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Density functional theory study of vibrational spectra, and assignment of fundamental vibrational modes of succinimide and N-bromosuccinimide.

This work deals with the vibrational spectroscopy of succinimide and N-bromosuccinimide. The mid and far FTIR and FT-Raman spectra were measured in the condensed state. The fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of vibrational bands were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP/6-31G(*) and B3LYP/6-311+G(**) methods and basis set combinations. The vibrational spectra were interpreted, with the aid of normal coordinate analysis based on a scaled quantum mechanical force field. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Comparison of simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes. Unambiguous vibrational assignment of all the fundamentals were made using the total energy distribution (TED).

Bromosuccinimide↗

Vibration damage to the hand: clinical presentation, prognosis and length and severity of vibration required.

Exposure to vibrating hand-held tools can cause a variety of vascular and neuromuscular symptoms collectively named Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS). The clinical presentation of this syndrome includes paraesthesiae or tingling in digits, pain or tenderness in the wrist and hand, digital blanching, cold intolerance, weakness of the finger flexors or intrinsic muscles and discolouration and trophic skin lesions of the fingers. HAVS can be reversible, at least in the earlier stages, but resolution of symptoms is unusual in more severe cases, and continued use of vibrating tools in such cases is unwise. The duration of exposure needed to produce HAVS cannot be readily defined. This is due not only to different individual susceptibilities to vibration, but also to the different physical characteristics of the vibration exposure. There is a cumulative effect of vibration on both the vascular and sensorineural components of HAVS and these components appear to occur and progress independently of each other.

Arm↗

String vibration dampers do not reduce racket frame vibration transfer to the forearm.

In this study, we examined the effect of string vibration damping devices on reducing racket frame vibration transfer to the forearm. Twenty participants volunteered to hold a tennis racket stationary in a forehand and backhand stroking position while tennis balls were fired at 20 m x s(-1) towards two impact locations, the node of vibration and the dead spot. A three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures on damping condition, impact location and stroke condition was performed on the data. The resonant frequency of the hand-held racket was found to be approximately 120 Hz. No significant differences in amplitude of vibration at the resonant frequency were found for the wrist or the elbow when damped and non-damped impacts were compared. Impacts at the dead spot produced greater amplitudes of vibration (P < 0.01) but no interaction between impact location and string dampers was evident. The string dampers had no effect on the grip force used or the muscle electrical activity in the forearm after impact. In conclusion, we found that string dampers do not reduce the amount of racket frame vibration received at the forearm. We suggest that string dampers remain a popular accessory among tennis players because of their acoustic effects and psychological support rather than any mechanical advantage.

Adult↗

Whole-body vibration perception thresholds of recumbent subjects--Part 2: Effect of vibration direction.

This paper presents the results of laboratory experiment concerned with perception thresholds for whole-body vibration on recumbent subjects. Thresholds of subjects exposed to x-, y- and z-axis sinusoidal vibration were determined for supine, prone, lying on the left side and lying on the right side subjects (from 1 to 80 Hz). It was clear that the threshold curves, as a function of frequency, had different characteristics for vertical vibrations than for horizontal vibrations in the recumbent postures. Significant differences were found between perception thresholds for vertical vibrations and horizontal vibrations on recumbent subjects.

Adult↗

[Investigation and evaluation on the harmfulness of partial vibration and the contact vibration time].

The harmfulness from partial vibration with extended contact vibration time was studied by investigating into the symptoms and signs of workers with local vibration disease in Taiyuan Iron & Steel Company. The sense of hand, the function of nerve ending and the microcirculation of fingernail wrinkles of 321 workers working on local vibration operations were examined and observed. The indexes examined are worse with the increase of contact time and are better in low contact group. A positive correlation between the abnormal of microcirculation, the pain and numbness of hand was observed. It is concluded that the degree of harmfulness on hands and upper limbs of whom working on local vibration operation is related to the time of contact vibration. The function of nerve ending and the ending circulation were injured at the same time.

Adult↗

[Effects of local vibration exposure on the cerebral blood flow--on the relation of brain and finger blood flow to vibration frequencies (author's transl)].

