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PubMed1999

Intake of fatty acids in western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the TRANSFAIR Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) and other fatty acids in 14 Western European countries. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A maximum of 100 foods per country were sampled and centrally analysed. Each country calculated the intake of individual trans and other fatty acids, clusters of fatty acids and total fat in adults and/or the total population using the best available national food consumption data set. RESULTS: A wide variation was observed in the intake of total fat and (clusters) of fatty acids in absolute amounts. The variation in proportion of energy derived from total fat and from clusters of fatty acids was less. Only in Finland, Italy, Norway and Portugal total fat did provide on average less than 35% of energy intake. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) provided on average between 10% and 19% of total energy intake, with the lowest contribution in most Mediterranean countries. TFA intake ranged from 0.5% (Greece, Italy) to 2.1% (Iceland) of energy intake among men and from 0.8% (Greece) to 1.9% among women (Iceland) (1.2-6.7 g/d and 1.7-4.1 g/d, respectively). The TFA intake was lowest in Mediterranean countries (0.5-0.8 en%) but was also below 1% of energy in Finland and Germany. Moderate intakes were seen in Belgium, The Netherlands, Norway and UK and highest intake in Iceland. Trans isomers of C18:1 were the most TFA in the diet. Monounsaturated fatty acids contributed 9-12% of mean daily energy intake (except for Greece, nearly 18%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids 3-7%. CONCLUSION: The current intake of TFA in most Western European countries does not appear to be a reason for major concern. In several countries a considerable proportion of energy was derived from SFA. It would therefore be prudent to reduce intake of all cholesterol-raising fatty acids, TFA included.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Divergent incorporation of dietary trans fatty acids in different serum lipid fractions.

Trans fatty acids may be involved in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. We investigated the incorporation of dietary trans fatty acids and oleic acid into the serum triglycerides (TG), cholesterol esters (CE), and phospholipids (PL). Fourteen healthy female volunteers, aged 23.2+/-3.1 yr (mean+/-SD), body mass index 20.8+/-2.1 kg/m2 participated in this study. All subjects consumed both a trans fatty acid-enriched diet (TRANS diet) and an oleic acid-enriched diet (OLEIC diet) for 4 wk according to a randomized crossover design. Both experimental diet periods were preceded by consumption of a baseline diet for 2 wk which supplied 37% of total energy (E%) as fat: 18 E% from saturated fatty acids (SFA), 12 E% from monounsaturated fatty acids, and 6 E% from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Five E% of the SFA in the baseline diet was replaced by trans fatty acids (18:1t and 18:2c,t + 18:2t,t, where c is cis and t is trans) in the TRANS diet and by oleic acid (18:1n-9) in the OLEIC diet. After the TRANS diet, the proportions of 18:1t and 18:2t increased (P<0.001) in all serum lipid fractions analyzed. The increase of 18:1t in TG and PL (1.80+/-0.28 vs. 5.26+/-1.40; 1.07+/-0.34 vs. 3.39+/-0.76 mol% of total fatty acids, respectively) was markedly higher than that in CE (0.44+/-0.07 vs. 0.92+/-0.26), whereas that of 18:2t was nearly the same in all three fractions. The proportions of palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids in TG, CE, and PL and that of oleic acid in TG and CE were decreased when compared with the baseline value. In contrast, the proportion of palmitoleic acid in TG and PL and that of linoleic acid in PL increased on the TRANS diet. After consumption of the OLEIC diet, the proportion of oleic acid increased in all three lipid fractions analyzed, and the percentage increase was nearly the same in all fractions. In contrast, the proportions of 18:1t in TG and PL and 18:2t in TG and CE decreased when compared with the baseline value. In conclusion, a moderate increase in dietary trans fatty acids resulted in a marked incorporation into serum lipids and decreased the conversion of linoleic acid to its more unsaturated long-chain metabolites. Analysis of 18:1t from serum TG and PL seems to reflect reliably the dietary intake of this fatty acid.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Nonhydrogenated cottonseed oil can be used as a deep fat frying medium to reduce trans-fatty acid content in french fries.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile, in particular trans-fatty acids, of french fries fried in nonhydrogenated cottonseed oil as compared with french fries fried in partially hydrogenated canola oil and french fries fried in partially hydrogenated soybean oil. DESIGN: Cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated canola oil, and partially hydrogenated soybean oil were subjected to a temperature of 177 degrees C for 8 hours per day, and six batches of french fries were fried per day for 5 consecutive days. French fries were weighed before frying, cooked for 5 minutes, allowed to drain, and reweighed. Oil was not replenished and was filtered once per day. Both the oil and the french fries were evaluated to determine fatty acid profiles, trans-fatty acids, and crude fat. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A randomized block design with split plot was used to analyze the data collected. Least-squares difference was used as the means separation test. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between fries prepared in the three oil types for crude fat. Fatty acid profiles for the french fries remained stable. The french fries prepared in cottonseed oil were significantly lower in trans-fatty acids. The combined total of the trans-fatty acid content and saturated fatty acid content were lower in french fries prepared in cottonseed oil. CONCLUSIONS: Because deep fat frying remains a popular cooking technique, health professionals should educate the public and the food service industry on the benefits of using nonhydrogenated cottonseed oil as an alternative to the commonly used hydrogenated oils.

