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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Dynamic pressure measurements for the detailed study of hoof balance: the effect of trimming.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Studies on hoof balance have, so far, only assessed the effects of strong and relatively unrealistic interventions due to technical limitations of measuring equipment. For the assessment of more subtle interventions, other techniques are necessary. OBJECTIVES: To test a sensitive pressure measurement system during locomotion and to set a standard for further studies by using the system to evaluate the effects of trimming. METHODS: Eighteen horses were measured before and after trimming with an interval of 4 weeks. Trimming was standardised to a straight hoof-pastern axis. The horses trotted over a pressure/force measuring system, with a temporal resolution of 240 Hz and a spatial resolution of 0.39 cm2. RESULTS: The preferred way of landing was lateral, asymmetrical in both front and hind feet. The duration of landing was shorter in forelimbs than in hindlimbs with an equal decreasing trimming effect. Horses had a fixed hoof-unrollment pattern; the centre of pressure (CoP) travelled towards a maximum lateral deviation and returned towards the dorsopalmar/plantar axis of the hoof. Trimming decreased the intra-individual left/right difference in maximum lateral displacement. CONCLUSIONS: The technique used provided easily accurate data to quantify hoof balance characteristics and to measure short-term trimming effects. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Determination of CoP patterns has added value in gait analysis and can improve our understanding of the effects of different interventions on hoof balance.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of beak trimming at different ages on the body weight and feed conversion of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

The effect of beak trimming at different ages on feed consumption and growth of meat-type guineas (Numida meleagris) up to 12 wk of age was investigated. In the first experiment, beaks of birds were trimmed at 7, 28, 49, and 70 days, respectively. In the second experiment, beak trimming was done at 42, 49, 56, and 63 days, respectively. Body weight, feed consumption, and mortality were measured first at 4 wk and weekly thereafter in both experiments. Beak trimming of keets at 7 days, significantly (P less than .05) reduced body weights at 4, 8, and 12 wk whereas beak trimming at 70 days significantly (P less than .05) reduced body weights at 12 wk. Beak trimming at other ages did not produce significant differences in body weights or feed conversions. Mortality was low (2 to 4%) throughout.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Development of a multiple-step process for the microbial decontamination of beef trim.

A multiple-hurdle antimicrobial process for beef trim was developed. The microbial profiles of inoculated lean beef trim tissue (BTL) and fat-covered lean beef trim (BTF) were monitored during prolonged refrigerated storage following the application of successive multiple antimicrobial treatments applied to inoculated beef trim on a processing conveyor belt set at a belt speed of 1 cm/s. Beef trim (meat size approximately 15 by 15 cm) was preinoculated with bovine feces before all treatments that included the following: control, no treatment; water wash at 65 psi for five passes; water plus lactic acid (2% [vol/vol] room temperature lactic acid wash at 30 psi for three passes); combination treatment 1 (water plus 65 degrees C hot water at 30 psi for one pass plus hot air at 510 degrees C for four passes plus lactic acid), combination treatment 2 (water plus hot water at 82 degrees C for one pass plus hot air at 510 degrees C for five passes plus lactic acid), and combination treatment 3 (water plus hot water at 82 degrees C for three passes plus hot air at 510 degrees C for six passes plus lactic acid). The effects of treatments on bacterial populations were monitored by enumerating mesophilic aerobic bacteria (APC), presumptive lactic acid bacteria (PLAB), psychrotrophic bacteria (PCT), coliforms, and Escherichia coli biotype 1 on product stored for up to 7 days at 4 degrees C. In the case of BTL, the numbers of APC, PCT, and PLAB increased during storage at 5 degrees C, whereas the numbers of coliform and E. coli decreased on average by 1.8 log CFU/cm2, then remained constant following the initial reduction. Negligible effects on color quality were observed from multihurdle treatment combination 1. In the case of the BTF, the microbial reductions by treatments were much greater than the reduction on BTL. The pH of treated BTF increased more slowly than the pH of treated BTL, resulting in further reduction of the microflora on BTF. Except for control and water treatments, all sample treatments involving lactic acid resulted in continuously decreasing microbial populations. Based on microbial reduction and quality aspects, it was concluded that successively applied combination antimicrobial treatments for meat trim could offer potential food safety benefits.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Validation of the use of organic acids and acidified sodium chlorite to reduce Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in beef trim and ground beef in a simulated processing environment.

