomer, as well as a commercial-grade mixture of xylenes, on two behavioral measures: (1) operant performance of 15 mice trained to lever-press under a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates) 10-sec schedule, and (2) motor performance of mice on an inverted screen test. The 15-min operant sessions immediately followed 30-min exposures to solvent vapors (500 to 7000 ppm), or air, in static inhalation chambers. All mice were exposed to each isomer in a counterbalanced order, and the mixture was given last in all cases. Ortho-, meta-, para-, and mixed xylenes produced similar biphasic effects on response rates, and concentration-dependent decreases in reinforcement rates. The lowest significantly effective concentration for each isomer on any variable was 1400 ppm, where increases in response rates occurred. Half-maximal response rate decreases were produced by 5179 ppm (ortho-xylene) to 6176 ppm (meta-xylene). The temporal distribution of responses was only moderately disrupted, even at high concentrations. In other groups of mice, motor coordination was also disrupted by the xylenes in a concentration-dependent manner. Half-maximal effective concentrations were 2676 ppm (para-xylene) to 3790 ppm (meta-xylene). Minimally effective concentrations were 2000 to 3000 ppm, higher than those seen in the operant studies. Xylene produced pronounced behavioral actions following acute exposure and no substantial differences in overall effects, and only slight potency differences, were obtained between the individual isomers or the commercial mixture.