Absorption↗

PubMed1993

Trans-fatty acid patterns in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease.

The plasma trans-fatty acids of 47 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease were compared with those of 56 reference subjects using high-resolution capillary column gas-liquid chromatography to test the hypothesis that trans-fatty acid intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Individual and total trans-fatty acids were higher in patients than in reference subjects (1.38 vs 1.11% for total trans-fatty acids, p < 0.003; 0.40 vs 0.31% for palmitoleic acid trans, p < 0.001; and 0.28 vs 0.22% for linoleic acid trans, p < 0.007). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol were negatively correlated (r = -0.29, p < 0.004; and r = -0.35, p < 0.001, respectively), whereas triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were positively correlated (r = 0.47, p < 0.001; r = 0.22, p < 0.03; r = 0.20, p < 0.05, respectively) with palmitoleic acid trans. The correlations were similar and significant for linoleic acid trans, but less strong for total trans-fatty acids (which is more difficult to measure and has greater variability). Saturated and trans-fatty acids and total cholesterol are positively associated, whereas HDL/total cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids are negatively associated with coronary artery disease. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dietary trans-fatty acids are a cardiovascular risk factor.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Neurologic condition of healthy term infants at 18 months: positive association with venous umbilical DHA status and negative association with umbilical trans-fatty acids.

Prenatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and trans-fatty acids may affect neurodevelopment. In healthy term children, we determined relationships between relative fatty acid contents of umbilical arteries and veins and neurodevelopment at 18 mo. The study comprised a mixed group of 317 breast-fed, formula-fed, and LCPUFA formula-fed children. Study endpoints were the Hempel neurologic examination resulting in a neurologic classification and neurologic optimality score (NOS), and the Bayley Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) and Mental Developmental Index (MDI). Fifteen children showed minor neurologic dysfunction (MND). The umbilical vein trans, trans-18:2n-6 content was higher in children with MND than in the normal group. The NOS was significantly reduced in infants with an umbilical vein docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content within the lowest quartile. Umbilical vein arachidonic acid (AA) was related to NOS in univariate statistics but not in multivariate analyses. The sum of trans-fatty acids and that of C18 trans-fatty acids showed a negative association with NOS in both univariate and multivariate analyses. No associations were found between AA, DHA and total trans-fatty acids with PDI or MDI. In conclusion, neonates with a relatively low DHA status and those with high trans-fatty acid levels have a less favorable neurologic condition at 18 mo.

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated↗

PubMed1982

Trans fatty acid effects in experimental atherosclerosis.