A study was conducted to determine if acidified sodium chlorite (1,200 ppm) and acetic and lactic acids (2 and 4%) were effective in reducing foodborne pathogens in beef trim prior to grinding in a simulated processing environment. The reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at high (4.0 log CFU/g) and low (1.0 log CFU/g) inoculation doses was evaluated at various processing steps, including the following: (i) in trim just after treatment application, (ii) in ground beef just after grinding, (iii) in ground beef 24 h after refrigerated storage, (iv) in ground beef 5 days after refrigerated storage, and (v) in ground beef 30 days after frozen storage. All antimicrobial treatments reduced the pathogens on the trim inoculated with the lower inoculation dose to nondetectable numbers in the trim and in the ground beef. There were significant reductions of both pathogens in the trim and in the ground beef inoculated with the high inoculation doses. On the trim itself, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were reduced by 1.5 to 2.0 log cycles, with no differences among all treatments. In the ground beef, the organic acids were more effective in reducing both pathogens than the acidified sodium chlorite immediately after grinding, but after 1 day of storage, there were no differences among treatments. Overall, in the ground beef, there was a 2.5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and a 1.5-log reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium that was sustained over time in refrigerated and frozen storage. Very few sensory differences between the control samples and the treated samples were detected by a consumer panel. Thus, antimicrobial treatments did not cause serious adverse sensory changes. Use of these antimicrobial treatments can be a promising intervention available to ground beef processors who currently have few interventions in their process.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Laser-assisted nerve repair. Laser-trimming of nerve ends with epineurial suture anastomosis.

Suture repair of cranial and peripheral nerves has reached a maximal level with the use of advanced microneurorrhaphy techniques; however, functional recovery of the repaired nerve is still often unsatisfactory due to misrouted axonal regrowth. Freeze-trimming the nerve ends prior to anastomosis has been shown to significantly improve fascicular alignment and subsequent functional recovery. This study assessed the feasibility of using laser energy to trim the nerve ends prior to suture anastomosis. The 302-nm excimer laser was used to trim the severed sciatic nerve ends prior to anastomosis in 28 rats. Scanning electron and light microscopy, horseradish peroxidase retrograde labeling, nerve conduction velocity, and functional recovery were assessed postoperatively. The excimer laser was able to trim the nerve ends flat thereby facilitating the coaptation and alignment of the nerve ends. Misrouting of axons occurred in both the laser-trim and control groups. Although this technique has theoretical advantages, no statistically significant improvement was demonstrated in this investigation. This may have been in part due to the small sample size, since a small increment of improvement was noted. It is possible, however, with continued refinements in technique that a functional improvement may be seen in subsequent studies.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2026

CREAT: A CRISPR-Based Genome Trimming Strategy for Systematic Identification of Dispensable Regions and Rapid Genome Reduction.

The construction of minimal-genome microbes offers an ideal platform for understanding fundamental biological processes and synthetic biology, yet the research is hindered by incomplete lists of essential genes in microbes and by multiple rounds of genome trimming with a trial-and-error nature. To address this, we introduce CREAT (CRISPR-based genome trimming with a multi-homology-arm template)-a streamlined approach that integrates CRISPR-targeted genome cleavage and homology arm walking to classify essential from non-essential genomic subregions, thus providing the basis for predicting essential genes in a given organism. These essential genes were then assembled into synthetic gene cassettes for one-step replacement of the targeted non-deletable genomic regions for further genome trimming. Eight consecutive rounds of CREAT genome trimming achieved a 20.8% reduction in genome size in Saccharolobus islandicus. Furthermore, Cas9-based CREAT genome trimming was developed for Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, with efficiency greatly enhanced by the λ-Red recombinase in the latter. Together, this iterative application of CREAT provides a scalable and generally applicable strategy for rapidly constructing minimal genomes across diverse microorganisms.

CRISPR-Cas Systems↗
PubMed1994

Glucosidase trimming inhibitors preferentially perturb T cell activation induced by CD2 mAb.

