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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effect of transplacentally acquired tetanus antibodies on the antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate and tetanus toxoid vaccines in Filipino infants.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women in developing countries are vaccinated with tetanus toxoid (TT) to prevent neonatal tetanus. In populations in which the maternal TT-vaccination program is efficiently implemented, responses of the infant to TT and TT-conjugated vaccines such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccaride (PS) TT-conjugate (Hib-TT) vaccine may be depressed. OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of transplacentally acquired anti-TT antibodies on responses to TT vaccination and to Hib-TT vaccine. METHODS: One hundred ninety-four healthy Filipino infants received three doses of a Hib conjugate (either Hib-TT, PRP-OMP or HbOC) with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) given simultaneously but in a separate syringe at the age of 6, 10 and 14 weeks (primary series). In addition 54 of the study children received a booster dose of Hib-TT at 9 months simultaneously with the measles vaccine. RESULTS: Transplacentally acquired anti-TT did not interfere with the anti-Hib PS antibody (anti-Hib PS) response to any of the conjugates. The transplacentally acquired anti-TT was not significantly associated with the concentration of anti-Hib PS either before or after the booster dose of Hib-TT. High concentrations (> or =1 IU/ml) of transplacentally acquired anti-TT inhibited the infants' anti-TT responses. CONCLUSIONS: High concentration of transplacentally acquired anti-TT did not depress anti-Hib PS responses to the Hib-TT vaccine. On the other hand the high anti-TT concentrations somewhat depressed the anti-TT responses of the infants. However, the anti-TT concentrations attained were in the protective range in all study children after either the primary series (DTP + Hib-TT) or the booster dose of Hib-TT.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

Reduction of human anti-tetanus toxoid antibody in hu-PBL-SCID mice by immunodominant peptides of tetanus toxoid.

Immunotherapy of murine autoimmune and allergic diseases by administration of peptides corresponding to the dominant T cell epitope is a reality. However, problems remain in applying this therapy to reduce antibody responses in humans. To overcome these difficulties, a preclinical system was developed to test the effect of immunodominant peptides from a common antigen, tetanus toxoid (TT), on the long-term human anti-TT response. Individuals whose T cells proliferated against dominant TT peptides were identified. Peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) from these donors were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) that had been depleted of murine natural killer (NK) cells (hu-PBL-SCID mice). Peptides or PBS were injected i.p. before a further injection of PBL and immunization with TT. The concentration of human IgG and anti-TT in murine plasma was followed for 10 weeks. The total IgG was similar in both groups. By contrast, there was a statistically significant reduction in IgG anti-TT from eight weeks onwards. It is considered that the hu-PBL-SCID model system may provide a means by which the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy for reduction of pathological antibodies in humans can be examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Tetanus toxoid-anti-tetanus toxoid complexes: a potential model to study the complement transport system for immune complex in humans.

Complement and its receptor on erythrocytes appears to play a physiological role in the elimination of large immune complexes (IC) in monkeys, and a similar system is likely to work in humans. Here we define a safe IC model which is suitable for clinical investigations. Soluble tetanus toxoid (TT)-human anti-TT (IgG) antibody complexes were prepared in large antibody excess. The size of the complexes was approximately 45 S. When incubated in normal human serum, 50% of the IC increased further in size, but remained soluble, and bound rapidly to human erythrocytes in vitro. This binding was shown to require intact classical pathway function. When injected into normal guinea-pigs a comparable proportion of IC bound immediately to blood cells (mainly to platelets). No platelet binding of IC occurred in C4-deficient guinea-pigs, but this binding was restored when C4 was supplied. Initial immune complex elimination was faster in C4 deficient than in C4-supplemented and normal guinea pigs. Thus classical pathway function appeared to be necessary for the normal processing, transport and elimination of TT-anti-TT complexes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Down-regulation of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid by covaccination with cellular Bordetella pertussis vaccine.

Pertussis (P) toxin acts as adjuvant for IgE formation against simultaneously administered Ags in animal models. P vaccination may also have an adjuvant impact on IgE formation against coadministered diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T) Ags in humans. Sera of 103 D-T-P-immunized and 319 D-T-immunized children aged 2 years were analyzed for IgE, IgG4, and IgG to D and T (radioallergosorbent test), total IgE and IgE against common inhalant allergens (CAP radioallergosorbent test fluoroenzyme immunoassay). Fewer D-T-P- than D-T-immunized children had sera positive for T-IgE (12.6 vs 53.6%, p < 0.001), T-IgG4 (71.6 vs 89.2%, p < 0.001), D-IgE (31.0 vs 70.5%, p < 0.001), and D-IgG4 (85.2 vs 93.4%, p = 0.039). Suppression of T-IgE was not dependent on the cutoff chosen for a positive test result, but was dependent on the proportion of D-T immunizations given with P. The risk for sensitization to common environmental allergens did not differ (odds ratio 0.953, 95% confidence interval 0.815-1.114). No significant differences between D-T- and D-T-P-immunized children were found with regard to T-IgG or D-IgG. In summary, IgE and IgG4 (but not IgG) serum levels to coadministered D- and T-Ags are suppressed among P-immunized children as compared with nonimmunized children. These results suggest that the presence of a microbial product during Ag exposure can down-regulate an IgE/IgG4 response in humans.

BCG Vaccine↗