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PubMed2002

The acceptability of a culturally-tailored depression education videotape to African Americans.

The aim of this project was to determine the acceptability and usefulness of an educational videotape for African Americans with depression. Four focus groups were held in two community settings and at a historically black university. Subjects included 24 African Americans, aged 18-76 years, who screened positive for depression. Focus group questions addressed the usefulness of the videotape to understand depression and its treatment, the most and least effective parts of the videotape, and the cultural appropriateness of the information presented. Participants took pre- and post-tests on attitudes about depression. Discussions were audiotaped, transcribed, and reviewed independently by two investigators to identify and group comments into specific themes. Two other investigators reviewed the themes and comments for consistency and relevance. The videotape was generally well received and was rated effective in improving knowledge about depression and its treatment. After watching the videotape, attitudes improved in several areas, including depression as a medical illness, effectiveness of treatment, negative perceptions of antidepressant medication and reliance upon spirituality to heal depression. This culturally tailored videotape about depression is deemed acceptable and effective for most African Americans with depression participating in focus groups. It also improved knowledge and several attitudes about depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of live and videotape ratings: clomipramine and haloperidol in autism.

This study compared live ratings with ratings of videotapes and compared response to clomipramine with response to haloperidol in 8 subjects, mean age 5.62 years, who met criteria for autism. They were consecutive admissions to a pilot study of clomipramine (n = 4) or a double-blind, placebo controlled study of haloperidol (n = 4). Live ratings were performed by two raters at the end of the pre-treatment placebo baseline period and at the end of the drug treatment period on the CPRS and the CGI and were videotaped. Employing the same instruments, these videotapes were rated by two raters who did not know the subjects and were blind to study design, treatment, and study phase. Ratings of videotapes significantly differed from live ratings. A treatment effect for haloperidol was detected only on live ratings and not on ratings of videotapes. No treatment effect was detected for clomipramine in either live or videotape ratings.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2000

Videotaping obstetric procedures. Assessment of obstetricians and family physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the attitudes and practice of Iowa obstetricians (OBs) and family physicians (FPs) regarding patients' desires to videotape obstetric procedures. DESIGN: All Iowa OBs (172) and FPs (438) who practice obstetrics received a questionnaire exploring their attitudes and practice patterns regarding videotaping obstetric procedures. Data were analyzed using chi 2, odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and multiple logistic regression. SETTING: The state of Iowa. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Degree to which physicians allow videotaping and characteristics that contribute to any differences between OBs and FPs. RESULTS: The response rate was 87.8% (536 of 610 participants). Obstetricians were more likely than FPs to prevent patients from filming medical procedures (40.8% vs 19.1%, respectively, P < .001), modify their actions and conversation when video cameras were present (34.5% vs 25.5%, respectively, P = .046), and be tempted to turn off the camera when complications arose (35.1% vs 14.0%, respectively, P < .001). Younger OBs (aged, 25-40 years) were more likely than older OBs (aged, 41-80 years) to disallow videocameras (52.7% vs 33.3%, respectively, P = .02). Legal concerns were cited by more than 80% of OBs and FPs who disallowed videotaping. CONCLUSIONS: A significant difference was noted between OBs and FPs in their willingness to allow video recording of obstetric procedures. Legal concerns were cited by most OBs and FPs who had disallowed videotaping.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Videotaped materials in a school-based smoking prevention program.

The theory used to frame school-based tobacco use prevention programs is general, and such programs are difficult to replicate. This article seeks to offer a model for prevention videotape production, which other researchers can replicate and improve, and to present an analysis of potential merits and drawbacks of such production. To accomplish these goals, this article presents a detailed description of a school-based prevention program and the videotaped materials used in its curriculum. The theoretical and empirical bases for the project are delineated, and the study design is summarized. A detailed outline of the multi-grade curriculum program is presented, including the rationale behind critical program features, a description of specific curriculum strands, and the way in which videotaped materials fit into each strand. The rationale for using videotaped materials within the theoretical framework is discussed. Each videotape is briefly described. An account of video production, a process extending over 4 years, is set forth, including the student feedback data that helped to shape the production process, formatting, script decisions, casting, location, and the actual filming procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum.

