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PubMed1980

Immunofluorescent studies on localization of secretory immunoglobulins in the intestines of turkeys recovered from turkey coronaviral enteritis.

The present study concerns the production of specific secretory antibodies in turkeys orally inoculated with turkey coronavirus (TCV). Tissue localization of secretory antibodies in the intestines of recovered birds 4 and 5 months later was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Intestinal sections were stained by sandwich method, using concentrated TCV antigen and anti-TCV conjugate. It was suggested that local synthesis of antibody might be responsible for life-long immunity seen in these birds after recovery from infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antigenic characterization of a turkey coronavirus identified in poult enteritis- and mortality syndrome-affected turkeys.

A turkey coronavirus (TCV [NC95]) was characterized by antigenic comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses using immunofluorescence (FA) and immunoperoxidase (IP) procedures. Based on FA and IP procedures, TCV (NC95) was determined to be antigenically indistinguishable from turkey enteric (bluecomb) coronavirus (TECV). In addition, TCV (NC95) and TECV were found to be closely related to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); a one-way antigenic relationship was demonstrated. Polyclonal antibodies specific for TECV and IBV reacted strongly against TCV (NC95), as determined by FA procedures. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for IBV matrix protein (MAb 919) reacted strongly against TCV (NC95) and TECV as determined by FA and IP procedures; an IBV peplomer protein-specific MAb (MAb 94) did not recognize the two viruses. These studies suggest an identification of TCV (NC95) as a strain of TECV, and provide evidence of a close antigenic relationship between these viruses and IBV.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect on turkey spermatozoa of a frothy fluid derived from the cloaca of a male turkey.

The influence on turkey spermatozoa of a frothy fluid derived from the cloacal region of a male turkey was investigated. The frothy fluid was collected from the turkey tom during mounting, and semen for the experiment was obtained from the ductus deferens removed after necropsy. Spermatozoa diluted with frothy fluid were examined for motility, viability, and fertilizing capacity and compared with semen diluted with phosphate buffer or undiluted ductal semen. The life-span of spermatozoa suspended in frothy fluid was slightly prolonged during in vitro storage as compared with the undiluted semen or the semen diluted with phosphate buffer; however, a rapid increase of the number of deformed spermatozoa during storage was observed in the semen diluted with frothy fluid. The fertilizing ability of spermatozoa was not influenced by the dilution with frothy fluid when the diluted spermatozoa were inseminated intravaginally immediately after the dilution. On the contrary, when spermatozoa suspended in frothy fluid were preserved at 0 C for 24 h, their fertilizing capacity decreased drastically, probably due to the increased number of abnormal spermatozoa during in vitro preservation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of various aspects of paediatric malignancies in Turkey and Turkey's status in health statistics.

Geographic differences in childhood cancer occurrence have been of great interest and have contributed to the current notion that most cancer cases are caused by environmental and cultural factors. The toxins, some of which are encountered by the general population, such as commonly used drugs, household products, solvents, pesticides, and insecticides, have been implicated as carcinogens and are factors that may add to the childhood cancer incidence in Turkey. Lack of information relevant to the disease, low family income, low educational status of parents, cessation of therapy, uncertainty about the child's future, fear for the child's survival, anxiety over the treatment and its effect as well as some cultural and traditional factors, are the basic individual characteristics of the population that interfere with the successful treatment of children with cancer in Turkey. Because the child with cancer is under enormous physical and emotional stress, appropriate psychosocial resources for the patient and family are important for optimal therapy. Community resources, healthcare services, income maintenance, medical insurance, financial assistance for treatment expenditures for the families who have children with cancer are extremely limited. These parameters are the unanswered needs which cancer patients and families face in our society. Despite impressive improvements, major problems remain to be solved.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2000

Identification of turkey biliary metabolites of ractopamine hydrochloride and the metabolism and distribution of synthetic [14C]ractopamine glucuronides in the turkey.