Glycosidase trimming inhibitors may be used to study contribution of N-linked glycan moieties in T cell function. We have studied the effects of castanospermine (Cas), swainsonine (Swain), 1-deoxynojirimycin (dNM), and 1-deoxymannojirimycin (dMM) on T cell activation and differentiation. Our analysis included a new dNM derivative, N-pentyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (pentyldNM). Previous reports showed inhibitory action of trimming inhibitors, such as Swain and Cas, on pokeweed mitogen-driven immunoglobulin (Ig) production. We extend these findings for pentyldNM and observed that glucosidase inhibitors, Cas and pentyldNM were effective in inhibiting CD2 and CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) driven Ig production. The pattern of inhibition by mannosidase and glucosidase inhibitors correlated with inhibitory action on T cell activation: only glucosidase trimming inhibitors (Cas and pentyldNM with comparable potency) perturbed mAb-induced T cell activation, in particular if induced by CD2 mAb. Expression of the early activation marker CD69 was not decreased in the presence of these inhibitors, while addition of exogenous recombinant interleukin-2 partially overcame inhibitory effects during proliferation. These findings suggest that glucosidase, but not mannosidase, trimming inhibitors interfere with a late phase of T cell activation. In addition, the enhanced sensitivity of CD2 mAb-induced proliferation for glucosidase trimming inhibitors suggests dependence on N-linked glycans during CD2-mediated adhesion and triggering functions.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed2006

TRIM retrotransposons occur in apple and are polymorphic between varieties but not sports.

Retrotransposon markers have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for investigating linkage, evolution and genetics diversity in plants. In the present study, we identified and cloned three full-size TRIM (terminal-repeat retrotransposon in miniature) group retrotransposon elements from apple (Malus domestica) cv. 'Antonovka', the first from the Rosaceae. To investigate their utility as markers, we designed primers to match the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the apple TRIM sequences. We found that PCR reactions with even a single primer produced multiple bands, suggesting that the copy number of these TRIM elements is relatively high, and that they may be locally clustered or nested in the genome. Furthermore, the apple TRIM primers employed in IRAP (inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism) or REMAP (retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism) analyses produced unique, reproducible profiles for 12 standard apple cultivars. On the other hand, all seven of the sport mutations in this study were identical to their mother cultivar. Genetic similarity values calculated from the IRAP/REMAP analyses or the STMS (sequence tagged microsatellite sites) analysis were generally comparable. PAUP cluster analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers in apple and Japanese quince generated an NJ tree that is in good accordance with both a tree based on SMTS markers and the origin of the studied samples. Our results demonstrate that, although they do not encode the proteins necessary to carry out a life cycle and are thereby non-autonomous, TRIMs are at least as polymorphic in their insertion patterns as conventional complete retrotransposons.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2006

The effect of hoof trimming on radiographic measurements of the front feet of normal Warmblood horses.

The understanding of the normal position of the third phalanx (P3) and the distal sesamoid bone in relation to the size and shape of the hoof capsule in sound horses is helpful in the diagnosis of equine foot lameness. Some measurements on radiographs used to define the position of the pedal bone within the hoof capsule are significantly influenced by hoof trimming and the height of the withers. In this study, the front hooves of 40 Warmblood horses were radiographed twice, eight weeks apart, both before and after their hooves were trimmed by an experienced farrier. Using the software programme Metron PX, 22 parameters on the lateromedial view and 16 parameters on the dorsopalmar view were measured and the effect of hoof trimming and height of the withers were calculated, respectively. Some of the hoof parameters showed mild positive correlation with the height of the withers. In 70% of the horses the left hoof capsule and P3 were significantly larger than the right. Hoof trimming had a remarkable influence on hoof conformation, especially for parameters in the toe region. Of all the measurements that describe the position of the third phalanx (P3) in relation to the hoof capsule, the distances between the distal tip of P3 to the solar surface of the foot, P3 to the tip of the toe and P3 to the point of break-over showed the greatest differences before and after trimming. The database of the present study can be used by farriers and veterinarians as a guideline for routine and corrective shoeing of Warmblood horses.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Trimmed radiosurgical fields.