This article reports a series of randomized controlled studies in four companies in the United Kingdom which were designed to evaluate minimal smoking intervention programs based on the use of motivational videotapes or nicotine chewing gum. In the videotape studies, groups of smokers (N = 603) were randomly assigned to watch one of several different videotapes. They were followed-up, along with nonparticipants (N = 1,015), at 3 months and again at 1 year, and a biochemical validation of abstinence was performed. There were significant differences between the videotape conditions with regard to attitudes assessed immediately after exposure (intention and fear) and the proportion of smokers who tried to stop, but there were no significant differences in cessation, even in the short term. Using a strict definition of abstinence, long-term abstinence rates were under 10% in all four studies. In one company, we also investigated the effect of offering brief individual treatment based on nicotine chewing gum to a randomly chosen 50% sample of the videotape group (N = 161) still smoking at the 3-month follow-up. The treatment course was administered by occupational health nurses and consisted of four short consultations over a 12-week period. The results were encouraging: 16% of those who took the offer stopped during treatment and were still abstinent 1 year after the start of treatment compared with only 2% of the randomized no-intervention control group and 0% of those who were invited but did not attend.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Using videotaped specimens to test quality control in a computer-assisted semen analysis system.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using semen samples previously recorded on videotape for intralaboratory and interlaboratory quality control of computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) systems. DESIGN: Blinded, controlled study. SETTING: Pooled semen specimens from two normal human volunteers in an academic research environment. PATIENT(S): None. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Semen parameters from a videotape analyzed internally and by four external laboratories. RESULT(S): Preliminary experiments designed to examine intralaboratory variation by repeated analysis of semen samples recorded on videotape revealed some significant differences for every variable examined. When these data were analyzed by using the larger biologic error caused by subsampling, no significant differences were found for any of the variables examined. When either a standard set or the specific laboratories' sets of parameters were used to analyze the same videotaped semen specimen, no statistically significant differences were detected for sperm concentration for motility among the five laboratories after the biological error caused by subsampling was applied to results. CONCLUSION(S): These data strongly suggest that videotaped semen specimens can serve as quality control for intralaboratory and interlaboratory testing of CASA equipment as long as the biologic error caused by subsampling is used to compare results.

Cytological Techniques↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of a videotape instructional program with a traditional lecture series for medical student emergency medicine teaching.

An emergency medicine faculty has reported that the use of the videotape medium for presenting curricular material to medical students is both cost effective and well suited to the educational milieu of the emergency department. In order to compare the effectiveness of videotape instruction with that of a traditional lecture, groups of students received instruction in one topic by videotape and in another topic by lecture. The students' retention of material was tested by a multiple-choice examination administered ten days later. The students scored 76.1% (683 of 898 questions) on material taught by lecture and 76.2% (673 of 883 questions) on material taught by videotape (P greater than 0.7). We conclude that videotape instruction is as effective an educational tool as the traditional lecture for an emergency medicine course.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

A comparison between videotaped and live demonstrations, for the teaching of removable partial denture procedures.

AIM: This study was devised to test the effectiveness of videotaped demonstrations as opposed to live demonstrations, to small groups of undergraduate dental students. The outcome was assessed by comparing the students' understanding of the clinical and laboratory technical stages of the altered cast impression technique, which is used in the construction of removable partial dentures. METHOD: 31 students watched a series of videotaped demonstrations and 30 received a similar series of live demonstrations. The altered cast procedure was divided into 5 distinct stages, each of which was assessed with the aid of agreed criteria, initially by the students and then by 2 staff assessors and these results were compared. The students were subsequently asked to rate how helpful the videotaped or live demonstration had been on a 5-point scale. RESULTS: The live demonstration group showed better agreement between the students' assessment and the assessors' assessment of the quality of the work for the first part of the clinical stage. There was no difference in the groups' assessment of the final outcome of this clinical stage and the subsequent laboratory technical stages. Students who observed the live demonstrations indicated higher scores for its helpfulness in performance of all the stages of the technique, when compared to those who had observed a videotaped demonstration. CONCLUSION: Both teaching methods developed a similar level of understanding of the principles behind the exercise, although the students preferred the live demonstrations. A carefully produced videotaped demonstration can be a useful alternative to a live demonstration in teaching the short and clear cut technique selected for this study.

Chromium Alloys↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology.

