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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Developing particle-mediated gene-transfer technology for research into gene therapy of cancer.

Gene therapy aims to (1) introduce specific genes into a host to replace defective ones (replacement therapy); (2) suppress expression of certain undesirable genes (antisense therapy); or (3) provide additional biological activities (supplement therapy). Naked DNA and viral or non-viral vectors containing candidate genes for human gene therapy are being actively pursued by researchers in molecular medicine. New gene transfer technologies are rapidly developing and some have proved to be powerful tools for medical research. This review discusses the development and application of particle-mediated gene transfer technology in experimental systems and its potential clinical utilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Technology transfer to the developing world: does new technology have any relevance for developing countries?

Technology is not limited to equipment and commodities but includes know-how, understanding and the ability to control and exploit underlying principles and processes. Diverse technologies, not only those termed 'biomedical', affect the incidence and control of all diseases including tuberculosis. 'New technology' implies something recently developed, but any technology is new to those without prior experience. For developing countries, technologic novelty is far less important than relevance, which encompasses, among other things: direct application to reducing risk of infection and disease; affordability and cost-effectiveness; saving foreign exchange; satisfying public demand with political benefit to the government; and promotion of social equity. The value of health gained by the new technology should exceed its cost, but this is difficult to measure. It is usually presumed that industrial countries are eager to export technologies, but intellectual property and patient regulations of the importing country may inhibit such transfers. Similarly, ethical issues involving protection of human subjects and informed consent may complicate clinical trials and technology assessment in the developing country environment.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2004

Gene Therapy: The Potential Applicability of Gene Transfer Technology to the Human Germline.

The theoretical possibility of applying gene transfer methodologies to the human germline is explored. Transgenic methods for genetically manipulating embryos may in principle be applied to humans. In particular, microinjection of retroviral vector appears to hold the greatest promise, with transgenic primates already obtained from this approach. Sperm-mediated gene transfer offers potentially the easiest route to the human germline, however the requisite methodology is presently underdeveloped. Nuclear transfer (cloning) offers an alternative approach to germline genetic modification, however there are major health concerns associated with current nuclear transfer methods. It is concluded that human germline gene therapy remains for all practical purposes a future possibility that must await significant and important advances in gene transfer technology.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Latest developments in gene transfer technology: achievements, perspectives, and controversies over therapeutic applications.

Over the last decade, more than 300 phase I and phase II gene-based clinical trials have been conducted worldwide for the treatment of cancer and monogenic disorders. Lately, these trials have been extended to the treatment of AIDS and, to a lesser extent, cardiovascular diseases. There are 27 currently active gene therapy protocols for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in the USA. Preclinical studies are currently in progress to evaluate the possibility of increasing the number of gene therapy clinical trials for cardiopathies, and of beginning new gene therapy programs for neurologic illnesses, autoimmuno diseases, allergies, regeneration of tissues, and to implement procedures of allogeneic tissues or cell transplantation. In addition, gene transfer technology has allowed for the development of innovative vaccine design, known as genetic immunization. This technique has already been applied in the AIDS vaccine programs in the USA. These programs aim to confer protective immunity against HIV-1 transmission to individuals who are at risk of infection. Research programs have also been considered to develop therapeutic vaccines for patients with AIDS and generate either preventive or therapeutic vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, B and C viruses, influenza virus, La Crosse virus, and Ebola virus. The potential therapeutic applications of gene transfer technology are enormous. However, the effectiveness of gene therapy programs is still questioned. Furthermore, there is growing concern over the matter of safety of gene delivery and controversy has arisen over the proposal to begin in utero gene therapy clinical trials for the treatment of inherited genetic disorders. From this standpoint, despite the latest significant achievements reported in vector design, it is not possible to predict to what extent gene therapeutic interventions will be effective in patients, and in what time frame.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2001

Constructed wetland technology transfer to Nepal.

Constructed Wetland (CW) technology is still not wide spread in developing countries despite having great potential. This paper describes an approach carried out in Nepal to transfer CW technology for wastewater treatment. Three CWs (hospital wastewater treatment--20 m3/d, greywater treatment of a single household, septage treatment--40 m3/d) were built and two have been investigated so far. All systems are subsurface flow systems with at least one vertical flow stage. Their treatment efficiency turned out to be very high. Median load elimination rates of the hospital wastewater and greywater treatment plants were for TSS: 97 to 99%; BOD5: 97 to 99%; COD: 94 to 97%; NH4-N 80 to 99%; PO4-P: 5 to 69%; Total Coliforms: 99.87 to 99.999% (3-5 log steps). Beside the treatment task the plants play an important role as demonstration sites to make common people and especially decision makers aware of the existing environmental problems and one possible solution. Several recommendations are pointed out to promote the technology in developing countries.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1994

Technology transfer in Europe: a case study of invertebrate neuroscience research.