Radiosurgery aims to deliver a high radiation dose to a small target volume while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. However, since the target volume is often large and irregularly-shaped, a significant amount of healthy tissue is irradiated. To improve conformity of the dose volume to the target volume, we propose to optimize the field shape by trimming the field described by the radiosurgery cone with the accelerator jaws for a given arc. We have measured output factors (OF), tissue-maximum ratios (TMR), off-axis ratios (OAR) and penumbrae for 40, 32.5 and 24 mm cone fields trimmed by the lower (i.e., X jaws) and /or upper (i.e., Y jaws) collimator jaws. The smallest field was 8 mm large, and length was limited by the cone size. The average penumbra due to the cone field is 2.8 mm, and 4.1 and 6.1 mm for those due to the X and Y jaws, respectively. Moreover, the penumbrae due to the X and Y jaws are independent of jaw position within the radiosurgical field. Because of the large penumbra involved with the Y jaws, radiosurgical fields should be trimmed by the X1 and/or X2 jaws only. The measured OF's have been fitted with a hyperbolic function. All of the fitted OF's fall within +/- 0.5% of the measured OF's. The TMR values obtained with trimmed fields do not change much, except for the smallest fields (up to 10% at a depth of 20 cm). Therefore, using trimmed radiosurgical fields requires straightforward dosimetric changes and provides a level of beam shaping for large cone fields (> 20 mm in diameter) without introducing additional hardware.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2001

Selective inhibition of thapsigargin-induced contraction and capacitative calcium entry in mouse anococcygeus by trifluoromethylphenylimidazole (TRIM).

This study examined the effects of trifluoromethylphenylimidazole (TRIM) on tone, and calcium entry, in mouse anococcygeus stimulated by either thapsigargin (Tg; 100 nM) which activates capacitative calcium entry (CCE), or high K (60 mM) which activates voltage-operated calcium channels. TRIM (1 - 333 microM) produced concentration-related relaxation of Tg-induced tone (EC(50), 42 microM) but was much less effective against high K. In single smooth muscle cells loaded with FURA-2, TRIM reduced the increase in fluorescence ratio produced by Tg but had no effect on that produced by high K. The relaxations of Tg-induced tone, and reduction in fluorescence ratio, were obtained in the presence of L-N(G)-nitroarginine and were thus independent of nitric oxide synthase inhibition; further, TRIM had no discernible effect on nitrergic responses. TRIM provides a novel drug for the selective inhibition of CCE and a template for the development of more potent inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ontogeny of behaviour in intact and beak trimmed layer pullets, with special reference to preening.

1. The effects of commercial beak trimming on layer pullet behaviour were investigated, with special reference to preening. 2. One-d-old chicks, 96 in all, were housed in 12 litter floor pens, with 8 birds in each, to 20 weeks of age. Approximately one quarter of the beak was trimmed in all birds in half of the pens (BT) at 8 d of age using a hot blade debeaker. The birds in the other pens remained intact (NBT). 3. There was no significant effect of beak trimming on body weight at any age. At the end of the study, upper mandible lengths were shorter in BT birds. 4. Beak trimming had very little effect on behaviour. NBT birds showed more litter-directed behaviour than did BT birds, and BT birds spent more time in preening directed at the preen gland, and at the back while sitting. 5. Feather damage was minimal and there was no difference in mean feather damage scores between treatments at any age. 6. The young age and small amount of beak removed during beak trimming may be at least partly responsible for the lack of effects of beak treatment on behaviour and plumage condition.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in poultry.

1. The effects of beak trimming on 16-week-old Brown Leghorn hens, housed individually in battery cages, was assessed by comparing their behaviour after trimming with their behaviour before trimming and with the behaviour of a sham-operated control group. 2. In the short-term, times spent feeding, drinking and preening decreased. 3. In the long-term, times spent preening and pecking at the cage decreased and times spent standing inactive increased, with no signs of returning to pretreatment values after 5 weeks. 4. During the first three weeks, times spent feeding and drinking decreased and during the first two weeks, times spent sitting dozing increased, but after 5 weeks these had returned to near pre-treatment values. 5. It is argued that pain is the most probable cause of these behavioural changes. 6. The decrease in welfare to the individual bird caused by this pain will conflict with any increase in welfare to the flock brought about by beak trimming; this should be considered before any decision to beak trim is taken.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1998

T cell receptor (TCR) interacting molecule (TRIM), a novel disulfide-linked dimer associated with the TCR-CD3-zeta complex, recruits intracellular signaling proteins to the plasma membrane.

