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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2007

Protection of testicular dysfunctions by MTEC, a formulated herbal drug, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat.

Single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) resulted diabetes mellitus which was reflected here by the levels of fasting blood glucose and serum insulin. Moreover, this experimental diabetes also resulted testicular dysfunctions evaluated by count, viability and motility of sperm as well as by the activities of key enzymes for androgen synthesis. Diabetes induced testicular oxidative stress has been indicated here by the monitoring of testicular peroxidase and catalase activities as well as by quantification of TBARS and CD of testis. Testicular glucose was increased and leydig cell nuclear area was decreased in STZ induced diabetes. Treatment of herbal formulated drug named as MTEC consist of aqueous-methanol extract of Musa paradisiaca, Tamarindus indica, Eugenia jambolana and Coccinia indica to streptozotocin induced diabetic rat at the ratio of 2:2:1:1 at the dose of 60 mg/d for two times a day for 14 d resulted a significant protection in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels (p<0.05) along with correction of testicular above parameters towards the control level (p<0.05). This herbal formulated drug has no general toxic effects on the body weight, as well as on the activities of serum glutamate and pyruvate transaminases in serum. The results support the validity of this herbal drug for the management of testicular disorders noted in diabetic state.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1995

Accidental acute fatal sodium nitrite poisoning.

An accidental food poisoning outbreak occurred resulting in the death of 14 of the 22 affected persons. Chemical analysis of food materials revealed the presence of sodium nitrite and potassium arsenate. Analysis of urine, gastric contents, liver and kidney, collected at the time of autopsy, confirmed the presence of these chemical substances in high concentrations. Epidemiological data indicated that the food poisoning occurred due to the accidental use of sodium nitrite and potassium arsenate instead of table salt in the preparation of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) soup.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Microbiological quality of sous and tamarind, traditional drinks consumed in Jordan.

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of sous (a drink prepared by extracting dried roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra) and tamarind (a drink prepared by infusing Tamarindus indica dried pulp), traditional drinks consumed in Jordan. Twenty-one samples of sous and 44 samples of tamarind were collected from the local market in Amman, Jordan. Water is the major component of the drinks. Sous drink is characterized by having an alkaline pH (range, 6.6 to 9.9; mean, 8.6), whereas tamarind drink has an acidic pH (range, 1.8 to 3.7; mean, 2.8). The drinks are not processed for safety before serving, and at some vendors drinks are not properly refrigerated. The mean counts for aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts in sous drink samples were 5.9, 5.0, and 3.8 log CFU/ml, respectively; those in tamarind drink samples were 4.0, <1, and 5.8 log CFU/ml, respectively. The lactic acid bacteria isolated were Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus buchneri. The yeast isolates in sous drink were from the genera Candida, Filobasidium, Hanseniaspora, Lodderomyces, Pichia, and Williopsis, and those in tamarind drink were from Arthroascus, Brettanomyces, Candida, Debaromyces, Filobasidiella, Hanseniaspora, Klavispora, Lodderomyces, Pichia, Saccharomycodes, Trichosporon, and Zygosaccharomyces. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in two sous samples and were identified as Enterobacter sakazakii and Erwinia sp., and in two tamarind samples and were identified as Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Salmonella was detected in one sous and one tamarind sample. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in only one sous sample. These findings highlight the importance of application of hygienic practices throughout preparation and vending of drinks, starting with raw ingredients and continuing through preparation, storage, display, and serving.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Medicinal plant extracts as anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 agents and their effects on bacterial cell aggregation.

Ethanolic extracts of eight Thai medicinal plants (representing five families) that are used as traditional remedies for treating diarrhea were examined with a salt aggregation test for their ability to modulate cell surface hydrophobicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains, including E. coli O157:H7. Four of these medicinal plants, Acacia catechu, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Punica granatum, and Quercus infectoria, have high bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. The ethanolic extract of Q. infectoria was the most effective against all strains of E. coli, with MICs of 0.12 to 0.98 mg/ml and MBCs of 0.98 to 3.91 mg/ml. The ethanolic extract of P. granatum had MICs of 0.49 to 1.95 mg/ml and MBCs of 1.95 to 3.91 mg/ml. Ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria, P. pterocarpum, and P. granatum were among the most effective extracts against the two strains of E. coli O157:H7. The other four plants, Andrographis paniculata, Pluchia indica, Tamarindus indica, and Walsura robusta, did not have high bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities but were able to affect hydrophobicity characteristics on their outermost surface. All plants except Q. infectoria had some ability to increase cell surface hydrophobicity. There appears to be no correlation between antibacterial activity and cell aggregative properties.