Trans unsaturated fatty acids are formed during hydrogenation of edible oils and their consumption in the United States has increased with increasing utilization of margarines. The effect of elaidic acid and trielaidin on atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits were studied many years ago by Weigensberg and McMillan, who found these fatty acids to be significantly more hypercholesterolemic but not more atherogenic. Jackson et al. have found that trans fatty acids are not inordinately atherogenic in swine. We have fed rabbits semipurified, cholesterol-free diets containing either 3.2 or 6.0% of trans fatty acid. The diets were slightly hyperlipidemic but no more atherogenic than the control diet. We measured the activities of five hepatic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase, fatty acid synthetase, malate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and monoamine oxidase [EC 1.4.3.4]). The diets affected only the activity of monoamine oxidase, which was lower in the livers of rabbits fed 6.0% trans fatty acid. Vervet monkeys were fed the same diets either for 1 year or for 6 months and then returned to the control diet for 6 months. The dietary manipulations had no effect on serum or lipid levels or aortic sudanophilia. Trans fatty acid levels of the serum reflected dietary concentration. Six months after cessation of feeding of the trans fat the levels of trans fatty acids in serum were virtually normal. Trans fatty acids appear to exert a hypercholesterolemic effect but do not influence aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits or aortic sudanophilia in vervet monkeys.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Fatty acid content of margarines in the Greek market (including trans-fatty acids): a contribution to improving consumers' information.

The fatty acid composition, including trans-fatty acids, of 15 margarine samples from the Greek market was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Saturated, cis-monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found in the ranges of 24.1-53.3%, 15.5-50.3%, and 14.3-50.2% of total fatty acids, respectively. The trans-fatty acid content of Greek margarines varied from 0.1 to 19% and was, on the average, lower than previously reported. The high content in saturated fatty acids of the samples examined is criticized. There is significant discrepancy between fatty acid composition and the description of the product on the label. A concise index to describe fatty acid composition is proposed. This index can appear on the label and would give the consumers a much more accurate picture of the fatty acid composition.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2004

Long-Term exposure of INS-1 cells to cis and trans fatty acids influences insulin release and fatty acid oxidation differentially.

The importance of elevated levels of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of the deteriorated beta-cell function present in type 2 diabetes has been established. Long-term exposure of the beta-cell to high levels of fatty acids causes enhanced insulin secretion at low glucose (basal insulin release), while glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is decreased or unchanged. We have previously demonstrated that the spatial configuration of fatty acids (cis and trans isomers) is of importance for the acute impact on the beta-cell function. In this study we aimed to elucidate whether the spatial configuration also influenced beta-cell function after long-term exposure. Thus, we compared the effect of 3 days culture of INS-1 cells with cis (cis C 18:1-11) and trans vaccenic acid (trans C 18:1-11), as well as oleic (cis C 18:1-9) and elaidic acid (trans C 18:1-9), on basal and glucose-stimulated insulin release. All fatty acids tested increased basal insulin release; however, a significantly lower basal insulin release was demonstrated for cells cultured with 0.3 to 0.4 mmol/L trans vaccenic acid compared to equimolar levels of the cis isomer. GSIS was not changed by cis or trans vaccenic acid or by oleic acid, whereas it was stimulated by 0.3 to 0.4 mmol/L elaidic acid. The mechanisms behind the fatty acid-induced changes in the beta cells have been linked to changes in glucose and fatty acid oxidation. We demonstrated an increased fatty acid oxidation in beta cells after long-term exposure to all of the tested fatty acids. Interestingly, both trans isomers (trans vaccenic and elaidic acid) induced higher fatty acid oxidation than the cis isomers (cis vaccenic and oleic acid, respectively). No changes in glucose oxidation were found when INS-1 cells were cultured with either of the fatty acids. The increased fatty acid oxidation was associated with an increased content of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) mRNA, but no difference in the content of CPT-I mRNA to the different fatty acids was found. Insulin mRNA expression in beta cells was not affected by the fatty acids. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the pathological changes in insulin secretion from INS-1 cells to long-term culture with elevated levels of fatty acids are more pronounced for the cis (cis vaccenic acid and oleic acid) rather than the trans isomers (trans vaccenic acid and elaidic acid). We suggest that this, at least in part, may be explained by a lower fatty acid oxidation in cells cultured with the cis compared to the trans fatty acid isomers. Apparently, the difference in fatty acid oxidation was not caused by an increased induction of CPT-I mRNA, nor by changes in glucose oxidation or insulin mRNA in beta cells chronically exposed to the fatty acids.

Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase↗

PubMed2006

[Trans fatty acids in the Norwegian diet].

BACKGROUND: Intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids should be limited, as high intakes may increase the risk of coronary heart disease. There is no up-to-date information on intake of trans fatty acids in the Norwegian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information on trans fatty acid content in foods in 2003 from a survey among Norwegian food manufacturers and importers, together with data from the Norwegian Food Composition data base, is used to estimate the content of trans fatty acids in food groups. Intake of trans fatty acids is calculated on the basis of food intake reported in a national dietary survey among adults in 1997. RESULTS: Mean intake of trans fatty acids was 1.6 gram/person/day, corresponding to 0.6 percent of total energy intake. Trans fatty acids contributed with less than 1% of energy intake among 97 percent of the participants; differences in intake related to gender, age and length of education were small. Main contributors of trans fatty acids were dairy products 50%, meat products 18%, buns and cakes 8% and bread products 7%. Food groups containing partially hydrogenated fats contributed totally approximately 30%. For several food groups the content has been reduced since 2003. INTERPRETATION: The calculated intake of trans fatty acids among Norwegians in 2003 was lower than earlier estimates based on household consumption surveys in 2001, and at the same level as reported for Mediterranean countries in the 1990s. Mean intake is now in accordance with the recommendation from World Health Organization: intake should be limited to less than 1 % total energy intake. Our calculations imply that intake of trans fatty acids no longer represents a public health concern in Norway.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Elaidic and trans-vaccenic acids in plasma phospholipids as indicators of dietary intake of 18:1 trans-fatty acids.

Octadecenoic (18:1) trans-fatty acid fractions from margarine, butter and plasma phospholipids (PL) were isolated by silver ion TLC, and nine positional isomers (n-11-n-3) were identified by GC-MS based on their ozonolysis products. The GC analysis of the isolated fractions gave similar peak profiles and separated seven trans-isomers (n-11-n-6 and n-3). Without a preceding isolation step, the reproducibility of the GC method for plasma PL elaidic (18:1 n 9 trans) and trans-vaccenic acids (n-7) was 3.4 and 2.7% (R.S.D.), respectively. These trans-isomers were rapidly incorporated and cleared in plasma PL and they closely reflected both increased and decreased intake of 18:1 trans-fatty acids during moderate fat substitutions. Significant associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and PL elaidic and trans-vaccenic acids appeared in habitual margarine users only.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Dietary trans fatty acids affect docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in plasma and liver but not brain of pregnant and fetal rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the maternal-fetal transport, incorporation, and effects on liver delta-6 fatty-acid desaturase activity of dietary trans fatty acids in pregnant rats. Three groups of six rats each were fed three experimental diets containing approximately 0%, 15%, and 30% of trans fatty acids but containing the same proportion of linoleic (18:2 n-6) and a-linolenic (18:3 n-3) acids for 10 wk. On d 20 of pregnancy, the animals from each group were killed. We determined the fatty acid profiles in plasma, brain, and liver microsomes of pregnant rats, as well as in placenta and fetal liver and brain. No changes were found in the number of fetuses of the pregnant rats. Trans fatty acids were incorporated in high concentrations in placenta and in maternal and fetal tissues, except brain, strongly elevating the linoleic acid proportion and lowering that of docosahexaenoic acid. The delta-6 fatty-acid desaturase activity in the liver microsomes of the pregnant rats was inhibited by trans isomers. In conclusion, high intakes of trans fatty acids partially inhibit liver delta-6 fatty-acid desaturase in pregnant rats, which may explain, in part, the low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid in pregnant and fetal tissues. However, the fatty acid composition of both fetal and pregnant rat brain remains mostly unaffected regardless of the dietary trans fatty acid content.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Adenylate cyclase and beta-receptors in salivary glands of rats fed diets containing trans fatty acids.

