Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Ticarcillin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Comparative disk and broth dilution susceptibility test results with ticarcillin and timentin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas maltophilia.

A total of 500 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 14 isolates of Pseudomonas maltophilia were examined for susceptibility to ticarcillin and timentin (ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid). Clavulanic acid enhanced the activity of ticarcillin against only 34 of 500 isolates of P. aeruginosa. Among 23 isolates of P. aeruginosa, that had yielded divergent disk diffusion results, there were 3 major discrepancies (3 = ticarcillin-resistant by disk diffusion, but susceptible by broth dilution test criteria) and 1 very major discrepancy (timentin-susceptible by disk diffusion, but resistant by broth dilution test criteria). Clavulanic acid enhanced the activity of ticarcillin against 12 of 14 isolates of P. maltophilia; there were 2 major discrepancies (ticarcillin resistance in terms of disk diffusion, but susceptibility according to ticarcillin MICs). Consequently, it was decided to continue employing timentin disks alone, rather than add ticarcillin disks in our Bauer-Kirby test battery for Pseudomonadaceae.

Clavulanic Acids↗
PubMed1982

Use of clinical pharmacists to reduce cefamandole, cefoxitin, and ticarcillin costs.

The financial impact of using cefamandole and cefoxitin rather than cefazolin and of using ticarcillin rather than carbenicillin in one institution was assessed; the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists in reducing the costs associated with these drugs also was determined. During Phase 1 (July 1, 1980-March 31, 1981), the numbers of intravenous piggyback cefazolin, cephalothin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin doses prepared were recorded. Quarterly purchase data for each drug were determined from invoice records. During Phase 2 (April 1, 1981-September 30, 1981), eight clinical pharmacists reviewed all patient charts for cefamandole, cefoxitin, and ticarcillin orders. If the indication for these orders was missing or considered inappropriate, the pharmacist contacted the prescriber and recommended substituting appropriate doses of cefazolin for cefamandole and cefoxitin and of carbenicillin for ticarcillin. The number of doses prepared and quarterly purchase data were collected as in Phase 1. The projected savings resulting from clinical pharmacist input relating to these drugs was calculated. Based on Phase 1 data, the total theoretical expense resulting from cefamandole and cefoxitin use instead of cefazolin and from ticarcillin use in place of carbenicillin was projected to be $233,448 annually. Cefamandole and cefoxitin accounted for 59.8 and 39.7% of total cephalosporin use in Phases 1 and 2, respectively. Ticarcillin accounted for 77.1% of the total ticarcillin and carbenicillin doses in Phase 1, and 16.6% in Phase 2. A projected annual savings of $156,756 was achieved because of clinical pharmacist input at a cost of $16,000 for time devoted to the effort. Clinical pharmacists were effective in reducing the use of cefamandole, cefoxitin, and ticarcillin in situations where cefazolin or carbenicillin could be substituted.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Gentamicin and ticarcillin in subjects with end-stage renal disease. Comparison of two assay methods and evaluation of inactivation rate.

Eight subjects with end-stage renal disease were given gentamicin alone (single dose) and in combination with ticarcillin (multiple doses) to determine to what extent ticarcillin inactivates gentamicin in vivo and when this inactivation becomes significant. Gentamicin serum concentrations were performed by both a rapid radioimmunoassay (1 1/2 hours) and a conventional bioassay (8 hours) to determine whether the bioassay results would be falsely lowered by ticarcillin. The results of the study showed that ticarcillin inactivates gentamicin in vivo with an inactivation rate of 0.01 hours(-1). This was demonstrated by a decrease in serum gentamicin levels which became significant at 12 hours after gentamicin was given, and a decrease in gentamicin half-life from 46 to 28 hours during ticarcillin administration. Ticarcillin did not interfere with the bioassay method of measuring gentamicin levels. Although ticarcillin inactivates gentamicin in subjects with end-stage renal disease, the serum level data of gentamicin suggest that supplemental doses of the aminoglycoside are not necessary for 48 hours after a single loading dose of gentamicin. Widely used microbiological assay procedures are reliable in determining gentamicin levels and do not appear to be falsely lowered by concurrent ticarcillin administration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 504 bacteremic isolates to ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid and other antimicrobial agents.

