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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Digestion and nutrient net fluxes across the rumen, and the mesenteric- and portal-drained viscera in sheep fed with fresh forage twice daily: net balance and dynamic aspects.

Digestion and portal net flux of nutrients were studied in sheep fed twice daily with fresh orchard-grass. Digestive flows were measured in six fistulated sheep using the double-marker technique. Three sheep were fitted with catheters and blood-flow probes, allowing nutrient net flux measurements across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), the mesenteric-drained viscera (MDV) and the rumen. Total tract apparent digestion of N was similar to portal net appearance of N, calculated as the sum of free amino acids (FAA), peptide amino acids (PAA), NH3, and urea net fluxes. PAA accounted for 25 % of non-protein amino acid net release across the PDV. With the exception of glycine and glutamate, the small intestine was the main contributor to this PAA net release. The essential amino acid (EAA) apparent disappearance between the duodenum and the ileum was lower than the net appearance of EAA (FAA + PAA) across the MDV. The value of PDV:MDV flux of free EAA was, on average, 78 %. The rumen accounted for 30 % of the net uptake of EAA by the PDV tissues not drained by the mesenteric vein. Rumen net release of acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and lactate accounted for 70, 55, 46, 77 and 52 %, respectively, of their portal net releases. Conversely, the small intestine was a net consumer of arterial acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Dynamic study of nutrient net fluxes across the PDV showed that throughout a feeding cycle, the liver faced a constant flux of amino acids (AA), whereas volatile fatty acid and NH3 net fluxes varied in response to the meal. The present study specified, in forage-fed sheep, the partitioning of nutrient net fluxes across the PDV and the role of peptides in portal net release of AA.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1968

Cord cells responding to fine myelinated afferents from viscera, muscle and skin.

1. Micro-electrode recordings were made in the thoracic cord of acute spinal cats. Cells, which were located in the histologically defined lamina 5, responded both to the fine myelinated afferents from the splanchnic nerve and to afferents from the skin. Splanchnic afferents inhibit the effect of converging cutaneous inputs for periods up to 150 msec. Skin stimuli may also inhibit the effect of afferent nerve impulses from viscera. Some cells respond monosynaptically to the splanchnic afferents, others indirectly.2. Fine myelinated afferents from gastrocnemius (group 3) stimulate lamina 5 cells which also have cutaneous receptive fields. Cutaneous and group 3 muscle afferents interact by mutual inhibition in their effect on the cells.3. Fine myelinated afferents from skin excite lamina 5 cells. The cutaneous responses of lamina 5 cells contrast with those of lamina 4 cells in the following respects: (a) the receptive fields are larger, (b) they respond with an increased latency to Abeta afferents, (c) there is a low pressure threshold at the edge, (d) they respond to a wide range of pressure stimuli from light brush to heavy pinch applied to the centre of the receptive fields and (e) they respond to ADelta afferents.4. Lamina 5 cells receive fine myelinated afferents either from viscera or from muscle or from skin. Lamina 4 receives large myelinated afferents from skin and lamina 6 receives large myelinated afferents from muscle. The results suggest the hypothesis that some fine myelinated afferents form a class of afferents which signal the state of tissue, and end on lamina 5 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Reduced blood flow in abdominal viscera measured by Doppler ultrasound during one-legged knee extension.

The redistribution of blood flow (BF) in the abdominal viscera during right-legged knee extension-flexion exercise at very low intensity [peak heart rate (HR), 76 beats/min] was examined by using Doppler ultrasound. While sitting, subjects performed a right-legged knee extension-flexion exercise every 6 s for 20 min. BF was measured in the upper abdominal aorta (Ao), right common femoral artery (RCFA), and left common femoral artery (LCFA). Visceral BF (BFVis) was determined by the equation [BFAo - (BFRCFA + BFLCFA)]. A comparison with the change in BF (DeltaBF) preexercise showed a greater increase in DeltaBFRCFA than in DeltaBFAo during exercise. This resulted in a reduction of BFVis to 56% of its preexercise value or a decrease in flow by 1,147 +/- 293 (+/-SE) ml/min at the peak workload. Oxygen consumption correlated positively with DeltaBFAo, DeltaBFRCFA, and DeltaBFLCFA but inversely with DeltaBFVis during exercise and recovery. Furthermore, BFVis (% of preexercise value) correlated inversely with both an increase in HR (r = -0.89), and percent peak oxygen consumption (r = -0.99). This study demonstrated that, even during very-low-intensity exercise (HR <90 beats/min), there was a significant shift in BF from the viscera to the exercising muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A special comment on trace metals in the viscera of turbo marmoratus, a toxic snail, on Ryukyu Island.