Acacia↗
PubMed2002

Effect of exogenous histidine and Garcinia cambogia on histamine formation in skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) homogenates.

Histamine consumed with food gives rise to allergic reactions. Dark muscle fish, for example skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) has been shown to contain histamine. Studies using TLC (acetone: NH4OH, 80:20.5) on silica gel G60 plates and densitometry after spraying with ninhydrin, using a computerized densitometer, showed that freshly harvested skipjack has no detectable histamine (detection limit, 50 micrograms.g-1 fish). However, with time histamine (Rf 0.84) is formed > 1.5 mg.g-1 probably through microbial action. Skipjack contains high levels of free histidine at levels of > 10 mg.g-1 (Rf 0.41) but fish like seer (Scomberamous spp.), which are not reported to be allergenic, contain < 4 mg.g-1 histidine. Addition of exogenous histidine (50 mg.g-1) results in histamine formation in seer 2.2-fold that of skipjack under the same conditions. A type of herring (Amblygaster spp., sinhala-hurulla) is not a histamine former, but had been shown to cause allergenic reactions, resulting in a ninhydrin positive spot (Rf 0.79) on incubating for 24 hours. Addition of arginine and lysine to blended skipjack results in their loss probably by decarboxylation. Addition of the spice Garcinia cambogia (extracts 0.2 g ml-1) known as 'goraka' in Sri Lanka (sinhala) and 'kukum' in India (hindhi), to fresh skipjack incubates prevents histamine formation as a results of lowering pH to 3.2-3.6 whereas Avverhoea bilimbi (bilin) and Tamarindus indica (tamarind) extracts did not prevent histamine formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Preliminary phytochemical screening of four common plants of family caesalpiniaceae.

Preliminary phytochemical screening of Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Cassia tora and Tamarindus indica did not reveal alkaloids and unbound anthraquinones while glycosides as well as flavonoids were present in all the four species of the family caesalpiniaceae. Cardiac glycosides were absent only in C. tora and saponins were present only in T. indica, B. variegata and T. indica were devoid of bound anthraquinones while bound anthraquinones were present in C. fistula and C. tora. Paper chromatography revealed 6 spots in solvent system I, and 5 spots in solvent system 2, showing different Rf values. The per cent yield of crude glycosides was 3.18 in B. variegata, 4.03 in C. fistula, 4.45 in C. tora and 4.14 in T. indica.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

[Traditional therapy of dracunculiasis in the state of Bauchi - Nigeria].

Traditional medicinal treatments of guinea worm being applied in various parts of Bauchi State were investigated. Extracts of leaves of a number of plants were universally applied topically. Users perceived relief of pain and accelerated expulsion of worms and healing process. In particular, Tamarindus indica, Adansonia digitata, Calotropis procera, Ziziphus jaozeiro and Moringa olifera are known in nature to have relevant medicinal properties especially lessening of inflammation, relief of pain, or promoting healing or reducing secondary bacterial infections. The possibility was expressed that some of the herbs might be exerting useful effects and could be exploited for the effective treatment of guinea worm.

Dracunculiasis↗
PubMed2005

Tamarind seed powder and palm kernel cake: two novel agro residues for the production of tannase under solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16620.

Palm kernel cake (PKC), the residue obtained after extraction of palm oil from oil palm seeds and tamarind seed powder (TSP) obtained after removing the fruit pulp from tamarind fruit pod were tested for the production of tannase under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger ATCC 16620. The fungal strain was grown on the substrates without any pretreatment. In PKC medium, a maximum enzyme yield of 13.03 IU/g dry substrate (gds) was obtained when SSF was carried out at 30 degrees C, 53.5% initial substrate moisture, 33 x 10(9) spores/5 g substrate inoculum size and 5% tannic acid as additional carbon source after 96 h of fermentation. In TSP medium, maximum tannase yield of 6.44 IU/gds was obtained at 30 degrees C, 65.75% initial substrate moisture, 11 x 10(9) spores/5 g substrate inoculum, 1% glycerol as additional carbon source and 1% potassium nitrate as additional nitrogen source after 120 h of fermentation. Results from the study are promising for the economic utilization and value addition of these important agro residues, which are abundantly available in many tropical and subtropical countries.