The effects of trans fatty acids on adenylate cyclase were determined in the submandibular salivary glands (SMSG) of rats fed diets containing 20% corn oil, 20% partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) or 18% PHSBO + 2% corn oil. The fluoride- and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were higher in the SMSG from rats fed 20% PHSBO than in the control group fed 20% corn oil. The feeding of 2% corn oil with the diet containing 18% PHSBO resulted in a complete restoration of isoproterenol-stimulated and a partial restoration of fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. There was no significant difference in the concentration of the beta-adrenergic receptor or in the receptor-binding affinity constants among the three dietary groups as measured by [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA)-binding. Higher fluorescence polarization of diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) was observed in SMSG membranes of rats fed diet containing 20% PHSBO than in the other two oils, suggesting that membrane fluidity may play a role in adenylate cyclase activity.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1995

Dietary trans fatty acids increase serum cholesterylester transfer protein activity in man.

The average diet may provide some 8-10 g/day of unsaturated fatty acids with a trans double bond. Previous studies showed that dietary trans fatty acids may simultaneously raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduce high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Human plasma contains a protein (CETP) which transfers cholesterylesters from HDL to lipoproteins of lower density. We hypothesized that CETP could play a role in the effect of trans fatty acids on lipoproteins and measured the activity levels of CETP in serum samples from a 9-week study in which 55 volunteers were fed three controlled diets with different fatty acid profiles. Mean activity was 114 (% of reference serum) after consumption of a high trans fatty acid diet, as opposed to 96 after linoleic acid and 97 after stearic acid (P < 0.02). We conclude that the increased activity of CETP may contribute to the rise in LDL cholesterol and the fall in HDL cholesterol seen on diets with high contents of trans fatty acids.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Trans fatty acids in human milk in Canada declined with the introduction of trans fat food labeling.

Trans fatty acids in human milk have raised concerns because of possible adverse effects on infant growth and development. Analyses of human milk in the late 1990s in Canada showed high amounts of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated oils. Canada introduced labeling of trans fatty acids on retail foods in 2003. We analyzed trans and cis unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in human milk collected from 87 women in 2004-2006 and compared the levels to those in milk collected from 103 women in 1998 and analyzed using similar methods. The total trans fatty acids (mean +/- SEM, g/100 g fatty acids) in human milk in Canada decreased significantly, from 7.1 +/- 0.32 in 1998 to 6.2 +/- 0.48, 5.3 +/- 0.49, and 4.6 +/- 0.32 over 3 consecutive 5-mo periods from November 2004 to January 2006. The milk total trans fatty acids were significantly and inversely related to 16:0, 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 20:4(n-6), 22:4(n-6), and 22:5(n-6) and positively related to 18:0 and conjugated linolenic acids (P < 0.05, n = 190). The estimated exposures of exclusively breast-fed infants to trans fatty acids decreased from a mean and 95th percentile intake of 2.0 and 4.4 g x infant(-1) x d(-1) in 1998 to 1.33 and 2.41 g x infant(-1) x d(-1), respectively, in late 2005. The estimated intake of the mothers was 4.0 (range 0.51-12.3) and 2.2 (0.56-7.65) g x person(-1) x d(-1) in 1998 and late 2005, respectively. Our studies show trans fatty acids have decreased in human milk in Canada, which suggests a concomitant decrease in trans fatty acid intake among lactating women and breast-fed infants.

Canada↗

PubMed1996

Trans fatty acid contents in spreads and cold cuts usually consumed by children.

A high intake of trans fatty acids in children may be disadvantageous because of untoward effects on lipoprotein metabolism and a possible impairment of arachidonic acid synthesis. We measured the trans fatty acid content of different brands of spreads and cold cuts typically consumed by German children because these foods may contribute a considerable portion of total trans fatty acid intake. The highest trans fatty acid contents were found in regular margarines (4.5, 0.0-10.6; median %-wt/wt of fatty acids, minimal-maximal), chocolate spreads (5.5, 0.7-11.1), butter (4.7, 3.7-5.2) and cheese (3.6, 1.8-4.0), while lower values were present in diet margarines (0.2, 0.0-0.4), vegetarian spreads (0.2, 0.1-0.4), peanut butter (0.0, 0.0-0.3) and sausages (1.7, 0.6-6.4). Calculations of typical dietary plans for young children show that food selection and variations in trans fatty acid contents may lead to marked differences in daily trans intake of > 100% (3.1 g/d vs. 1.5 g/d). We propose that trans fatty acid content should be declared on labels of fatty food products to enable the consumer to choose, and further attempts should be made to lower trans fatty acid formation during technical hydrogenation.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Dietary trans fatty acids and composition of human atheromatous plaques.