The healthy young men aged from 18 to 26 years were examined whether some vibrational stimuli may affect the vasoreaction in the brain and in a finger. The vasoreaction was observed on each subject after the exposure to vibration of frequencies 32, 64, 140 and 250 Hz with acceleration level at 98 m/sec2 and compression force at the vibrating grip of 5 kg, while in the control state the vibration was exactly the same except the vibrational stimuli. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction were observed when low frequency and high frequency vibrational stimuli were given respectively. Vasoreactive pattern of the brain was almost the same as that of the finger.

Adolescent↗

Vibration exposure dose dependency of clinical stage, examination results and symptoms in vibration syndrome.

The vibration exposure dose dependency of clinical stage, examination results and symptoms are valuable for evaluation of exposure effect in vibration syndrome. The 1973 national survey of 461 chain saw operators in private forests was reexamined with respect to vibration exposure dose (VD) and clinical stage (Stockholm Workshop scales: CIRP-0 to 3 and SN-0 to 3 stages). VD was calculated by the formula "ahw(eq.4h) x D (days) x Y (years)". Vibration exposure dose index (VDI) was calculated according to the VD level. Subjects were divided into five VDI, four CIRP stage and four SN stage groups, respectively. Ratio of four CIRP and SN in VDI, examination results and prevalences of symptoms were compared between VDI-1 and the other VDI groups. Vibration dose dependency was observed in Stockholm Workshop scales (CIRP and SN stage) and examination results (prevalence of CIRP, vibrotactile perception threshold, prevalence of numbness in hands, and fingertip pinch strength). Higher VDI (VDI-5) was associated with higher prevalence of hypersensitivity to cold, muscle weakness and deterioration of finger function. Which formula is more useful to evaluate cumulative vibration effects is still controversial.

Adult↗

The effects of vibration frequency and direction on the location of areas of discomfort caused by whole-body vibration.

Although much research has been devoted to the determination of equivalent comfort contours for human response to whole-body vibration little consideration has been given to the source of the feelings that give rise to such comfort contours. This paper shows that for vertical vibration there is a distinct difference in the locations of discomfort on the body at different frequencies and that the locations are not much affected by the vibration level. For horizontal motions, feelings of discomfort predominated in the lower abdomen and buttocks irrespective of vibration frequency or direction. A semantic scaling technique indicates the maximum sensitivity to vertical vibration acceleration in the 4 to 16 Hz range, but for both fore-and aft and lateral vibration there is a decrease in sensitivity with increasing frequency above 2Hz.

Journal Article↗

Characteristics of large capacity ultrasonic complex vibration sources with stepped complex transverse vibration rods.

Configurations of large capacity ultrasonic complex vibration sources with multiple longitudinal transducers are proposed and studied. The ultrasonic complex vibration systems are effective and essential for new applications in various industries. The complex vibration source of 27 kHz consists of a complex transverse rod with a welding tip (aluminum alloy, stainless steel and titanium alloy), a complex vibration rod with a flange and stepped part for holding the system, a circular longitudinal vibration disk (aluminum alloy) and six bolt-clamped Langevin type PLT transducers. Three transducer pairs are driven simultaneously using three driving systems at phase difference 120 degrees, and almost circular vibration locus is obtained.

Journal Article↗

Vibrational frequency shifts and relaxation rates for a selected vibrational mode in cytochrome C.

The vibrational energy relaxation of a selected vibrational mode in cytochrome c--a C-D stretch in the terminal methyl group of Met80--has been studied using equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis methods. As demonstrated in the pioneering work of Romesberg and co-workers, isotopic labeling of the C-H (to C-D) stretch in alkyl side chains shifts the stretching frequency to the transparent region of the protein's density of states, making it an effective and versatile probe of protein structure and dynamics. Molecular dynamics trajectories of solvated cytochrome c were run at 300 K, and vibrational population relaxation times were estimated using the classical Landau-Teller-Zwanzig model and a number of semiclassical theories of resonant and two-phonon vibrational relaxation processes. The C-D stretch vibrational population relaxation time is estimated to be T(1) = 14-40 ps; the relatively close agreement between various semiclassical estimates of T(1) lends support to the applicability of those expressions. Normal mode calculations were used to identify the dominant coupling between the protein and C-D oscillator. All bath modes strongly coupled to the C-D stretch are in close proximity. Angle bending modes in the terminal methyl group of Met80 appear to be the most likely acceptor modes defining the mechanism of population relaxation of the C-D vibration.