Arecaceae↗
PubMed2006

Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis.

During the last decades lignin has been investigated as a promising natural alternative to petrochemicals in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin production, due to their structural similarity. Physico-chemical characterization of three types of lignin, namely kraft pine lignin (L1), soda-anthraquinone flax lignin (L2), and ethanol-water wild tamarind lignin (L3) has been evaluated to determine which one is the most suitable chemical structure for above purpose. Characterization has been performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ((1)H NMR) to analyse the chemical structure, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for determining molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the glass transition temperature and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to follow the thermal degradation. Both structural and thermal characteristics suggest that kraft pine lignin (L1) would be a better phenol (P) substitute in the synthesis of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins, as it presents higher amounts of activated free ring positions, higher MW and higher thermal decomposition temperature.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2005

Xyloglucan degradation using different radiation sources: a comparative study.

Tamarind seed xyloglucan was subjected to different radiation sources-ultrasound, gamma-radiation, and microwave heating, and the effects of these energies upon its molecular and structural properties were characterised by gel permeation chromatography, viscometry, sugar analysis, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. In dependence on the degradation methods and experimental conditions used, the decrease of the relative molecular mass (RMM) was accompanied with alteration of the primary structure. Depolymerisation by ultrasound at a frequency of 20 kHz yielded after 120 min products with RMM of about 131 x 10(3) without significant alteration of the primary structure of the polysaccharide. Intense degradation of XG started by microwave heating at pH 1.5 yielding polymers with RMM in the range of higher oligosaccharides, however, with changed sugar composition due to cleavage of the glycosyl side chains. At gamma-irradiation doses >40 kGy, next to chain cleavage, very high-molecular mass components exhibiting UV(254)-absorption were formed, and the RMM decreased to about 50 x 10(3) at the highest applied dose (100 kGy). The results of the comparative study suggest that ultrasonication was the most convenient procedure to decrease the RMM of xyloglucan to 130 x 10(3) and preserve the primary structure of the polysaccharide.

Gamma Rays↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure cell assisted solubilization of xyloglucans: tamarind seed polysaccharide and detarium gum.

To improve the solubilization of two water-soluble xyloglucans, tamarind seed polysaccharide and detarium gum, by reducing substantially molecular aggregation, a "pressure cell" heating method was used. Conditions allowing solubilization and chain depolymerization were produced by varying appropriately the pressure, time, and temperature applied. The various MW fractions of solubilized xyloglucans were characterized by capillary viscometry and light scattering techniques in order to extract, with reliability, fundamental macromolecular parameters. Mark-Houwink and Flory exponents were found to be 0.67 +/- 0.04 and 0.51 +/- 0.06, respectively for both xyloglucan data combined, consistent with linear random coil behavior. A detailed analysis of the data seems to suggest that tamarind gum solutions are slightly perturbed by the effect of excluded volume, whereas detarium gum samples are close to the theta state. Chain flexibility parameters such characteristic ratio, C( proportional, variant ), and persistence length, L(p), were calculated for tamarind and detarium using the Burchard-Stockmayer-Fixman (BSF) geometric method. L(p) values of 6-8 nm were estimated for xyloglucans. The seemingly linear structure of tamarind and detarium, as suggested by the value of the Mark-Houwink and Flory exponents obtained, follows from analysis of the data by the classical Zimm method but not when employing the square root or Berry method which suggests a more branched chain profile. This was the approach adopted in our previous work on the characterization of detarium samples.

Glucans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solution properties of the xyloglucan polymer from Afzelia africana.