A total of 504 clinical bacteremic isolates were tested for susceptibility to ticarcillin-clavulanic acid and 12 other antibiotics. Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid showed superior antibacterial activity compared to penicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, gentamicin, and amikacin against bacteremic isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid's activity was inferior to that of vancomycin against methicillin-resistant isolates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. For Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, and lactose nonfermenting aerobic gram-negative bacilli, the activity of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid surpassed that of mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin. Of the antimicrobial agents tested, ticarcillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, and amikacin were the most active antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Impact of dosing intervals on activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in granulocytopenic mice.

The influence of dosing intervals on the activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in vivo. Granulocytopenic mice infected with P. aeruginosa in the thigh muscle were treated with 1-hr or 3-hr injections of gentamicin, ticarcillin, or gentamicin-ticarcillin. Plasma pharmacokinetics of the drugs were correlated with antibacterial activity. Gentamicin injected every 1 hr tended to be less active than gentamicin injected at longer intervals. In contrast, ticarcillin given every 1 hr was significantly more efficacious than equivalent total doses injected every 3 hr. The dosing schedule of gentamicin-ticarcillin was again important for ticarcillin but did not appreciably affect the antibacterial activity of gentamicin. Thus, antimicrobial chemotherapy of P. aeruginosa infections in the granulocytopenic host might be improved by administering ticarcillin rather than gentamicin as a constant infusion.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1986

The activity of ticarcillin in combination with clavulanic acid against Bacteroides species: an in-vitro comparison with other antibiotics.

The in-vitro activity of ticarcillin alone and with 4 and 8 mg/l of clavulanic acid, has been studied on 100 strains of Bacteroides (66 Bacteroides fragilis, 13 B. ovatus, 11 B. vulgatus, 6 B. distasonis, 4 B. thetaiotaomicron) by an agar-dilution method and compared to that of latamoxef cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefmenoxime, ceftazidime and metronidazole. All the strains tested were susceptible to the combination of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l), to metronidazole (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l), and to cefoxitin (MIC less than or equal to 32 mg/l). The combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid has an activity superior to that of ticarcillin alone. The MIC90 was 32 mg/l for ticarcillin alone, 1 and 0.5 mg/l for ticarcillin combined with 4 and 8 mg/l of clavulanic acid respectively. Against all the tested strains, cefoxitin was the most active of the cephalosporins, followed by latamoxef (3% of all strains with an MIC greater than 32 mg/l), cefotaxime (5%), ceftizoxime (9%), ceftriaxone (13%), cefmenoxime (17%) and ceftazidime (33%). Differences in sensitivity to cephalosporins were observed within species; the B. ovatus was clearly more resistant than B. fragilis and B. vulgatus. In all species, the combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid was always highly active, with MICs less than or equal to 0.01-8 mg/l.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1984

Mezlocillin and ticarcillin alone and combined with gentamicin in the treatment of experimental Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis.

The efficacies of mezlocillin and ticarcillin, each alone and in combination with gentamicin, in the therapy of experimental left-sided Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis in rabbits were compared. Each beta-lactam was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 180 mg/kg every 6 h either alone or with gentamicin (1.7 mg/kg intramuscularly every 8 h). Bacterial populations at the start of therapy (7 days after initiation of infection) were 9 to 10 log10 CFU/g of vegetation. Ticarcillin produced concentrations in serum that were twice those produced by mezlocillin, but the therapeutic ratios of mezlocillin and ticarcillin (ratio of peak level in serum to MBC) were the same. All of the therapeutic regimens given for either 5 or 10 days were effective in reducing vegetation counts when compared with the untreated controls (P less than 0.01 for all comparisons), except mezlocillin alone and ticarcillin alone, which caused insignificant reductions in counts after 5 days of therapy (P greater than 0.05). After 10 days of therapy, the only regimen that was significantly different from another was that of mezlocillin plus gentamicin, which was significantly better than that of ticarcillin alone (P less than 0.01). These studies document that mezlocillin and ticarcillin were both effective in reducing the numbers of E. aerogenes CFU in vegetations in rabbits with experimental endocarditis when the drugs were given over a prolonged course. More rapid and extensive reduction in vegetation counts was achieved with combinations of an aminoglycoside plus mezlocillin or ticarcillin. Mortality was significantly less among rabbits treated with mezlocillin plus gentamicin.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparative in vitro activities of piperacillin-tazobactam and ticarcillin-clavulanate.