Animals↗

Measuring vibration characteristics at large amplitude region of materials for high power ultrasonic vibration system

This study proposes a method of estimating the mechanical quality factor of materials for high-power ultrasonic vibration systems under large vibration amplitude conditions. The quality factors of several metals as well as some polymers are measured by this method. In this method, the quality factor is calculated as the ratio of the reactive energy stored in a specimen to the dissipated energy. The dissipated energy is estimated from the input/output mechanical energy to the specimen by measurement of the vibration intensity, while the reactive energy is measured as the kinetic energy of the vibration. Then, the quality factor for the specified part can be extracted using this method. In this report, quality factors for torsional vibration were measured at about 30 kHz as functions of the vibration strain.

Journal Article↗

Vibrational Stark effects calibrate the sensitivity of vibrational probes for electric fields in proteins.

Infrared spectroscopy is widely used to probe local environments and dynamics in proteins. The introduction of a unique vibration at a specific site of a protein or more complex assembly offers many advantages over observing the spectra of an unmodified protein. We have previously shown that infrared frequency shifts in proteins can arise from differences in the local electric field at the probe vibration. Thus, vibrational frequencies can be used to map electric fields in proteins at many sites or to measure the change in electric field due to a perturbation. The Stark tuning rate gives the sensitivity of a vibrational frequency to an electric field, and for it to be useful, the Stark tuning rate should be as large as possible. Vibrational Stark effect spectroscopy provides a direct measurement of the Stark tuning rate and allows a quantitative interpretation of frequency shifts. We present vibrational Stark spectra of several bond types, extending our work on nitriles and carbonyls and characterizing four additional bond types (carbon-fluorine, carbon-deuterium, azide, and nitro bonds) that are potential probes for electric fields in proteins. The measured Stark tuning rates, peak positions, and extinction coefficients provide the primary information needed to design amino acid analogues or labels to act as probes of local environments in proteins.

2-Naphthylamine↗

Electronic and vibrational spectroscopy and vibrationally mediated photodissociation of V+(OCO).

Electronic spectra of gas-phase V+(OCO) are measured in the near-infrared from 6050 to 7420 cm(-1) and in the visible from 15,500 to 16,560 cm(-1), using photofragment spectroscopy. The near-IR band is complex, with a 107 cm(-1) progression in the metal-ligand stretch. The visible band shows clearly resolved vibrational progressions in the metal-ligand stretch and rock, and in the OCO bend, as observed by Brucat and co-workers. A vibrational hot band gives the metal-ligand stretch frequency in the ground electronic state nu3'' = 210 cm(-1). The OCO antisymmetric stretch frequency in the ground electronic state (nu1'') is measured by using vibrationally mediated photodissociation. An IR laser vibrationally excites ions to nu1'' = 1. Vibrationally excited ions selectively dissociate following absorption of a second, visible photon at the nu1' = 1 <-- nu1'' = 1 transition. Rotational structure in the resulting vibrational action spectrum confirms that V+(OCO) is linear and gives nu1'' = 2392.0 cm(-1). The OCO antisymmetric stretch frequency in the excited electronic state is nu1' = 2368 cm(-1). Both show a blue shift from the value in free CO2, due to interaction with the metal. Larger blue shifts observed for complexes with fewer ligands agree with trends seen for larger V+(OCO)n clusters.

Journal Article↗

Vibrational cooling in a cold ion trap: vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of cold C60(-) anions.

We demonstrate vibrational cooling of anions via collisions with a background gas in an ion trap attached to a cryogenically controlled cold head (10-400 K). Photoelectron spectra of vibrationally cold C60(-) anions, produced by electrospray ionization and cooled in the cold ion trap, have been obtained. Relative to spectra taken at room temperature, vibrational hot bands are completely eliminated, yielding well-resolved vibrational structures and a more accurate electron affinity for neutral C60. The electron affinity of C60 is measured to be 2.683+/-0.008 eV. The cold spectra reveal complicated vibrational structures for the transition to the C60 ground state due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the ground state of C60(-). Vibrational excitations in the two A(g) modes and eight H(g) modes are observed, providing ideal data to assess the vibronic couplings in C60(-).

Journal Article↗

Effect of molecular rotation on the vibration-vibration energy transfer in condensed media.