1. The bile duct cannulated turkey poult (n = 3) dosed orally with [14C]ractopamine HCl [(1R*,3R*),(1R*,3S*)-4-hydroxy-alpha-[[[3-(4-hydroxy[14C]phenyl)-1-methy lpropyl]amino]methyl]-benzenemethanol hydrochloride; 19.9 mg; 9.28 microCi] excreted 37.4 +/- 12.1% (mean +/- SD) of the administered radioactivity in bile by 24 h post-dosing. 2. A mono-glucuronide, conjugated at C-10 (the methylpropylamino phenol) of ractopamine, accounted for 76.6% of biliary radioactivity. 3. Urine collected from the colostomized turkey poult (n = 3) orally dosed with synthetic [14C]ractopamine-glucuronides (10.1 mg; 3.6 microCi) contained 11.9 +/- 1.0% (mean +/- SD) of the administered radioactivity 24 h after dosing, indicating that some absorption of radioactivity occurred. Faeces contained 60.6% of the administered radioactivity and carcasses (with gastrointestinal tracts) contained 23.3% of the starting radioactivity. 4. Five colostomized poults were fitted with bile duct cannulas and were dosed intraduodenally with 10.2 mg (3.6 microCi) synthetic [14C]ractopamine-glucuronides. Urine and bile contained 15.5 +/- 2.2 and 16.8 +/- 2.1% respectively of the administered radiocarbon by 24 h post-dosing. Faeces contained 54.3% of the administered radioactivity. Total absorption of the dosed radioactivity averaged 33.4%. 5. Bile and urine collected from the colostomized, bile-duct cannulated bird contained mainly ractopamine glucuronides. Indirect evidence suggests that the dosed ractopamine glucuronides were not absorbed intact.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2005

Easy determination of the addition of soybean proteins to heat-processed meat products prepared with turkey meat or pork-turkey meat blends that could also contain milk proteins.

The addition of non-meat proteins to processed meat products is limited by regulations. Therefore, this work has investigated the determination of added soybean proteins in commercial heat-processed meat products prepared with turkey meat or pork-turkey meat blends that could also contain milk proteins. The method consisted of extracting proteins from the meat products in a Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8) and analysing the extract by high-performance liquid chromatography with a linear gradient water-acetonitrile containing 0.05% (v/v) TFA. This method enabled the detection and quantitation of up to 0.08 and 0.28% (w/w), respectively, of soybean proteins (related to 6 g initial product) in these products. Satisfactory precision and recovery data were established. Accuracy was evaluated by a comparison of soybean protein contents determined by the proposed method and the existing AOAC official method based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from which no statistically significant differences were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The effect of a second dexamethasone treatment on turkeys previously challenged in an experimental Escherichia coli respiratory model of turkey osteomyelitis complex.

In two separate experiments, turkeys that had survived immunosuppression with dexamethasone (DEX) and air sac inoculation with low numbers of Escherichia coli at 5 wk of age were maintained until 13 wk of age, at which time they were given a second treatment with DEX. All mortalities and birds that were necropsied 8 and 15 d (Experiment 1) and 21 d (Experiment 2) after the last DEX injection were scored for air sacculitis/pericarditis and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). In both experiments, all of the lesions that characterize TOC were reproduced, including osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia, synovitis/tendonitis, abscesses in the soft tissues, and green liver. In Experiment 1, all mortalities after Day 7 had TOC lesions, whereas 44% of mortalities had green livers. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 90% of all TOC lesions cultured. In Experiment 2, the incidence of mortality, air sacculitis, TOC, and green liver as well as the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in birds that had previously been treated with DEX but had never been challenged with E. coli than in birds that had survived both treatment with DEX and challenge with 25 or 50 cfu of E. coli. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 73% of TOC lesions cultured, whereas E. coli was isolated from only 5.4% of the lesions. These studies suggest that TOC incidence may be related to a stress-induced susceptibility to opportunistic infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

National health system steps in Turkey: concerns of family physician residents in Turkey regarding the proposed national family physician system.

Many countries are currently struggling with the public desire for improved health care and provision of basic services on the one hand, and the rising costs of health care on the other. Turkey is acutely experiencing this problem because of its relatively advanced level of economic development and its relatively low level of health status compared to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Union countries. Since 1990, there has been vigorous debate in the Turkish society regarding the best way to improve public health through improved primary health care. The current government is pursuing a proposal that has been mentioned before, but in a more serious effort than has been previously made. This is an approach to primary care based on systems such as those in the United Kingdom and in Germany, and the basic components are family physicians who have a particular list of patients whom they provide care for. Financing of the system is to be provided with a new general health insurance scheme. In this study, 38 family practice residents at the 3 major training hospitals for this specialty completed an investigator-designed questionnaire for the purpose of characterizing their concerns regarding this proposed system of primary health care delivery. The participants' responses indicated that the new system, which is known as the Family Physician System, will contribute importantly toward raising the overall level of health in Turkey. Specific expected benefits include closer patient-physician relationships, increased job satisfaction on the part of family physicians, and an overall increase in income for the physicians working in the system.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Fowl cholera immunization in turkeys. II. Use of experimental epornitic method to study vaccine efficacy in flocks of turkeys.