The in vitro activities of ticarcillin, piperacillin, clavulanic acid, tazobactam, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and piperacillin-tazobactam against 819 bacterial isolates were compared. The two beta-lactamase inhibitors, clavulanic acid and tazobactam, had little useful antibacterial activity but enhanced the activities of the penicillins against beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus; all strains were susceptible to both combinations. Both enzyme inhibitors also enhanced the activities of the penicillins against most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter diversus, Proteus spp., Providencia spp., and Bacteroides spp. and against occasional strains of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens. Clavulanic acid frequently enhanced the activity of ticarcillin against Xanthomonas maltophilia, and tazobactam frequently enhanced the activity of piperacillin against Morganella morganii. Enhancement was observed primarily with strains relatively resistant to the penicillins. In general, clavulanic acid was more effective than tazobactam in enhancing penicillin activity against Klebsiella spp., C. diversus, X. maltophilia, and Bacteroides spp., whereas tazobactam was more effective against Escherichia coli and Proteeae. There was little or no enhancement of activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas cepacia, or Acinetobacter anitratus. Clavulanic acid occasionally antagonized the activity of ticarcillin against ticarcillin-susceptible members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, but those strains were still considered susceptible to the combination. Tazobactam never antagonized the activity of piperacillin. In a direct comparison of the activities of ticarcillin-clavulanate and piperacillin-tazobactam, the two were equally active against H. influenzae, B. catarrhalis, and S. aureus; the latter was more active against E. faecalis. For relatively susceptible strains of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, neither combination was predictably more active than the other, but relatively resistant strains were generally more susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam. Piperacillin-tazobactam was more active than ticarcillin-clavulanate against A. hydrophila, P. aeruginosa, and P. cepacia, similar in activity against A. anitratus, and less active against X. maltophilia and Bacteroides spp.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Study of the effects of ticarcillin on blood coagulation and platelet function.

Ticarcillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin similar to carbenicillin. Since carbenicillin has been shown to inhibit platelet function to such an extent that bleeding may accompany its use, an investigation of the effects of ticarcillin on hemostasis was made. The drug was administered to 17 human volunteers for periods of 3 to 10 days in intravenous doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg per day (7 to 21 g/day). Serial studies of blood coagulation and platelet function indicated that coagulation was unaffected by ticarcillin but that platelet function became defective in all subjects. Abnormal platelet function was evidenced by lengthening of bleeding time (17 of 17 volunteers), depressed adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (17 of 17), defective collagen-induced aggregation (15 of 17), and abnormal epinephrine-induced aggregation (10 of 17). Prothrombin consumption, due to reduced platelet procoagulant activity, was significantly decreased with a dose of 300 mg/kg per day. Comparison of results from this study with those from an earlier carbenicillin study revealed that ticarcillin at 300 mg/kg per day produces the same defects in hemostasis as does carbenicillin at 300 mg/kg per day, but that lower doses (100 or 200 mg/kg per day) of ticarcillin result in only a mild defect in platelet function. If the effective dose of ticarcillin is proven to be lower than the doses of carbenicillin currently employed for treatment of certain gram-negative infections, bleeding should not be a frequent complication of ticarcillin administration, when the drug is given to patients with normal renal function.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1976

Comparison and evaluation of ticarcillin and carbenicillin using disk diffusion methods.

Ticarcillin has proved to be two- to fourfold more active than carbenicillin against most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although susceptibility of the Enterobacteriaceae to ticarcillin could be predicted from results obtained with carbenicillin disks, neither the 50-mug nor the 100-mug carbenicillin disk proved suitable for testing susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to ticarcillin. Forty-three percent of Pseudomonas strains judged to be resistant to carbenicillin by the 100-mug carbenicillin disk were susceptible to ticarcillin by agar dilution studies. Results obtained with a 75-mug ticarcillin disk showed excellent correlation between zone size and ticarcillin minimal inhibitory concentration values and produced good discrimination between resistant and susceptible strains of Pseudomonas as determined by agar dilution studies. Using a 75-mug ticarcillin disk, a zone size of 12 to 14 mm was appropriate for designating intermediate susceptibility, and a zone greater than or equal to 15 mm was appropriate for designating susceptible strains of both P. aeruginosa and the Enterobacteriaceae.

Carbenicillin↗
PubMed1985

[In vitro study of the effects of a ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combination on Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a function of resistant phenotypes].