A videotaping methodology has been developed for use in quantifying the types and frequencies of children's hand and mouthing activities that could lead to exposure to environmental pollutants via dermal and ingestion pathways. Twenty children in day care, ages 3-6 years and 10 children in residences, ages 2-5 years, were videotaped during their waking hours for 1 day. Parents of each child completed questionnaires for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of parental reports of hand-to-mouth rates. Videotapes were translated as quantifiable activities by two trained observers whose reporting reliability was checked throughout the investigation. Results determined that reliability of the videotaping method was very good, even over a year post-training. From videotape data, the average hand-to-mouth frequency rate was determined to be 9.5 contacts/h. These values are considerably higher than the current default value of 1.56 contacts/h under consideration by the EPA.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2001

Effects of using videotaped vignettes on enhancing students' critical thinking ability in a baccalaureate nursing programme.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of using videotaped vignettes in promoting nursing students' critical thinking abilities in managing different clinical situations. BACKGROUND: The impetus for undertaking this study came from recognition of the need to develop the level of students' critical thinking within clinical nursing practice. Eight videotaped vignettes that simulated clinical situations were developed to promote baccalaureate nursing students' critical thinking abilities in managing clinical situations. Guidelines were also developed to stimulate students' discussion. DESIGN/METHODS: A pre-test/post-test design was employed to determine the effectiveness of videotaped vignettes in promoting critical thinking skills among these students. A final sample of 83 students completed all the pre-test and post-test questionnaires on critical thinking skills and nursing knowledge test specific to a vignette. RESULTS/FINDINGS: The findings indicate that students' post-test knowledge scores were significantly higher than the pre-test knowledge scores. While the post-test critical thinking skill test scores were slightly higher than those of the pre-test for the students, the difference was not significant. One reason for such findings may be the limited exposure students had to these new types of videotaped vignettes. After the course had been completed both students and teachers were asked to reflect and to indicate their level of satisfaction with the new approach. There was overall satisfaction with the new approach to teaching clinical skills as reflected in the interview data from both teachers and students. CONCLUSIONS: While there were positive outcomes in terms of helping students to relate nursing principles to clinical situations, more time for students to learn using videotaped vignette in tutorial hours remains a challenge for teachers in planning the lectures.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The impact of public education videotapes on knowledge about cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in terms of content and medium, the ability of a videotaped information series to increase the general public's knowledge of cancer. METHODS: In the first phase of the intervention, the videotapes were screened by focus groups, who rated them for length, design, style, and content. In phase two of the study, the videotapes were shown to three random samples of the general population. A portion of each sample was asked to complete a knowledge-survey instrument without viewing the videotapes; a portion was asked to view the tapes before completing the survey instrument. RESULTS: Survey results showed that those who viewed the videotapes had higher knowledge-of-cancer scores than those who did not. CONCLUSION: Community focus groups are inclined to accept cancer information from mediated sources other than those traditionally cited such as physicians and other health professionals.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effectiveness of a videotaped behavioral intervention for dental anxiety: the role of gender and the need for information.

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a videotaped behavioral treatment program in reducing dental anxiety. They compared patients who witnessed the intervention videotape with patients who saw a placebo program and with a no-treatment control group. The subjects were 66 patients who visited a dentistry clinic for prophylaxis and general dental treatment. Groups were balanced for gender and level of preference for information as measured by the Krantz Health Opinion Survey--Information subscale. Self-report, physiological, and observed behavioral measures were assessed at specified times. Results demonstrated significant Group X Gender interaction effects during the different assessment periods, with men responding best to the treatment videotape, whereas women responded best to the placebo videotape. The level of information preference was found to a be a significant contributing factor at certain assessment periods. Overall, these results suggest that preparatory videotaped interventions are particularly effective in decreasing dental anxiety when patient characteristics are matched with characteristics of the intervention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

A pilot study to rate determinants of exposure from videotaped work activities of farmers' use of pesticides.

Industrial hygienists often observe workers to determine who should be measured based on a predicted exposure level. Such evaluations are usually based on real-time observation, yet surprisingly little research has been conducted on what determinants of exposure industrial hygienists use to rank workers and whether the ranking is accurate. Accuracy of the ranking may also be affected by the observation process, which is limited when conditions in the workers' immediate environment are rapidly changing. An alternative to real-time observation is videotaping workers and evaluating the tapes at a later date. A pilot study was conducted using previously collected data to determine if workers could be ranked by exposure level utilizing a scoring system to rate videotaped work practices. Six farmers had been videotaped and their dermal exposures measured as they applied insecticide to hogs. In this study, scores were developed to rate the farmers' working conditions by exposure level. Two types of determinants were used to describe exposure: touching and work practices. Touching included the number of times parts of the body had contact with surfaces possibly contaminated with insecticide. Work practices included the types of clothing and protective equipment worn as well as specific practices used by the farmer (e.g., application method). Two raters conducted independent assessments of the videotape using the same criteria. One rater reviewed the tape twice. Agreement between the raters for the "touching" score was weak (intra-class coefficient (ICC) = 0.28), but there was excellent agreement between the two raters (ICC = 0.92) for overall quality of work practices. As expected, a greater number of touches was moderately correlated with an increase in total exposure (rs = 0.60) and there was a weak inverse relationship between protective work practices and the exposure under the clothing (rs = -0.26). All other relationships with exposure level were contrary to what was expected. Since videotapes provide the industrial hygienist with a record of work events and can capture details that might otherwise be missed or not considered they may play a useful role in exposure assessment, especially if carefully developed procedures are followed to overcome the limitations found by this pilot study.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1983