Originally identified and defined as a concept in industrial and business communities, technology transfer is now being recognized as an important factor within the scientific research community. A recent study undertaken within the field of UK invertebrate neuroscience research generates several interesting conclusions. In this article, Huw A. Edwards and Elizabeth R.J. Bell discuss the study and its conclusions of a need for increased post-doctoral research mobility, the formation of consortia of research laboratories to apply for funding on an international scale, and the increased interest of the pharmaceutical industry in molecular and cellular techniques developed from fundamental invertebrate research.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Technology transfer in France: the main players.

A new era of French innovation beckons. This profile of the private and public organizations involved in the technology-transfer process in France highlights a new thrust in innovation activity that is supported by recent legal and political changes.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed2004

Developing competency in research management, entrepreneurship, and technology transfer: a workshop course.

In July 1999, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) convened a Blue Ribbon Panel that recommended management skills, entrepreneurship, and technology transfer should be included in dental education. The panel's recommendations were implemented in an NIDCR-funded pilot project, "Workshop Course to Promote and Develop Dental Products and Technologies." The workshop consisted of lectures presented by seven faculty members recruited from academia, government, and business, along with an analysis of a professor's invention and the barriers encountered in transforming the invention into a product. Evaluation consisted of a pre- and post-workshop survey. The workshop was presented to twenty-two participants on November 8 and 9, 2003 at the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine and, to refine the presentation further, will be tested at five additional dental schools (University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, New York University, Nova Southeastern University, and University of Southern California). The results indicated that the workshop's courses would be helpful to the commercialization of inventions. In addition, dental students with experience in basic research expressed an interest in research of projects of use in dental practice. These findings suggest that pursuing research and an academic career might be more appealing if their research was product-oriented.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Measuring the economic returns from successful NASA life sciences technology transfers.

Since 1958 NASA has invested approximately $3.7 billion in life sciences R&D in the support of the successful human space flight program. There are numerous studies documenting the spin-off technologies that can be traced to NASA research and development activities. Most of these studies describe the technologies and their uses; however only a few measure the economic impact of the spin-offs and most of these are benefit/cost studies that tend to overstate benefits or underestimate costs. This study takes a different approach, measuring only economic impacts to the companies that developed successful spin-off products from NASA life sciences investments. A personal interview was conducted with each company and the benefits are conservatively estimated as the value-added by the NASA technology to the company's output and the amount of additional private R&D stimulated by the NASA R&D. This pilot study of fifteen companies, using a very conservative measurement technique, found a large return to companies that have successfully commercialized NASA life sciences spin-off products. Value-added benefits totaled over $1.5 billion and a NASA R&D total investment in these 15 technologies of $64 million was found to stimulate an additional $200 million in private R&D. The study also found that the largest benefits were from products developed and marketed by large companies, primarily because these companies had the financial and marketing resources to work on a scale unavailable to smaller companies. Many of the small companies reported very profitable product-lines as well as documented evidence of benefits extending to the commercial users of their products. However, the smaller companies often lacked either the ability or the desire to expand into much larger scale production. NASA and other government technology transfer programs may be overlooking an opportunity to enlarge the economic benefits from their spin-off technologies. When a federal R&D grant or contract ends, the formal relationship between the agency and the company also usually ends. However, the companies continue to use the prior connection to NASA for advertising and for developing new business partners. One recommendation of this study is for NASA to be more proactive with "alumni" companies and to help open additional financial and marketing doors for these companies.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2001

Tutorial on technology transfer and survey design and data collection for measuring Internet and Intranet existence, usage, and impact (survey-2000) in acute care hospitals in the United States.

This paper provides a tutorial of technology transfer for management information systems in health care. Additionally it describes the process for a national survey of acute care hospitals using a random sample of 813 hospitals. The purpose of the survey was to measure the levels of Internet and Intranet existence and usage in acute care hospitals. The depth of the survey includes e-commerce for both business to business and with customers. The relationships with systems approaches, user involvement, user satisfaction and decision-making will be studied. Changes with results of a prior survey conducted in 1997 can be studied and enabling and inhabiting factors identified. This information will provide benchmarks for hospitals to plan their network technology position and to set goals.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1998

Accelerating technology transfer: new relationships for academia, industry and government.