Dietary fatty acids are incorporated into atheromatous plaques mainly in the form of cholesterol esters. Physicochemical properties of the plaque (e. g. mechanical strength) depend on its fatty acid composition. Trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids (TFA) are known to reduce the availability of fatty acid precursors for the synthesis of anticoagulant PG(1) and PG(3) prostaglandins. The present study was undertaken to determine the content of trans isomers in atheromatous plaques and to search for correlations between trans isomers in the plaque and adipose tissue. Atheromatous plaques were obtained from 31 patients who underwent surgery due to atherosclerotic stenosis of the abdominal aorta, iliac or femoral arteries. Fatty acids were extracted and separated as methyl esters using gas chromatography (GC) with an internal standard. Correlations were searched for with statistical methods, taking the level of significance as p < 0.05. We found spatial and positional isomers of sixteen- and eighteen-carbon fatty acids in plaques and adipose tissue, with elaidic acid (C18:1 trans-9) being the most abundant. Every plaque and adipose tissue sample contained linolelaidic acid (C18:2 trans-9 trans-12) which is derived exclusively from linoleic acid, as well as conjugated dienes of linoleic acid (CLA) produced during oxidative processes. The presence of trans isomers of fatty acids in the atheromatous plaque seems to be of relevance to plaque formation. Of much concern is the detection of elaidic and linolelaidic acids which adversely affect the physiologically important metabolism of eicosanoids. The TFA pool in adipose tissue has little effect on the amount of these acids in the atheromatous plaque. Apparently, the presence of TFA in atheromatous plaques is the result of processes taking place during plaque formation and maturation.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in healthy subjects consuming high stearic or trans fatty acid diets.

The effects of stearic acid (C18:0) and trans fatty acids on variables related to coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in 80 healthy humans average age 29 +/- 9 years. All subjects consumed a baseline diet high in saturated fatty acids, mainly from dairy fat for 5 weeks. After this baseline diet they were allocated either to a diet high (8.7% of energy, En%) in trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (40 subjects) or a diet high (9.3 En%) in stearic acid (40 subjects) for 5 weeks. All diets contained 32.2-33.9 En% fat, 14.6-15.8 En% saturated plus trans fatty acids, 12.2-12.5 En% cis-monounsaturated and 2.9-3.5 En% polyunsaturated fatty acids and 216-250 mg/10 MJ cholesterol. The fats were mixed into solid foods and almost all daily food was provided. In comparison with the baseline dairy fat diet no change was observed in the concentrations of plasma fibrin degradation products and D-dimers. Also the factor VII coagulant activity (F VII:C), tissue type plasminogen activity (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI-1) were not affected by the experimental diets. Small increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration during the stearic acid diet was statistically significant (from 3.49 to 3.63 g/l: p = 0.041), but probably without any biological significance. Both diets increased plasma level of lipoprotein Lp(a). It can be concluded that as far as coagulation and fibrinolysis are concerned there is no need to differentiate between stearic acid or trans monoenoic fatty acids.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Metabolism of trans fatty acids with emphasis on the effects of trans, trans-octadecadienoate on lipid composition, essential fatty acid, and prostaglandins: an overview.

Information concerning the metabolism of trans isomers of dietary unsaturated fatty acids is presented. Dietary trans-octadecenoic and trans,trans-octadecadienoic acids are apparently absorbed, activated, oxidized, and acylated into ester lipids much like saturated fatty acids although differences have been observed with regard to their metabolism by different organs. Because of the important role of linoleic acid as the principal precursor of cyclic endoperoxides, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, the potential deleterious effects of trans isomers of this acid are discussed. High levels of dietary trans,trans lineoleate can impair delta 6 desaturase activity and decrease prostaglandin production in rats on experimental diets.

Animals↗