Activity of ticarcillin combined with clavulanic acid against 203 P. aeruginosa strains was studied. 159 strains produced a constitutive beta-lactamase with resistance to ticarcillin (MIC less than 128 mg/l) as a result. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the agar dilution method for ticarcillin alone and combined with 4 and 8 mg/l clavulanic acid. Addition of clavulanic acid failed to change the activity of ticarcillin on ticarcillin-susceptible stains and on strains producing a constitutive cephalosporinase. A synergic effect was demonstrated for PSE and TEM type beta-lactamase producers and for OXA type beta-lactamase producers (4 halving dilutions and 1 to 2 halving dilutions respectively). However, because of the levels of baseline MICs, the combination brought the MIC of ticarcillin below the cutoff level for a small percentage of PSE strains (6%), moderate percentage of OXA strains (17 to 50%) and significant percentage of TEM strains. These percentages were slightly higher with 8 mg than 4 mg clavulanic acid. Given current data on the prevalence of the various beta-lactamases among resistant strains now being isolated in France, the ticarcillin + clavulanic acid combination will enable to achieve an MIC less than 128 mg/l for 11% (with 4 mg) or 16% (with 8 mg) of resistant strains.

Clavulanic Acid↗
PubMed1983

Ticarcillin-tobramycin-rifampin: in vitro synergy of the triplet combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

MICs of ticarcillin, tobramycin, and rifampin alone and in combination were determined by a three-dimensional checkerboard method for 33 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Twenty-nine of 33 isolates were affected synergistically (FIC index less than 1.0) by the combination of ticarcillin-tobramycin, including 13 of the 16 isolates resistant to ticarcillin and/or tobramycin alone. However, despite fulfilling the criteria for synergy, the MIC of the ticarcillin and/or tobramycin when in combination still exceeded attainable serum concentrations for 12 of the 13 resistant isolates. When rifampin was added to ticarcillin-tobramycin, a synergistic interaction was observed for all 33 isolates. Furthermore, of the 16 isolates resistant to ticarcillin and/or tobramycin, eight were inhibited by attainable concentrations of all three antibiotics in combination. If these results can be confirmed in the clinical situation, application of the three-drug combination of ticarcillin-tobramycin-rifampin might improve survival in selected patients with serious P. aeruginosa infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Ticarcillin vs carbenicillin: clinical pharmacokinetics.

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were compared to those of carbenicillin in 12 healthy volunteers. Following an intravenous infusion of 2 gm in 5 min, there was a lower average serum level for ticarcillin (218 mug/ml) than for carbenicillin (301 mug/ml), but after 2 hr the differences were not significant. The biologic half-life of ticarcillin was slightly longer than that of carbenicillin (72 and 65 min, P smaller than 0.01) and its volume of distribution was larger (15.7 and 12.3 l, P smaller than 0.01). Eighty-six per cent of the dose of ticarcillin and 99 percent of the dose of carbenicillin was recovered in the urine in 24 hr. Similar but much less marked blood level differences were noted with 2 gm, 30-min infusions. An intravenous infusion of 1 gm/hr gave average steady-state blood levels of about 124 mug/ml for both antibiotics. Probenecid, administered 1 hr before the infusion, caused significant and similar increases in blood levels, half-lives, and volumes of distribution of the 2 antibiotics. Protein binding in 100 percent human serum was 50 percent and 65 percent for carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively. These relatively small but definite differences in the pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin and carbenicillin are not likely to be of clinical significance.

Carbenicillin↗
PubMed1979

Randomized trial of empiric antibiotic therapy with ticarcillin in combination with gentamicin, amikacin or netilmicin in febrile patients with granulocytopenia and cancer.

A randomized trial of ticarcillin plus gentamicin (group 1), ticarcillin plus amikacin (group 2) and ticarcillin plus netilmicin (group 3) as empiric antibiotic therapy in patients with granulocytopenia and cancer was carried out at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center. The response rate for all infections was 97 per cent in group 1, 91 per cent in group 2 and 95 per cent in group 3. Patients with bacteremias showed improvement in 93 per cent (group 1), 78 per cent (group 2) and 82 per cent (group 3) of cases. All failures were among patients with gram-negative bacteremias. Both antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteremic organism and granulocyte recovery correlated with patient improvement. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were rare and were not significantly different in three groups of patients. Therefore, ticarcillin plus gentamicin, ticarcillin plus amikacin and ticarcillin plus netilmicin appear to be equally efficacious and minimally toxic in this patient population. Excellent over-all results can be expected with these combinations provided the etiologic agent is susceptible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Overview of bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissue and clinical experience with ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium in their treatment.

