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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Neostriatal stimulation activates tongue-protruder muscle, but not tongue-retractor or facial muscles: an electrical and chemical microstimulation study in rats.

Whether electrical microstimulation of a rat's striatal jaw region (SJR) in fact induced tongue or facial muscle activity in addition to jaw muscle activity was tested. Microstimulation of SJR-evoked EMG activity in a jaw-opener (anterior digastricus) and tongue-protruder (genioglossus). No activity was evoked in jaw-closers (temporalis or masseter), tongue-retractor (hyoglossus) or in facial muscles. In addition, the EMG effect could still be induced after extensive ablation of the neocortex; it was reproduced by microinjection of 50 mM kainic acid into SJR. The effective sites were histologically localized to a small central striatal region adjoining the anterior commissure. These findings may be of considerable value in understanding the striatal mechanism of orolingual dyskinesia involving involuntary jaw and tongue movements.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of surgical reduction of the tongue on oral stereognosis, oral motor ability, and the rest position of the tongue and mandible.

The oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability were studied by means of two specific tests in 27 subjects, 10 to 23 years of age, before and after tongue reduction because of macroglossia. Recordings were made before and 6 and 12 months after the operation. At the same time the natural position of the head and of the cervical column, the craniocervical relation, the position of the tongue and the hyoid bone, and the rest position of the mandible were studied with profile roentgen-cephalometry. The surgical reduction of the tongue had a minor influence on the subject's performance in the test of oral ability to recognize forms, where the number of false identifications increased somewhat. The oral motor ability and the positions of the head, the cervical column, and the hyoid bone were unaffected. After the operation, the tongue did not fill out the oral cavity as much as before and the freeway space decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cribriform adenocarcinoma of the tongue: a hitherto unrecognized type of adenocarcinoma characteristically occurring in the tongue.

AIMS: We report a review of our institutional and consultation files in order to select cases of hitherto unrecognized type of adenocarcinoma occurring in the tongue. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: Eight cases of a characteristic adenocarcinoma of the tongue resembled solid and follicular variants of the papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. All the tumours were unencapsulated and were divided by fibrous septa into lobules. Major parts of the lesions were composed of areas with solid and microcystic growth patterns. The most striking cytological feature was that the tumour nuclei were pale-staining with a 'ground glass' quality, and they often appeared to overlap. Immunohistochemically, the tumours expressed cytokeratin and S100 protein and, focally, actin; thyroglobulin was negative. Ultrastructurally the cells had clefted nuclei, and the cytoplasm contained a few mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus. Many tumour cells had combined features of both myoepithelial and secretory differentiation-well formed microvilli on their apical borders and bundles of microfilaments. At first presentation, all eight patients had metastases in the regional neck lymph nodes, but all are alive 2-6 years after the initial excision and irradiation. CONCLUSION: We describe a distinctive type of adenocarcinoma of the tongue, for which we propose the name cribriform adenocarcinoma of the tongue (CAT). CAT usually presents with metastases in the neck lymph nodes at the time of presentation. We hypothesize that the tumour might arise from the thyroglossal duct anlage.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative anatomic studies of the tongue of Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach, 1799) and other primates. I. The chimpanzee tongue].

This study was carried out on a comprehensive collection of tongues of Pan troglodytes. Material of tongues of Tupaia glis, Microcebus murinus, Chirogaleus major, Lemur catta, Galago crassicaudatus, Cebus apella, and Macaca mulatta were used for comparison of the different stages of the development of the papilla foliata. The tongue of Pan exhibits longitudinal growth correlated with the growth of length of the jaws and individual age. A typical foramen caecum as it occurs in man was gross anatomically not recognizable. Seldom a small circular depression appeared in the midline close to the papilla circumvallata centralis which could be the remnant of the foramen caecum. There is a remarkable accumulation of papillae filiformes and fungiformes at the apex linguae; the same seems to be true for other genera of primates. It is self-explanatory that the accumulation of papillae makes the tip of the tongue a particularly sensitive area; this has been found to be true even in man. One specimen of the prenatal age just before term was studied. It exhibited remarkably elongated, thread-like papillae, their function is unknown as yet. They are no longer present in a newborn specimen of 4 d of age. In the aboral part of the dorsum linguae, a special kind of papillae occur; they are flat lobes which carry moderately elongated, tiny processes at their free margin. The function of these papillae is unknown; taste buds are absent.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sonography of the tongue and floor of mouth. Part II: Neoplasms of the tongue.

Frequently, correct evaluation of space-occupying lesions in the tongue is not possible with clinical methods only. In an attempt to assess the value of sonography in the detection of tongue lesions, we used submental sonography to examine 62 patients with suspicious palpatory findings upon physical examination of the tongue. Ultrasound detected 45 out of 47 tumours that were eventually confirmed either by surgery or by biopsy. Inadequate technique was the only factor that affected the detection rate. Sonography appears to be a reasonable guide in determining size and site of a tumour of the tongue. Thus, more precision in therapy planning may be achieved.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Oral stereognostic ability among tongue thrusters with interdental lisp, tongue thrusters without interdental lisp and normal children.