Groups of turkeys were challenged with Pasteurella multocida (P-1059) by the contact method. In this method, turkeys are artificially infected by the intramuscular injection of P. multocida organisms and are then introduced into the test group. The death patterns resulting from this contact method of challenge are either normally distributed or skewed to the right.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

No effect of turkey herpesvirus infections on the outcome of avian pneumovirus infections in turkeys.

To determine whether turkey herpesvirus (HVT) impairs the aspecific and specific defense against an avian pneumovirus (APV) infection, specific-pathogen-free turkeys were inoculated at 7 days of age with HVT and 1, 5, or 7 wk later with APV. Clinical signs, APV replication, and development of antibodies against APV were evaluated. No differences were found between the birds that received both HVT and APV and those that received only APV.

Alphaherpesvirinae↗
PubMed2003

Congenital hypothyroidism and iodine status in Turkey: a comparison between the data obtained from an epidemiological study in school-aged children and neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Congenital hypothyroidism and endemic iodine deficiency are the most common cause of mental retardation. However in both cases retardation is of nonpreventable nature. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether epidemiological study in school-aged children or neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) was useful to assess iodine status and monitor the preventive measures of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). SUBJECTS: To study the epidemiology, 1046 school children, aged 8 to 12 years from 23 primary schools in rural and urban areas from three cities in Turkey were included. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) was carried in. METHODS: Goiter and thyroid volume were assessed by palpation and ultrasound, respectively. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), and urinary iodine excretion (UIE) were measured. Neonatal screening for CH was adjusted according to the guidelines of Pediatric Endocrinology of the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the median TSH in school-aged children and the cities of Bolu and Duzce (p>0.05). Median TSH of Zonguldak was significantly different from the median TSH of Bolu (p=0.046) and Düzce (p=0.028). There was no significant difference between the median T4 levels of Bolu and Duzce (p>0.05). The median T4 of Zonguldak showed a significant difference from the median T4 value of Bolu (p=0.018), but an insignificant difference from the median T4 of Duzce (p>0.05). The overall goiter prevalence in 1046 children was 52%. In two years, 18606 newborns were screened. With a cut-off point at TSH >20 microm U/ml, the recall rate was 1.6% and the incidence of CH 1/2326. There was 26.7% children with TSH >5 microm U/ml. Both data of the epidemiological study in school-aged children and neonatal screening for CH indicated that the West Black Sea Region is affected by mild to moderate iodine deficiency. CONCLUSION: the implementation of neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism using TSH measurement has many advantages. It can detect congenital hypothyroidism and transient primary hypothyroidism, and can also be used for monitoring tools of preventive measures of IDD. Countries, such as Turkey, which has not begun national screening for CH yet, should make implementation of neonatal screening for CH using primary TSH measurement a political priority.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An adenovirus from a turkey pathogenic to both chicks and turkey poults.

An adenovirus, designated T-75 isolant, was isolated from the cloacal swab of a clinically normal turkey, 13 weeks old. The T-75 isolant was identified as an adenovirus on the basis of physicochemical properties, cytopathology, and agar-gel precipitin test. Producing two-way cross-neutralization reactions with CELO virus, the isolant was classified as an avian adenovirus of serotype 1. The T-75 isolant was pathogenic to both chicks and turkey poults, causing hepatitis, respiratory disease, atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, and/or growth depression of experimentally inoculated birds, varying with the host and route of inoculation.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enteric disease in specific-pathogen-free turkey poults inoculated with a small round turkey-origin enteric virus.

Four- and 5-day-old specific-pathogen-free turkey poults were inoculated orally or by contact exposure to a small round turkey-origin enteric virus. At days 4 and 8 postinoculation (PI), the orally inoculated poults had significantly lower body weight gains than control poults. Poults at day 4 (orally inoculated) and 5 (contact-exposed) PI had watery droppings, dilated thin-walled ceca filled with yellow foamy fluid, catarrhal small intestinal secretions, pale intestinal serosa, and mild lymphocytic enteritis. In addition, at day 4 PI, poults were lymphopenic, had intracytoplasmic crystalline arrays of 17.1 +/- 1.1 nm viral particles in the jejunal villar enterocytes, and had an 18-to-24-nm virus in intestinal contents. Analysis of morphometric data revealed mild shortening of villi in the duodenum and elongation of crypts in the duodenum and ileum during the late stage of the syndrome (day 8 PI). These findings suggest that the 18-to-24-nm virus can produce an enteric disease syndrome and that the acute clinical manifestation of this syndrome is not the result of morphologic change such as intestinal villus atrophy. The definitive identity of this 18-to-24-nm virus is not known; however, based on size and intracytoplasmic arrays of virus, it is most probably an enterovirus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cryptosporidiosis and turkey viral hepatitis in turkeys.