The budget deficit, reduction in Defense spending and the lack of return in the "peace dividend" has resulted in reduced federal funding for research. A number of programs have attempted to remedy the problem, with the use of collaborative funding as one of the major solutions. However, within the medical research community, there continues to be a very long technology transfer cycle. By mimicking the processes of non-medical high technology research and employing a number of these innovative solutions to medical research could afford the pathway to success. A template of how this could be accomplished through cooperative efforts of academia, industry and government is presented by using examples of success and failure in the past.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1995

Educational technology transfer in newly independent states: developing a medical multimedia laboratory in Lithuania.

This paper discusses the development of an interactive multimedia computer laboratory within the Vilnius University Medical Faculty involving transfer of hardware and courseware developed in the USA. The contexts in which the laboratory was developed are described and factors helping and hindering successful technology transfer are identified. The future of the laboratory and its potential role in international distance education and information access are discussed. While this paper does not focus on international distance education in the traditional sense of offering courses or training from one or more source institutions to individuals off-site, it has implications for providing education internationally, especially in the Baltic and other newly independent states of the former USSR.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1990

How ANUTECH transfers technology.

In summary, we would draw your attention to the things that are important, when transferring technology from a higher education institution. 1. The institute should have a separate department to deal with these matters. 2. We see advantages in this being a private company. 3. The type of agreements should be flexible so that most projects can be accommodated and having specialized staff helps.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

Training rural practitioners to use buprenorphine; using The Change Book to facilitate technology transfer.

The Opiate Medication Initiative for Rural Oregon Residents trained physicians and counselors in Central and Southwestern Oregon to use buprenorphine and develop service models that supported patient participation in drug abuse counseling. The Change Book from Addiction Technology Transfer Centers was used to structure the change process. Fifty-one individuals (17 physicians, 4 pharmacists, 2 nurse practitioners, and 28 drug abuse counselors and administrators) from seven counties completed the training and contributed to the development of community treatment protocols. A pre-post measure of attitudes and beliefs toward the use of buprenorphine suggested significant improvements in attitude after training, especially among counselors. Eight months after training, 10 of 17 physicians trained had received waivers to use buprenorphine and 29 patients were in treatment with six of the physicians. The Change Book facilitated development of county change teams and structured the planning efforts. The initiative also demonstrated the potential to concurrently train physicians, pharmacists, and counselors on the use of buprenorphine.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1996

Increasing the efficiency of suckled calf production using embryo transfer technology.

The data reviewed in this paper illustrate the benefits of increased output that can be obtained from suckler herds using embryo transfer technology. The technology can be used within breeding schemes to increase the rate of genetic progress for selected traits or to transfer embryos of superior genetic merit and, in the future, embryos of predetermined sex to beef cows. The success of the technology is dependent on the achievement of good pregnancy rates. Experience gained on commercial farms suggests that the main reason for poor success rates in some herds lies with the general level of management of such herds rather than with the reproductive technology itself. Much experience has been gained on the management of embryo transfer recipients and twin-bearing cows. In particular, the nutritional requirements of such animals during the early post partum period and during mid and late pregnancy, and the management of twin-bearing cows during the perinatal period, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Survey of acute care hospitals in the United States relative to technology usage and technology transfer.

This is a national survey of acute care hospitals. A random sample of 813 hospitals was selected. The purpose of the study was to measure the extent of information systems integration in the financial, medical, and administrative systems of the hospitals. The response rate is expected to be approximately 30%. This information will provide a benchmark for hospitals to determine their technology transfer position and to set goals.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed1993

Report of the Validation and Technology Transfer Committee of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. Framework for validation and implementation of in vitro toxicity tests.

The development and application of in vitro alternatives designed to reduce or replace the use of animals, or to lessen the distress and discomfort of laboratory animals, is a rapidly developing trend in toxicology. However, at present there is no formal administrative process to organize, coordinate, or evaluate validation activities. A framework capable of fostering the validation of new methods is essential for the effective transfer of new technological developments from the research laboratory into practical use. This committee has identified four essential validation resources: chemical bank(s), cell and tissue banks, a data bank, and reference laboratories. The creation of a Scientific Advisory Board composed of experts in the various aspects and endpoints of toxicity testing, and representing the academic, industrial and regulatory communities, is recommended. Test validation acceptance is contingent upon broad buy-in by disparate groups in the scientific community-academics, industry and government. This is best achieved by early and frequent communication among parties and agreement upon common goals. It is hoped that the creation of a validation infrastructure composed of the elements described in this report will facilitate scientific acceptance and utilization of alternative methodologies and speed implementation of replacement, reduction and refinement alternatives in toxicity testing.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