Trace metals in the viscera of Turbo marmoratus, a huge conical spire, in the coral reef of Ryukyu Island were analyzed. The highest amount of Zn and Fe was detectable in the midgut gland known to be polluted by saxitoxin. This intestine maintained a considerable amount of Si (higher than Ca) which fluctuated in parallel with the taurine amount. These data suggest that the viscera of the alimentary tract accumulate some metals, especially Zn and Fe.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Net absorption of macrominerals by portal-drained viscera of lactating Holstein Cows and beef steers.

Net absorption of macrominerals by portal-drained viscera of cattle was measured in two experiments. In Experiment 1, net portal-drained visceral and liver flux of Na, K, Ca, P, and Mg were measured in four lactating Holstein cows fed a 60:40 corn silage:concentrate diet ad libitum and milked at 12-h intervals. Twelve measurements of net flux (venous-arterial concentration difference x blood plasma flow) were obtained hourly at 4 and 8 wk postpartum. Intake of DM and milk yield averaged 15.6 and 32.2 kg/d, respectively. Excluding Na, net absorption of these macrominerals was measurable across portal-drained viscera. Flux of Na was negative at wk 4 postpartum (net removal from blood) and positive at wk 8 (net absorption into blood). Excluding Mg, differences in venous-arterial concentrations for macrominerals across the liver were not different from zero. In Experiment 2, net portal-drained visceral flux of Na, K, Ca, P, and Mg was partitioned into stomach and poststomach sections in two Hereford steers. Poststomach tissues accounted for essentially all such absorption of K, Ca, and P and, on a net basis, removed Na and Mg. Stomach tissues absorbed Mg and small amounts of K, Ca, and P. Net stomach flux of Na was positive, denoting net absorption, but highly variable. Net portal-drained visceral absorption of K increased with intake in both experiments. Net portal-drained visceral absorption of P was greater than total intake in both experiments, reflecting recycling of P via saliva and other digestive secretions.

Absorption↗
PubMed1975

Hepatic regeneration in the absence of portal viscera.

In an effort to investigate the influence of portal factors on hepatic regeneration in the rat and to clarify glucagon's apparent regulatory role, a rat preparation was developed which was totally devoid of portal viscera and thus deficient in all possible hepatotrophic substances of portal origin. It was found that, following partial hepatectomy, such an eviscerate rat was able to undergo hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, but the peak DNA synthetic response was significantly delayed by such portal deprivation. As demonstrated by a group of rats with intact portal viscera, but with a portacaval shunt, reduction of blood supply to the hepatic remnant by diversion of portal flow accounted for only a portion of the delay. The remainder of the delay encountered in the eviscerate group was attributed to the deprivation of specific portal substances. Since glucagon supplementation administered to the deficient eviscerate animal restored peak DNA synthesis to the time of its appropriate shunted control, this hepatotrophic substance is a major portal factor modifying the response to partial hepatectomy. Evidence is cited which suggests that glucagon's influence on DNA synthesis is mediated through the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and subsequent histone phosphorylation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Headspace/solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: a screening technique for the recovery and identification of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in postmortem blood and viscera samples.

This paper describes the application of Headspace/Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS/SPME/GC-MS) to the recovery and identification of volatile organic compounds in blood and viscera samples from deceased persons. The technique is used as a screening procedure to rapidly obtain information relating to toxicological investigations. The technique is suitable for the detection of volatiles (of wide boiling range) including butane, halothane, toluene, xylenes, and petrol residues in blood and viscera (lung, brain, and body fat).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

[Pathological changes of viscera after brain death: an experimental study].

In order to study the viscera changes after brain death while the function of the heart and lung was sustained artificially, 34 cats were used and divided into three groups. The results showed that pathological changes of viscera (heart, lung, liver and kidney) developed, including 1. ischemic cardiomyopathy, endocardiac hemorrhage, focal necrosis, mitochondria and microfilament destruction. 2. pulmonary congestion, edema and parenchymal inflammation. 3. ischemic lesions in the central band of hepatic lobular and ischemic lesions in renal proximal convoluted tubule.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cavitary viscera injuries during laparoscopy].

