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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Persistent viral infection of the thyroid gland: alteration of thyroid function in the absence of tissue injury.

The possible role of viruses as the cause of some thyroid disorders was evaluated in three strains of mice neonatally infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. We report the first definitive evidence that viruses can persist in the thyroid gland, particularly thyroid epithelial cells in which thyroglobulin is synthesized. Concomitant with the infection of these cells was a significant reduction in the level of thyroglobulin mRNA and circulating thyroid hormones. Another virus that causes persistent infection but does not replicate in the thyroid gland failed to alter serum levels of thyroid hormones, indicating the thyroid dysfunction was not a generalized result of stress accompanying a persistent infection. This alteration in thyroid homeostasis during persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is not caused by autoantibodies to the thyroid. Moreover, despite infection of the thyroid gland, neither necrosis nor inflammation occurs. Thyroid dysfunction was noted both when persistence was initiated at birth and in utero during congenital infection. These observations in an experimental model raise the issue that viruses may play a role in the pathogenesis of some thyroid disorders in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Changes in free radical scavengers and lipid peroxide in thyroid glands of various thyroid disorders.

To clarify whether the changes of free radicals and its scavengers are induced by thyroid disorders, we measured levels of free radical scavengers and checked O2 radical generating systems in the human thyroid gland. Thyroid specimens from patients with Graves' disease, follicular adenoma, and papillary and follicular carcinomas contained significantly higher concentrations of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and gluthathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), compared to those in the normal thyroid tissue. Catalase concentration was significantly lower in thyroid specimens from patients with Graves' disease and significantly lower in thyroid specimens from patients with follicular adenoma, compared to those in the normal thyroid tissue. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) concentration was significantly lower in the specimens from follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma and Mn SOD concentration was significantly higher in the specimens from papillary carcinoma than those in the normal thyroid tissue. The lipid peroxide concentration, expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, was significantly higher in the specimens from papillary carcinoma than those in the normal thyroid tissue. These findings suggest that the levels of free radicals are increased and are scavenged and catalyzed in the thyroid of Graves' disease, whereas free radicals and lipid peroxide are not completely scavenged in papillary carcinoma tissues, suggesting that these substances affect some role in cell function of thyroid tumors.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1978

[Contrast of the grey scale and stable B-scan in the ultrasonic visualization of the thyroid gland].

Thyroid echography can be profitably performed with the stable contrasted B-scan and the gray scale. Both methods are based on the possibility of recording weak echoes from structures inside the gland and so differentiate almost all lesions in a reliable manner. The echo-structural patterns permit the following distinctions to be drawn: uniform distribution of echoes in the normal, hypoplastic and hyperplastic-hypertrophic thyroid. Calcified areas in goitre give distinct, strong echoes, whereas in colloid-cystic goitre there are weak echoes mixed with small empty areas due the cysts. Cystic lesions, too, have empty areas that are well defined, with reinforcement of the posterior wall. In adenoma, there is a uniform, solid area, in which the echoes are evenly distributed internally and the borders are well defined with respect to the unimpaired parenchyma. In acute thyroiditis, the presence of oedema and areas of fibrosis offer sufficiently indicative signs. In tumours, the most typical features are the irregularity of the walls, the distinct attenuation of the beam and the presence of a few, irregular internal echoes. These pictures are almost always peculiar to each situations and thus make echographical investigation of thyroid not only useful, but also indispensable.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

[Immunohistochemical detection of acid cysteine proteinase inhibitors in lymphatic infiltrates of the thyroid gland].

Thyroid tissues containing lymphoid secondary follicles were studied immunohistochemically for the presence of acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor (ACPI). Reticulum cells in the lymphoid secondary follicles, mainly dendritic reticulum cells, exhibited a positive reaction. In addition, in 2 cases a positive reaction could be detected in some of the thyroid epithelial cells, adjacent to the lymphoid secondary follicles. The possible function of ACPI generally and its role in the function of those cells containing it, is discussed.

Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1999

[Pregnancy and the thyroid gland].