30 children, i.e., 10 children per group, 8 yr. of age, were given an oral stereognostic test. This test of 10 geometric forms varying in shape were developed by NIDR. 47 stimuli pairs were used and 10 pairs were repeated to measure test reliability. Subjects were blindfolded and asked to respond whether Items 1 and 2, presented consecutively, were the same or different. Results indicated that both groups of tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp scored significantly more poorly than did normal children (t = 4.68, P less than .001; t = 5.00, P less than .001), respectively. There were no significant differences, however, between tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp (t = .33, P greater than .05). Observations indicated that normal children used the tongue tip more frequently and accurately when discriminating the geometric forms than did the other groups.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of high frequency application on the tongue base. In vitro results of "radiofrequency application" on the porcine tongue base].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A newly developed radio-frequency monopolar needle electrode was evaluated in vitro on porcine tongues. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Porcine tongues with different tissue temperatures (20+/-1) degrees C and (32+/-2) degrees C were coagulated for 90 s. In a second step, 23 coagulations at 7 W were applied (34+/-2) degrees C. RESULTS: The volume of the lesion correlated well with increasing temperature. In step two, the mean energy was 238 J and the mean volume of the lesion was 507 mm(3) (100+/-15)%. Prolonged energy application did not correlate with a larger volume of the lesion. CONCLUSION: The new radio-frequency needle electrode can reduce tongue volume in a precise and controlled manner (SD+/-15%).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bifid tongue - a complication of tongue piercing.

Tongue piercing is associated with significant morbidity. We report on a patient with a bifid tongue defect following insertion of a tongue ornament. This abnormality resulted in severe emotional disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Neuronal circuitry and synaptic organization of trigeminal proprioceptive afferents mediating tongue movement and jaw-tongue coordination via hypoglossal premotor neurons.

The neural framework and synaptic organization of trigeminal proprioceptive afferent-mediated jaw-tongue coordination were studied in rats using multiple electrophysiological and neuroanatomical approaches. Electrostimulation of the masseter nerve evoked short-latency responses (5.86 +/- 2.59 ms) in hypoglossal premotor pools including the parvocellular (PCRt) and intermediate (IRt) reticular nuclei and the dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vodm) and interpolaris (Vidm). Biocytin-labelled axon terminals from these areas traveled into the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) and contacted motoneurons. Double labelling of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracing and cholera toxin B (CTB) transport demonstrated that labelled axons and terminals from the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) overlapped with XII premotor neurons in the alpha division and in PCRt, IRt, Vodm and Vidm. Confocal microscopic observations revealed that Vme terminals closely contacted XII premotor neurons. Dual labelling of intracellular neurobiotin staining of jaw-muscle spindle afferents (JMSAs) combined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport revealed that 498 JMSA boutons apposed to 146 HRP-labelled premotor neurons. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated that 127 JMSA boutons made both axodendritic (68%) and axosomatic (32%) synapses with XII premotor neurons. Eighty-three per cent of synapses were asymmetric and the rest (17%) were symmetric. Thirty-nine per cent of JMSA boutons received presynaptic contacts from P-type terminals. Varieties of synaptic organizations were found. These results provide evidence that trigeminal proprioceptive afferents mediate jaw-tongue coordination through XII premotor neurons. Ultrastructural findings demonstrated that synapses between JMSA boutons and XII premotor neurons are predominantly excitatory, and synaptic transmission to XII motoneurons is modified on XII premotor neurons by presynaptic mechanisms. These frameworks and synaptic organizations are most probably the neural substrate for trigeminal proprioceptive afferent-mediated jaw-tongue coordination.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

[4 anthroposcopic markers in the Northern Greece population: hand folding, arm folding, tongue rolling and tongue folding].

Four anthroposcopic traits, namely hand clasping, arm folding, tongue rolling and tongue curling have been studied in a total of 7763 individuals from Thessaloniki and its surroundings, representing a sample of the population of Northern Greece. The statistical analysis of the data indicates significant sex differences only concerning tongue rolling. The frequencies obtained for the four traits under study are compared with data from the literature.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed2004

Extensive tongue hemangiopericytoma in a child: modified combined modality of treatment to preserve well functioning tongue.

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular tumor, usually occurring in adults. The tumor is believed to originate from pericytes, the contractile cells surrounding capillaries. It has predilection for the musculoskeletal system. Clinically, the tumor occurs at any age, with highest incidence between the third and sixth decades and without any sex predilection. Head and neck hemangiopericytoma incidence in all age groups ranges from 9.4 to 28%. In children, head and neck hemangiopericytoma is as frequent as 35%, with the highest frequency (46%) found in infants. We report a case of hemangiopericytoma of the tongue in a 6-year-old child resembling to the infantile/congenital type, which was treated by a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and brachytherapy. This approach has resulted in a normal functioning tongue for the past 5 years.