Usefulness of videotape instruction in an academic department of neurology.

A group of medical students was shown a series of instructional videotapes while taking a required neurology clerkship. Overall, this study group was more accurate (p less than 0.01) in diagnosing illustrated conditions than a control group that did not see the videotapes. Videotape instruction produced better performance in identification in only certain areas: neuropsychologic phenomena, disorders with subtle or unique movements, and seizures. The choice and cost of equipment and some professional assurances are discussed. Costs and professional expectations, as well as the limited usefulness of videotapes, must be acknowledged by clinical departments before embarking on videotape instruction.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Videotape tic counts in the assessment of Tourette's syndrome: stability, reliability, and validity.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the short- and long-term temporal stability of tic counts to estimate the minimum length of videotape needed for a reliable index of overall tic activity and determined the interrater reliability and validity of tic counts based on prolonged videotape segments (> 10 minutes). METHOD: Motor and phonic tic counts and clinician ratings were performed on 43 patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS), aged 7 to 50 years. Short-term stability was estimated by determining the mean interval-to-interval correlation of sequential equal-length segments from 30-minute videotape recordings of 20 subjects. Long-term stability was determined by correlating tic counts at 1-week (N = 14) and 2-week intervals (N = 11). In addition, tic counts were correlated with the most widely used clinical ratings of TS. RESULTS: The short-term stability data indicated that estimates of motor and phonic tic frequencies should be based on videotape counts of at least 5 minutes' duration. Tic counts also were highly reliable and were significantly correlated with clinical ratings with the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale for Tourette Syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized videotape tic counts can provide highly reliable, stable measures of tic frequencies that are moderately correlated with selected global ratings of tic severity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Videotapes in psychiatry: their use in teaching observation techniques.

In order to assess the effectiveness of videotapes in teaching mental state examination, two groups of medical students, one who had received videotape teaching and one not exposed to videotapes, are compared in their ability to observe accurately the mental state during a live interview. Accuracy of observation was assessed by obtaining a measure of the students' ability to shift from an incorrect opinion about a patient to a more accurate assessment following the live interview. Students who had received videotape teaching were able to make more accurate judgements than those who had not. This ability was not related to certain personality attitudes measured, nor to an ability to detect subjective elements in the interview, nor is it reflected in their examination results. The only significant variable found to influence this ability was whether or not the student had received videotape teaching.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1992

Reliving birth: maternal responses to viewing videotape of their second stage labors.

To learn about women's responses to their second stage labors and the care they received, women (N = 20) whose second stage labors had been videotaped were interviewed postpartally and shown their videotapes. Often women found the videotape viewing to be intensely emotional, especially when they heard noises they made. Women frequently commented upon details they hadn't remembered, their reactivated memory for labor pain, and the "weird" experience of watching themselves in labor. The authors recommend that women who watch their labor videotapes do so with a caregiver or supportive companion. They should be forewarned that the experience may be intense; details of their labors may be vividly recalled or women may see labor events on the videotape of which they were previously unaware.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diabetes education in a Mexican-American population: pilot testing of a research-based videotape.

A diabetes education videotape was designed and pilot tested in a sample of 30 Spanish-speaking Hispanic diabetic adults in a rural Texas-Mexico border community. The videotape provided an overview of diabetes, with emphasis on the concept of blood glucose; relationships between food, medications, exercise, and blood glucose levels; and blood glucose monitoring. Outcomes of videotape effectiveness were based on a 20-item knowledge test and interview data to assess acceptability of videotapes as a learning tool. Comparison of the knowledge test scores of the experimental group (those who viewed the tape before taking the knowledge test) with the control group (those who took the test before viewing the tape) produced a positive, moderate effect size of 0.61. Interviews with subjects indicated enthusiastic acceptance of the videotape as a means of transmitting diabetes information.

Adult↗