The purpose of the present communication has been to present the derivation of the vibrational relaxation rate constant for the case in which both phonons and the molecular rotation (three-dimensional) participate in the vibrational relaxation and to study the effect of molecular rotation on the vibration-vibration energy transfer in the condensed phase. The experimental results of vibration-vibration energy transfer between donors, NH and ND, and acceptors, CO and (13)CO, have been analyzed.

Journal Article↗

Correlation between vibration-induced white finger and symptoms of upper and lower extremities in vibration syndrome.

The correlation was investigated between the frequency of attacks of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) and numbness or coldness of the fingers and legs in patients with vibration syndrome. Some 1687 patients with vibration syndrome were examined and of these 342 chain-saw operators and 277 rock-drill operators had no disease other than vibration syndrome. Then subjects were matched by age and period of treatment within three years. In the last analysis, 20 in the VWF "almost everyday" group or in the "never" group, and 40 in the "occasionally" group were selected from the chain-saw operators, and from the rock-drill operators 32 in the VWF "everyday" or the "never" group and 64 in the "occasionally" group. The present study showed that, with the frequency of VWF attacks, patients had a higher prevalence of coldness not only in the fingers but also in the legs. These findings suggest a correlation between the severity of circulatory disturbances of the upper extremities and that of the lower ones in patients with vibration syndrome. Further studies on circulatory disturbances in the leg are required.

Fingers↗

Effects of vibration frequency and postural changes on human responses to seated whole-body vibration exposure.

The present investigation evaluated the effects of changes in pelvic orientation and vibration frequency on the seated human's response to wholebody vibration (WBV). Seat-to-trunk and seat-to-head acceleration transmissibility, peak-to-peak pelvic motion and erector spinae EMG and mean erector spinae EMG was collected across three pelvic orientations (9 degrees anterior pelvic tilt, neutral pelvis, and 9 degrees posterior pelvic tilt) and frequencies ranging from 4.5 to 16 Hz. Subjects included 30 healthy males between the ages of 18 and 35. Ensemble averages, two vibration cycles in length, were produced for each subject within each frequency-pelvic orientation combination. Group ensemble averages within each frequency-pelvic orientation combination were then compared using ANOVA. Changes in pelvic orientation produced significant differences in acceleration transmissibility, pelvic motion, and erector spinae EMG. At frequencies below 6 Hz, acceleration transmissibility at the head and pelvic motion were significantly greater in the posterior pelvic orientation than in the other two. At frequencies above 6 Hz, acceleration transmissibility at the head and trunk were significantly greater in the anterior pelvic orientation than in the other two. Peak-to-peak EMG responses were similar across all pelvic orientations at frequencies below 6 Hz. However, above 6 Hz, the response was significantly greater in the anterior pelvic orientation than in the other two. Thus, vibration frequency and pelvic orientation were shown to have significant interactive effects on the seated human's response to WBV. These interactive effects need to be considered when determining appropriate vibration exposure guidelines.

Adult↗

The vibration stimulus. Effects of viscous-elastic resistance of skin on the amplitude of vibrations.

Accurate measurements of the vibration amplitude were Fig. 7. Reproducibility of double determinations of the vibratory perception threshold (log V2) in normal persons and uraemic patients. PH=pulp, big toe; MM=medial malleolus. Axes show read values in volts transformed into a log V2 scale. Full and strippled lines indicate mean and 95% confidence limits of expected variation (ref. Table II). Made possible by a piezo-electric transducer (accelerometer). With constant voltage to the vibrator slight compression of the tactor against the skin produced an increase in amplitude, similar to that seen with compression against a rubber diaphragm. Further compression had a variable effect on the vibration amplitude, depending on the nature of the underlying tissue (bone, soft tissue). An exact calibration of the vibration stimulus strength therefore appears impossible, and a comparison of the acuity of vibratory perception is invalidated by the different viscous-elastic protion amplitude and the square of the voltage, as seen for vibrations in air, was also demonstrable between independent measurements of the vibratory perception threshold (VPT) in the two terms. The intra- and interindividual variations in terms of the amplitude and the square of the voltage were of the same order. On a logarithmic scale the reproducibility of VPT was independent of the threshold stimulus strength.

Elasticity↗