Angiography↗
PubMed2000

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mucous retention cyst of the tongue: distinction from other cystic lesions of the tongue.

Mucous retention cyst (MRC) is a common submucosal lesion of the oral cavity that, when deeply seated, simulates a neoplasm. This report describes the fine-needle aspiration cytology findings of a lingual MRC of complex architecture and with metaplastic epithelium. In addition, we emphasize its cytologic differential diagnosis from other benign and malignant cystic lesions of the tongue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of aspiration cytology of a complex MRC of the tongue.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical studies on the mucins of the vertebrate tongues. VII. Histochemical analysis of mucosubstances in the tongues of some fishes.

The tongues of three fishes were investigated histochemically to determine the distribution and nature of mucosubstances by employing recent techniques and the results were considered comparatively with the lingual mucosubstances of other vertebrates. A heterogenous distribution of neutral mucosubstances, sulfomucins and sialomucins in various lingual sites was noted. The taste buds and/or free nerve endings were found to be restricted in the areas containing abundance of goblet cells. In non-gustatory areas of tongue, the goblet cells were very few or absent. Importance of lingual histology in establishing phylogenetic relationships and the possible functional significance of the mucosubstances in the physiology of gustation is discussed in detail.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMed1993

Influence of surgical tongue reduction on pressure from the tongue on the teeth.

Pressures from the tongue on the teeth were recorded in 21 children and adolescents before and after surgical reduction of the tongue. The recordings were made before surgery, and 6 and 12 months after the operation. Simultaneous measurements were made at the lingual surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors and at the left first molar, in the rest position and during chewing and swallowing. The method had been used in a previous study of normal cases, which served as a reference. Presurgical pressures recorded in the rest position at the maxillary incisors agreed with measurements recorded in the same location in the reference sample. Measurements recorded during rest in the other locations were somewhat higher than those of the reference group. Pressures recorded before the surgery during chewing and swallowing varied from similar measurements made in the reference group. At the recording 6 months after surgery, resting pressures at the molars were lower than they had been presurgically. No significant differences were found for pressures during chewing. A lower pressure was recorded in one location during swallowing. At the recordings made 12 months after surgery none of the pressures differed significantly from the presurgical values. Resting pressures were, however, lower than they had been before surgery and were closer to those of the reference sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Lymph node metastases in hamster tongue cancer induced with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: association between histological findings and the incidence of neck metastases, and the clinical implications for patients with tongue cancer.

An experimental study was carried out in hamster tongue cancer induced with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) to examine the association between the histological features and the incidence of lymph node metastases. Squamous cell carcinoma was induced in 64 of 71 hamsters exposed to DMBA 3 times weekly for a period of 10-24 weeks, and lymph node metastases were found in 8 necks. Various histological variables in the primary lesion were examined, and the mode of invasion, degree of keratinization, and stage of invasion were found to be closely related to the development of neck metastases. We then did a prospective study in 37 human patients with T1-2 tongue cancer, which also showed a close association between the incidence of neck metastases and the histological variables of mode of invasion and degree of keratinization. These experimental and clinical studies suggest that the mode of invasion and degree of keratinization may be risk factors for neck metastases that are independent of T stage, and that the indications for elective neck dissection should be re-evaluated in that light.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1994

CT and MR imaging in tumors of the tongue, tongue base, and floor of the mouth: a comparative study.

A retrospective comparative study was done between CT and MR in 23 patients with a tumor of the tongue, tongue base, or floor of the mouth. Tumor detection, delineation of tumor extent and the visualisation of enlarged lymph nodes was examined. Sixty per cent of the tumors were better visualised with MR, and in 21% supplementary information was acquired using MR. There were no significant differences between CT and MR regarding the visualisation of adenopathies. Despite the differences in tumor visualisation, the radiological staging according to the TNM-classification was not altered by MR.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tongue cancer treated with brachytherapy: is thickness of tongue cancer a prognostic factor for regional control?

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the predisposing factor for lymph node metastasis and examine the influence of thickness for lymph node recurrence in oral tongue cancer. METHODS: We analysed 254 patients with early oral tongue cancer (T1-2N0) who were treated with brachytherapy from 1967 through 1985. RESULTS: T category (p = 0.005), and thickness (p = 0.04) were identified as a significant predisposing factors for neck failure. 50%, 40% and 30% were the incidences of lymph node metastasis for patients with thickness of tumor more than 11 mm, 6-10 mm and 5 mm or less. Furthermore, T category (largest diameter of lesion) correlates strongly to thickness of tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is not an independent factor, thickness is a significant predisposing factor for lymph node metastasis.

Adult↗