The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of skin and soft tissue infections are discussed, and the results of clinical experience with ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium in these diseases at one clinic are reported. In a randomized and controlled clinical trial, the safety and effectiveness of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium and cefazolin were compared in the treatment of soft tissue infections in 20 patients. The 12 patients in the group treated with ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium included 10 men and two women, with a mean age of 61 years; the eight patients in the group treated with cefazolin were five men and three women, with a mean age of 63.8 years. Ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium was administered for four to 26 days (mean 12.5 days), and cefazolin for four to 20 days (mean 12 days). There were 29 evaluable pathogens in the group receiving ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium and 22 in the group receiving cefazolin. Of the 29 pathogens in the former group, 22 were eradicated; three reinfections or superinfections occurred but were ultimately eradicated, and four pathogens persisted. Eighteen of the 22 pathogens in the cefazolin-treated group were eliminated and the other four persisted. Clinically, six of the 12 patients in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium-treated group had cures, four showed improvement, and two failed to show a response. In the cefazolin-treated group, five of the eight patients had cures, one showed improvement, and two failed to show a response.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Treatment of pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: a comparative study of ticarcillin and gentamicin.

The effectiveness of ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in acute exacerbations of pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis was evaluated. Seventy-one percent of patients treated with ticarcillin alone responded favorably. The response rate was similar in patients treated with a combination of ticarcillin plus gentamicin or with gentamicin alone. Severity of the underlying disease was the most important determinant of response to treatment. Ticarcillin-resistant organisms were recovered during treatment in 50% of patients who received this drug; recovery of them was not prevented by the inclusion of gentamicin in the therapeutic regimen nor did they interfere with clinical improvement. The ticarcillin-resistant strains persisted at follow-up, two to six months after completion of therapy, in only one of ten patients. No serious toxicity to ticarcillin was noted during the study period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Disposition of drugs in cystic fibrosis. IV. Mechanisms for enhanced renal clearance of ticarcillin.

To investigate the hypothesis that renal secretion of penicillins is enhanced in cystic fibrosis the maximal tubular secretion rate (Tmax) of ticarcillin and the serum concentration of ticarcillin at half-maximal secretion rate (TC50) were determined in patients with cystic fibrosis (n = 6) and control subjects (n = 6). Each subject received three consecutive constant-rate intravenous infusions of ticarcillin (4, 13, and 70 mg/kg/hr; 2 1/2 hours each) simultaneously with a constant-rate (30 mg/kg/hr) infusion of insulin. Urine samples were collected at 1/2-hour intervals and serum samples at the midpoint of the urine collections. Ticarcillin and inulin concentrations in serum and urine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic and a spectrophotometric method, respectively. Ticarcillin serum protein binding was determined by ultrafiltration. Steady-state ticarcillin serum concentrations were achieved at all three infusion rates. The TC50 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in patients with cystic fibrosis (33.7 +/- 12.2 micrograms/ml) compared with that in control subjects (77.6 +/- 38.4 micrograms/ml). In contrast, the Tmax was similar (cystic fibrosis, 0.25 +/- 0.12 mg/min/kg; control, 0.22 +/- 0.14 mg/min/kg; p > 0.05). These data indicate that renal clearance of penicillins is enhanced in cystic fibrosis because of greater affinity of the renal secretory system for these drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Administration of ticarcillin in combination with clavulanic acid intravenously and intrauterinely to clinically normal oestrous mares.

Ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (potassium clavulanate) were administered to normal oestrous mares intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 50 and 1.67 mg/kg for ticarcillin and clavulanate, respectively. In a crossover design, the same drugs were administered intrauterine (i.u.) at a dose of 12.4 and 0.4 mg/kg for ticarcillin and clavulanate, respectively. The i.u. dose was administered in 100 mL of saline solution. Endometrial tissue biopsies and plasma samples were collected after drug administration for the determination of ticarcillin and clavulanate concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic calculations. After i.u. administration both drugs were poorly absorbed into the plasma. The ticarcillin half-life from tissue and plasma was short after i.v. administration. Although concentrations in tissue were higher after i.u. administration than i.v., concentrations of ticarcillin declined rapidly, which would necessitate frequent treatment in order to maintain drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) throughout the treatment period. Clavulanate concentrations in tissue were either low or persisted for only a short time after administration via either route. It appears that addition of clavulanate to the formulation for treatment of i.u. infections in mares is of questionable value based on these concentrations.

Animals↗