The molecular mechanisms regulating recruitment of intracellular signaling proteins like growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), phospholipase Cgamma1, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) to the plasma membrane after stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR)- CD3-zeta complex are not very well understood. We describe here purification, tandem mass spectrometry sequencing, molecular cloning, and biochemical characterization of a novel transmembrane adaptor protein which associates and comodulates with the TCR-CD3-zeta complex in human T lymphocytes and T cell lines. This protein was termed T cell receptor interacting molecule (TRIM). TRIM is a disulfide-linked homodimer which is comprised of a short extracellular domain of 8 amino acids, a 19-amino acid transmembrane region, and a 159-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. In its intracellular domain, TRIM contains several tyrosine-based signaling motifs that could be involved in SH2 domain-mediated protein-protein interactions. Indeed, after T cell activation, TRIM becomes rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and then associates with the 85-kD regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase via an YxxM motif. Thus, TRIM represents a TCR-associated transmembrane adaptor protein which is likely involved in targeting of intracellular signaling proteins to the plasma membrane after triggering of the TCR.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1999

Stabilization and accurate trimming of nerve ends: practical use of fibrin glue: technical note.

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral nerve transection usually results in protrusion of the endoneurial contents ("mushrooming"). Trimming of the nerve ends before repair is often necessary to achieve cut nerve end planes. In this technical report, we describe a technique for stabilization and accurate trimming of nerve ends using fibrin glue. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: The nerve ends of divided peripheral nerves are coated with fibrin glue and subsequently trimmed using a razor blade before repair. RESULTS: When fibrin glue is applied, a firm layer with a rubbery consistency is formed around the nerve. This layer stabilizes the nerve ends during trimming, and a clear-cut plane of the nerve can be achieved. Moreover, the fibrin glue stabilizes the nerve ends during manipulations caused by suturing of the nerve. CONCLUSION: The technique results in easier handling of the nerve during trimming and manipulation, minimal tissue damage to the nerve, and a clear-cut plane of the nerve.

Fibrin Tissue Adhesive↗
PubMed2004

Adaptive alpha-trimmed mean filters under deviations from assumed noise model.

Alpha-trimmed mean filters are widely used for the restoration of signals and images corrupted by additive non-Gaussian noise. They are especially preferred if the underlying noise deviates from Gaussian with the impulsive noise components. The key design issue of these filters is to select its only parameter, alpha, optimally for a given noise type. In image restoration, adaptive filters utilize the flexibility of selecting alpha according to some local noise statistics. In the present paper, we first review the existing adaptive alpha-trimmed mean filter schemes. We then analyze the performance of these filters when the underlying noise distribution deviates from the Gaussian and does not satisfy the assumptions such as symmetry. Specifically, the clipping effect and the mixed noise cases are analyzed. We also present a new adaptive alpha-trimmed filter implementation that detects the nonsymmetry points locally and applies alpha-trimmed mean filter that trims out the outlier pixels such as edges or impulsive noise according to this local decision. Comparisons of the speed and filtering performances under deviations from symmetry and Gaussian assumptions show that the proposed filter is a very good alternative to the existing schemes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

A comparison of anterior and radical trimming of the inferior nasal turbinates and the effects on nasal resistance to airflow.

A study of 18 patients with chronic rhinitis who underwent anterior or radical trimming of the inferior turbinates is presented. Radical trimming produced a significant decrease in both total nasal resistance to airflow and subjective nasal obstruction (P less than 0.005). Anterior trimming produced a significant decrease in total nasal resistance to airflow (P less than 0.05), but had no significant effect on subjective nasal obstruction. These results suggest that the main site of nasal resistance in patients with chronic rhinitis is the same as in the normal nose. On the basis of this study, adoption of anterior trimming in place of radical trimming of the inferior turbinates cannot be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Trimming of the inferior turbinates: a prospective long-term study.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the initial benefits of radical trimming and anterior trimming of the inferior turbinates on nasal airflow persisted in the long term. Radical trimming significantly reduced nasal resistance at 2 months following operation (n = 12) (P less than 0.005). There was no significant change in nasal resistance over the next 20 months. Symptom scores for nasal obstruction also showed a significant reduction (n = 16) (P less than 0.005), at 2 months, and did not change significantly over the next 20 months. Radical trimming of the inferior turbinates is a highly effective operation in patients with hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates with few initial complications. However, further analysis of the data revealed that up to 20% of patients lose the initial subjective benefit of relief of nasal obstruction within 2 years of follow-up. Late onset crusting occurs in some patients though this is not directly attributable to an increase in nasal airflow. This study also concludes that anterior trimming of the inferior turbinates cannot be recommended as a form of treatment.

Adolescent↗