Intraoperative incidents of laparoscopic surgery resulting in cavitary viscera injuries are analyzed, based on a series of 6308 patients (6800 operations) operated during a period of 9 years. This retrospective study includes 11 cases: 6 intraoperative cavitary viscera perforations (esophagus, gastric fornix, ileum, sigmoid) have been recognized and solved in the same laparoscopic operation or after conversion. In 5 cases the diagnosis was established in the postoperative period as fistulas (urinary bladder) or diffuse peritonitis caused by various types of injuries (esophagus, small and large bowel) and required reoperations. We present a global view of these cases and also analyze the determinant causes of the complications, emphasize the importance of intraoperative identification of such injuries and specify the place of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of such accidents with an optimum healing and low rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Management of severe pelvic fracture associated with injuries of adjacent viscera.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the approach of emergency management for severe pelvic fracture associated with injuries of adjacent viscera and evaluate the therapeutic effect. METHODS: The data of 79 patients with severe pelvic fracture associated with injuries of adjacent viscera were retrospectively studied, and the study covered a period of 14 years. RESULTS: To cease massive bleeding due to pelvic fracture, ligation of internal iliac arteries was performed on 33 cases, and angioembolization on 8. Of 42 patients with cystic or/and urethral injury, 35 underwent cystostomy and delayed reconstruction, and 7 received a primary realignment. All of 17 patients with injury of retroperitoneal rectum underwent diverting colostomy of the proximal end of sigmoid with presacral drainage, but 4 received primary repair without colostomy. In 22 patients with intraperitoneal colorectal injury, 19 were managed with primary repair or anastomosis while 3 received a colostomy. The overall mortality rate was 8.86% (7/79); the main causes were hemorrhagic shock and associated injury. The complications included urethro-rectal fistula in 4 cases, thrombosis of right common iliac artery in 1, ARDS following chest trauma in 1, and paraplegia in 1. Except the patient with paraplegia, all of them were cured. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt diagnosis and proper treatment are the key to success. Devascularization of internal iliac arteries with external fixation cage of the pelvis, cystostomy and proximal sigmoidostomy are effective procedures in emergency treatment of the critical patients.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2005

[Management of severe pelvic fracture associated with injuries of viscera].

OBJECTIVE: To probe the approach of emergency management for severe pelvic fracture associated with injuries of adjacent viscera and evaluate the therapeutic effect. METHODS: The data of 79 patients with severe pelvic fracture associated with injuries of adjacent viscera were retrospectively studied, and the study covered a period of 14 years. RESULTS: Ligation of internal iliac arteries was performed in 33 cases for ceasing massive bleeding due to pelvic fracture, and angioembolization in 8. Of 42 patients with cystic or/and urethral injury, 35 underwent cystostomy and delayed reconstruction, and 7 received a primary realignment. All of 17 patients with injury of retroperitoneal rectum underwent diverting colostomy of the proximal end of sigmoid with presacral drainage, but 4 received primary repair without colostomy. In 22 patients with intraperitoneal colorectal injury, 19 were managed with primary repair or anastomosis while 3 received a colostomy. The overall mortality rate was 9% (7/79); The main causes were hemorrhagic shock and associated injury. The complications included urethro-rectal fistula in 4, thrombosis of right common iliac artery in 1, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following chest trauma in 1, and paraplegia in 1. Except the patient with paraplegia, all of them were cured. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt diagnosis and proper treatment were the key of the success. Devascularization of internal iliac arteries with external fixation cage of pelvis, cystostomy and proximal sigmoidostomy were effective procedures frequently used in the emergency treatment of the severe pelvic fracture patients.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1994

Differences in otolith and abdominal viscera graviceptor dynamics: implications for motion sickness and perceived body position.

Human graviceptors, located in the trunk by Mittelstaedt, probably transduce acceleration by abdominal viscera motion. As demonstrated previously in biodynamic vibration and impact tolerance research, the thoraco-abdominal viscera exhibit a resonance at 4 to 6 Hz. Behavioral observations and mechanical models of otolith graviceptor response indicate a phase shift, increasing with frequency between 0.01 and 0.5 Hz. Consequently, the potential exists for intermodality sensory conflict between vestibular and visceral graviceptor signals, at least at the mechanical receptor level. The frequency range of this potential conflict corresponds with the primary frequency range for motion sickness incidence in transportation, in subjects rotated about Earth-horizontal axes (barbecue spit stimulation), and in periodic parabolic flight microgravity research, and also for erroneous perception of vertical oscillations in helicopters. We discuss the implications of this hypothesis for previous self-motion perception research and suggestions for various future studies.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

Enkephalin-immunoreactive interneurons extensively innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons regulating the pelvic viscera.

Enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive (IR) axons occur in regions containing spinal autonomic neurons and endogenous opiates contribute to spinal regulation of bladder function. To identify possible spinal sites of opiate action, we used immunocytochemistry for ENK with retrograde tracing from the major pelvic ganglion (MPG), a key location for postganglionic neurons controlling pelvic viscera, with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) or CTB-horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP). We compared the relationship of ENK-IR axons with sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) projecting to the MPG between intact spinal cords and cords with 2- or 11-week complete transections between thoracic segments 4 and 5. By light microscopy, sections of intact cord showed dense networks of ENK-IR axons surrounding CTB-IR SPNs in the intermediolateral cell column (IML), intercalated nucleus, and central autonomic area of lower thoracic and upper lumbar cord. This staining pattern was similar in rats with 2- or 11-week transections. Ultrastructurally, ENK-IR axons formed synapses on SPNs in all three autonomic subnuclei of intact cord. In the IML, ENK-IR varicosities contributed 52% of the synapses on the somata of MPG-projecting SPNs. In 2-week transected cord, synapses from ENK-IR axons persisted on SPNs and the proportion of input to IML SPNs had increased to 67%, probably reflecting loss of supraspinal input. These results suggest that endogenous opioids could play a major role in controlling sympathetic outflow to the bladder through a direct action on SPNs. The persistence of the dense ENK innervation after complete cord transection indicates that the ENK-IR input to SPNs arises predominantly from intraspinal sources.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fasciola hepatica: early lesions in the viscera of seven pulmonate species after penetration of the miracidium.

Early lesions were studied in four viscera of seven pulmonate species on the 2nd day after miracidial exposure. The albumen gland, the digestive gland, and the gonad of infected snails demonstrated not only normal tissue but also the presence of two stages of epithelial necrosis. Multifocal necrosis predominated, with varying percentages of frequency depending on the snail species and stage of life; generalized necrosis was more seldom observed. In the kidney, epithelial necrosis was encountered more frequently than intralamellar deposits.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Homeotic genes and positional signalling in the Drosophila viscera.

Homeotic genes play a key regulatory role in the two innermost germ layers of Drosophila, the visceral mesoderm and the endoderm. Here, they control, and are controlled by, genes that encode extracellular proteins involved in signalling. Examples of these regulatory interactions are an inductive process between the two germ layers, and an indirect autoregulatory loop of a homeotic gene in the visceral mesoderm. Both these mechanisms define or redefine spatial domains of homeotic gene expression, by way of intercellular communication. The homeotic genes that are expressed in the viscera control morphogenesis and differentiation of the larval midgut.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of trypsin and chymotrypsin from the viscera of anchovy, Engraulis japonica.

The molecular weights of trypsin and chymotrypsin purified from anchovy viscera were estimated to be 25.6 and 26.1 Kda, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. Both enzymes had their maximal activity at pH 9.0 and 45 degrees C for casein and at pH 8.0 and 45 degrees C for synthetic substrates. Trypsin hydrolyzed at the position of Arg22 and Lys29, and chymotrypsin did at the position of Phe1, Tyr16, Phe24, Phe25, and Tyr26 of insulin beta-chain. The K'm and kcat of trypsin were 50 microM and 1.84 microM-1 min-1 toward N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and those of chymotrypsin were 89 microM and 10.0 microM-1min-1 toward N-succinyl-(Ala)2-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide. The activation energy of trypsin and chymotrypsin were estimated to be 14 Kcal/mol toward N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide and 6.5 Kcal/mol toward benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

fsi zebrafish show concordant reversal of laterality of viscera, neuroanatomy, and a subset of behavioral responses.

Asymmetries in CNS neuroanatomy are assumed to underlie the widespread cognitive and behavioral asymmetries in vertebrates. Studies in humans have shown that the laterality of some cognitive asymmetries is independent of the laterality of the viscera; discrete mechanisms may therefore regulate visceral and neural lateralization. However, through analysis of visceral, neuroanatomical, and behavioral asymmetries in the frequent-situs-inversus (fsi) line of zebrafish, we show that the principal left-right body asymmetries are coupled to certain brain asymmetries and lateralized behaviors. fsi fish with asymmetry defects show concordant reversal of heart, gut, and neuroanatomical asymmetries in the diencephalon. Moreover, the neuroanatomical reversals in reversed fsi fish correlate with reversal of some behavioral responses in both fry and adult fsi fish. Surprisingly, two behavioral asymmetries do not reverse, suggesting that at least two separable mechanisms must influence functional lateralization in the CNS. Partial reversal of CNS asymmetries may generate new behavioral phenotypes; supporting this idea, reversed fsi fry differ markedly from their normally lateralized siblings in their behavioral response to a novel visual feature. Revealing a link between visceral and brain asymmetry and lateralized behavior, our studies help to explain the complexity of the relationship between the lateralities of visceral and neural asymmetries.

Analysis of Variance↗