In this paper we describe the solution properties of a new xyloglucan polysaccharide extracted from the African legume Afzelia africana Se. Pers. The polysaccharide is of high weight-average molecular weight (Mw), but application of the "pressure cell" method enabled a range of Mw fractions to be prepared. Results from the light scattering/intrinsic viscosity measurements on these fractions suggest that like other xyloglucans from tamarind and detarium it occurs in solution as a polymeric coil, with a small amount of excluded volume. Measurement of dilute and semidilute solution rheology suggests that, like these polymers, and the related galactomannan series, it forms viscous solutions at higher concentrations via entanglements.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2003

Cloning, expression and characterization of a family-74 xyloglucanase from Thermobifida fusca.

Thermobifida fusca xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (Xeg)74 and the Xeg74 catalytic domain (CD) were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. This enzyme has a glycohydrolase family-74 CD that is a specific xyloglucanase followed by a family-2 carbohydrate binding module at the C terminus. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal rate (Vmax) values for hydrolysis of tamarind seed xyloglucan (tamXG) are 2.4 micro m and 966 micro mol xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) min-1. micro mol protein-1. More than 75% of the activity was retained after a 16-h incubation at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. The enzyme was most active at pH 6.0-9.4. NMR analysis showed that its catalytic mechanism is inverting. The oligosaccharide products from hydrolysis of tamXG were determined by MS analysis. Cel9B, an active carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)ase from T. fusca, was also found to have activity on xyloglucan (XG) at 49 micro mol.min-1. micro mol protein-1, but it could not hydrolyze XG units containing galactose. An XG/cellulose composite was prepared by growing Gluconacetobacterxylinus on glucose with tamXG in the medium. Although a mixture of purified cellulases was unable to degrade this material, the composite material was fully hydrolyzed when Xeg74 was added. T. fusca was not able to grow on tamXG, but Xeg74 was found in the culture supernatant at the same level as was found in cultures grown on Solka Floc. The function of this enzyme appears to be to break down the XG surrounding cellulose fibrils found in biomass so that T. fusca can utilize the cellulose as a carbon source.

Acetobacter↗
PubMed2005

Effects of dietary tamarind on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential for dietary tamarind to alter serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentrations and overall performance in different layer strains. Thirty, 43-wk-old, Hisex Brown, ISA Brown, Lohmann Brown, Starcross Brown, Babcock B-300, and Starcross-579 strains (5 hens per strain) were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, or 8% oven-dried tamarind for 6 wk. Egg production, egg mass, and efficiency of feed utilization followed a quadratic response with a maximum when the diet contained 2% tamarind and a minimum when 8% tamarind was fed (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) among strains for egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, egg mass, feed consumption, or feed efficiency. Yolk weight increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary tamarind in wk 1, 2, and 3 as well as when averaged over 6 wk. Egg yolk cholesterol concentrations were not affected by dietary tamarind. Serum cholesterol concentrations, however, decreased quadratically with increasing levels of dietary tamarind (P < 0.05). It was concluded that 2% supplemental dietary tamarind could decrease serum cholesterol concentrations and increase layer performance.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

A mucoadhesive polymer extracted from tamarind seed improves the intraocular penetration and efficacy of rufloxacin in topical treatment of experimental bacterial keratitis.

Bacterial keratitis is a serious infectious ocular disease requiring prompt treatment to prevent frequent and severe visual disabilities. Standard treatment of bacterial keratitis includes topical administration of concentrated antibiotic solutions repeated at frequent intervals in order to reach sufficiently high drug levels in the corneal tissue to inhibit bacterial growth. However, this regimen has been associated with toxicity to the corneal epithelium and requires patient hospitalization. In the present study, a mucoadhesive polymer extracted from tamarind seeds was used for ocular delivery of 0.3% rufloxacin in the treatment of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in rabbits. The polysaccharide significantly increased the intra-aqueous penetration of rufloxacin in both infected and uninfected eyes. Rufloxacin delivered by the polysaccharide reduced P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in the cornea at a higher rate than that obtained by rufloxacin alone. In particular, use of the polysaccharide allowed a substantial reduction of S. aureus in the cornea to be achieved even when the time interval between drug administrations was extended. These results suggest that the tamarind seed polysaccharide prolongs the precorneal residence times of antibiotics and enhances drug accumulation in the cornea, probably by reducing the washout of topically administered drugs. The tamarind seed polysaccharide appears to be a promising candidate as a vehicle for the topical treatment of bacterial keratitis.

Adhesives↗