Thyroid disease is very frequent in women, particularly during pregnancy and the post partum period. Several mechanisms are involved. The most frequent is related to immunological modifications during pregnancy and increased risk of producing anti-thyroid autoantibodies. The second is related to a relative deficiency of iodine in France, aggravated by increased glomerular filtration during pregnancy. The third mechanism involves changes in thyroid hormone metabolism induced by pregnancy. Finally, the fourth mechanism is a purely hormonal phenomenon due to the possible stimulating effect of gonadotropic chorionic hormone on the TSH receptor. Thyroid disease requires special care for pregnant women or those desiring pregnancy. There are several reasons as it is difficult for thyroid hormones to cross the placental barrier after several weeks of gestation but antithyroid drugs, iodine and autoantibodies cross it easily. There is a risk of maternal and fetal complications in case of untreated hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease. If the patient is treated prior to pregnancy, it is important to know the course and type of treatment used to attain euthyroidism because maternal anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies cross the placenta-blood barrier after surgery or radioiodine treatment and increase the risk of fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism. If the woman is under treatment or if her Graves' disease begins during pregnancy, the course generally improves during the second trimester but worsens after delivery. Antithyroid drugs should be titrated regularly because of the risk of maternal or fetal hypothyroidism and subsequent risk for fetal development. In addition, antithyroid drugs have been suggested to have a teratogenic effect although this has not been formally demonstrated. Management is perturbed less in other hyperthyroidisms as pregnancy has less impact on the disease. Hypothyroidism is very uncommon during pregnancy. Depending on the etiology, maternal hypothyroidism can raise the risk of fetal hypothyroidism, requiring careful management due to the risk of mental sequelae and compressive goiter in the infant. For thyroid morphology diseases, the problem is generally one of differentiated thyroid cancer, particular as the frequency is probably higher during pregnancy, the course being aggravated by the TSH-like effect of hCG, and curative treatment with radioactive iodine which cannot be started unless there is no risk of pregnancy. Exploration of a thyroid nodule in a pregnant women is a particular situation as scintigraphy is not advisable prior to the fourth month for the technetium method and for the entire pregnancy for 123-iodine. Needle aspiration can be used systematically and the histology results help guide management. Inquiry into past thyroid history and physical examination are thus required for all pregnant women or women desiring pregnancy in order to choose the best management scheme.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Diagnostic molecular biology in solid tumors--thyroid gland].

Thyroid cancer is not a common disease. It includes tumour types of great diversity in clinical course and molecular basis. Mutations of TSH-receptor, rearrangements of ret proto-oncogene, and altered expression of other tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors are characteristics of the follicular neoplasias and papillary carcinomas, while undifferentiated tumours harbour p53 mutations. Knowledge acquired to date has led to an increased understanding of thyroid growth and tumour development, but it has had no significant impact on diagnostic and treatment measures. On the other hand, the C-cell derived medullary carcinomas include familial cases where identification of germ-line ret mutations provides the basis for prophylactic thyroidectomy in affected individuals.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Sonographic demonstration of a normal thyroid gland excludes ectopic thyroid in patients with thyroglossal duct cyst.

OBJECTIVE: Preoperative thyroid scintigraphy has been performed in patients with presumed thyroglossal duct cyst to document a normal thyroid and to exclude the possibility of an ectopic thyroid mimicking a thyroglossal duct cyst. Often, an ectopic thyroid is the patient's only functioning thyroid tissue, and its removal will result in hypothyroidism. The purpose of this study was to determine whether demonstration of a normal thyroid gland by sonography in children with thyroglossal duct cyst can exclude ectopic thyroid and thereby obviate routine preoperative thyroid scintigraphy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 30 patients with pathologically proved thyroglossal duct cysts who had neck sonograms. The sonograms were evaluated for the presence or absence of a normal thyroid gland. The medical records of these children were also reviewed. Three children had normal preoperative radionuclide thyroid scans. All the children were clinically euthyroid preoperatively. Follow-up was available in 15 of the 30 patients, and all of these patients were clinically euthyroid postoperatively. RESULTS: A sonographically normal thyroid gland was detected in all patients. CONCLUSION: Preoperative sonographic identification of a normal thyroid gland in patients with thyroglossal duct cyst confirms a source of thyroid hormone separate from the thyroglossal duct cyst and thus excludes ectopic thyroid. Routine thyroid scintigraphy is not necessary.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphometric analysis of the parathyroid glands and thyroid gland C-cells during prolonged administration of triiodothyronine and mercazolyl].

The aim of the study was to perform a systemic morphometric analysis of the parathyroid glands and parafollicular thyrocytes under the conditions of the suppression of function of the thyroid follicular apparatus. Water suspensions of triiodothyronine and methniasole were administered through a probe for 24 days to adult albino male rats (6 in each group) at daily doses of 50 micrograms/kg and 6 mg/kg respectively; 6 animals were controls. The level of total calcium in the blood serum of animals in the study groups did not differ from control values. The administration of the drugs induced the development in the parathyroid glands of morphological signs of their increased function (hypertrophy of the parathyrocytes, their nuclei and cytoplasm in both series of experiments, an increase in the mean count of nucleoli in the nucleus in the administration of triiodothyronine). Signs of elevated secretory activity of the population of parafollicular thyrocytes (a decrease in the relative frequencies of C-cells with the cytoplasm filled in with secretory granules; an increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic zones at the vascular poles free of granules) were detected in the thyroid.

Animals↗