Cryptosporidiosis and turkey viral hepatitis were diagnosed in 25-day-old turkeys with increased mortality, enteritis, and stunting. Necropsy lesions included foul-smelling, tan-colored, loose feces in the terminal small intestines and ceca. The small intestines and ceca were congested. Multiple white to gray foci were present in the liver and pancreas. Mortality attributed to these conditions was estimated at 4.9%. Microscopic lesions included necrosis with accumulations of macrophages in the liver and pancreas. Bile-duct hyperplasia was present in the livers. Microscopic intestinal lesions consisted of mild to moderate atrophy of the villi of the distal small intestine (ileo-cecal junction) with infiltration of the lamina propria by mononuclear cells. Cryptosporidia were identified and appeared to be attached to villous epithelial cells of the terminal small intestines. Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts were also confirmed by fluorescent microscopic examination of feces stained auramine O. Reovirus was isolated on chicken embryo liver cells from affected livers.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Staphylococcosis of turkeys. 2. Assay of protein A levels of staphylococci isolated from turkeys.

Ninety-eight Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 227 coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from turkeys were assayed for protein A content. The amount of protein A of each isolate was quantitated using a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the S. aureus isolates, 83% possessed some protein A, whereas only 13% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci contained some protein A. No correlation was seen between protein A content and ability to adhere to turkey cells. No differences in virulence were seen between isolates of S. aureus possessing high or low levels of protein A; however, an isolate with no protein A was avirulent.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A sequential histopathologic and immunocytochemical study of chickens, turkey poults, and broiler breeders experimentally infected with turkey rhinotracheitis virus.

The histopathologic changes and the distribution of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV) antigen in the respiratory and reproductive tracts of experimentally infected chickens, turkey poults, and broiler breeders is described. TRTV antigen was detected using both immunofluorescent staining of cryostat sections and immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed tissues. Viral antigen was observed associated with the cilia of the epithelial cells of turbinates, trachea, and lung. No TRTV antigen and no histopathologic changes were detected in the conjunctiva of any of the sacrificed birds, or in the reproductive tract and central nervous system of broiler breeders. The main histopathologic lesions and sites of TRTV replication were observed in the ciliated epithelial cells of turbinates and lung. These findings bring forward new information about pathologic changes and TRTV antigen distribution in tissues of experimentally infected birds.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Failure of maternal antibodies to protect young turkey poults against challenge with turkey rhinotracheitis virus.

Groups of turkey poults with high levels of maternal antibodies (MA+) to turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV) were challenged with virulent TRTV at 1, 5, and 10 days of age. A maternal antibody-free group (MA-) was also challenged at 1 day of age. Before each challenge, levels of maternal antibodies to TRTV were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical signs were scored for each group. Unchallenged poults showed no signs. Respiratory signs in poults infected at 10 days of age resembled those seen in MA- birds infected at 1 day of age but both were more severe than in MA+ birds infected at 1 day of age, when the maternal antibodies were highest. However, overall, the presence of high levels of maternal antibodies did not prevent the development of clinical disease.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Effect of turkey (Meleagridis gallopavo) breeder hen age and egg size on poult development. 1. Intestinal growth and glucose tolerance of the turkey poult.

Three experiments were conducted to determine if turkey (Meleagridis gallopavo) hen age and egg weight affect poult intestinal development and glucose tolerance during the first week after hatching. Differences in glucose tolerance were not consistent across the experiments. In experiment 1, 4-day-old poults from the younger hens and lightest egg weight class had significantly greater fasting plasma glucose concentrations (P < 0.04) and were also higher at 30 and 60 min post-injection of 250 mg glucose. In experiment 2, egg weight class had no significant effects on plasma glucose concentrations of 4-day-old poults (after injection of 2.5 mg glucose/g body weight). In experiment 3, plasma glucose concentrations were not different between groups at 0 or 30 min post-injection (3.75 mg glucose/g body weight), however, poults from the younger hens had 79-90 mg/dl higher plasma glucose concentrations 60 min post-injection versus poults from the older hens. Neither egg weight class or hen age consistently affected small intestinal weight, length, or density (g/cm) measures across experiments.

Animals↗