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PubMed1991

Treatment of DNA with ammonium bicarbonate or thiourea can lead to underestimation of platinum-DNA monoadducts.

Thiourea and NH4HCO3 are widely used to block the conversion of Pt-DNA monoadducts to diadducts prior to the enzymatic digestion of DNA and subsequent analysis of the relative proportion of the different types of Pt-DNA adducts. Our data show that NH4HCO3 (100 mM, 18 h, 25 degrees C) is much less effective than thiourea (10 mM, 10 min, 25 degrees C) at blocking monoadducts, apparently because considerable monoadduct-to-diadduct conversion occurs during the incubation of platinated DNA with NH4HCO3. Under these incubation conditions, neither NH4HCO3 nor thiourea treatment causes significant diadduct-to-monoadduct conversion. At 25 degrees C, thiourea causes no significant removal of either ethylenediamine(en)- or diaminocyclohexane(dach)-Pt monoadducts. However, at 37 degrees C, both en-Pt and dach-Pt monoadducts are selectively removed. Pt-DNA diadducts are stable to 10 mM thiourea at either temperature. These data suggest that previous experiments using NH4HCO3-blocked DNA are likely to have underestimated Pt-DNA monoadducts and to have overestimated diadducts. As a consequence, such studies are likely to produce inaccurate estimates for the repair of individual adducts. The data also show that although thiourea treatment is suitable for blocking Pt-DNA monoadducts under the conditions generally used (10 mM, 10 min, 25 degrees C), it can selectively remove Pt-DNA monoadducts at higher temperatures.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed2003

Synthesis of N-benzyl- and N-phenyl-2-amino-4,5-dihydrothiazoles and thioureas and evaluation as modulators of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase.

Inhibition of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has important applications in therapy of several diseases, including cancer. Using 1400 W [N-(3-aminomethylbenzyl)acetamidine], thiocitrulline and N(delta)-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)ornithine as lead compounds, series of N-benzyl- and N-phenyl-2-amino-4,5-dihydrothiazoles and thioureas were designed as inhibitors of NOS. Ring-substituted benzyl and phenyl isothiocyanates were synthesised by condensation of the corresponding amines with thiophosgene and addition of ammonia gave the corresponding thioureas in high yields. The substituted 2-amino-4,5-dihydrothiazoles were approached by two routes. Treatment of simple benzylamines with 2-methylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole at 180 degrees C afforded the corresponding 2-benzylamino-4,5-dihydrothiazoles. For less nucleophilic amines and those carrying more thermally labile substituents, the 4,5-dihydrothiazoles were approached by acid-catalysed cyclisation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)thioureas. This cyclisation was shown to proceed by an S(N)2-like process. Modest inhibitory activity was shown by most of the thioureas and 4,5-dihydrothiazoles, with N-(3-aminomethylphenyl)thiourea (IC(50)=13 microM vs rat neuronal NOS and IC(50)=23 microM vs rat inducible NOS) and 2-(3-aminomethylphenylamino)-4,5-dihydrothiazole (IC(50)=13 microM vs rat neuronal NOS and IC(50)=19 microM vs human inducible NOS) being the most potent. Several thioureas and 4,5-dihydrothiazoles were found to stimulate the activity of human inducible NOS in a time-dependent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Reducing 1,3-dichloropropene emissions from soil columns amended with thiourea.

Soil fumigants are becoming an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air, especially in some agricultural areas. In this study, we used thiourea to construct a reactive surface barrier (RSB) at the soil surface for reducing 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) volatilization. The agrochemical thiourea could rapidly transform volatile 1,3-D to nonvolatile products via an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. A catalytic mechanism in thiourea-amended soil facilitated the conversion process. A packed soil column system was employed to investigate the emissions and distribution of 1,3-D and optimize the original fumigant emission-reduction strategy. Volatilization of 1,3-D from the soil surface was significantly reduced in columns amended with a thiourea RSB compared with that of bare soil. Volatilization flux and cumulative emissions decreased with increasing thiourea application rate and increasing fumigation depth in packed soil columns. Surface amendment with the RSB did not affect the subsurface distribution of 1,3-D in the soil profile. Combined application of a thiourea RSB and plastic tarps had a synergetic effect in emission control and could eliminate the relatively high fumigant flux that occurs upon tarp disruption. Therefore, this reduced-risk practice was very effective in reducing atmospheric emissions of VOCs from soil treatment with halogenated fumigants.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed1980

Sampling and analytical determination of airborne tetramethyl and ethylene thiourea.

Tetramethyl and ethylene thiourea are collected from air using midget impingers containing 15 mL water. Ethylene thiourea may also be collected from air using PVC or cellulose ester membrane filters which are then extracted with water. Pentacyanoamineferrate reagent is added to the filter-extract or to the impinger contents to form a colored coordination complex. The absorbance of the solution is measured spectrophotometrically at 590 nm, and the unknown concentration of tetramethyl or ethylene thiourea samples is determined from calibration curves. The detection limit is 0.75 microg/sample for ethylene thiourea and 3 microg/sample for tetramethyl thiourea. Experimental results indicate that this method can be used as a general analytical method for the analysis of other thiourea-derived compounds.

Ethylenethiourea↗
PubMed1990

Pulmonary toxicity of thioureas in the rat.

Administration of alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) to rats causes damage to pulmonary endothelial cells and possibly mesothelial lining cells that together may account for the massive pleural effusion characteristic of thiourea toxicity. Using 35S-thiourea as a model compound, the extent of binding of 35S to lung proteins correlated well with the extent of edema, suggesting that the extent of binding of thiourea metabolites is a measure of lung toxicity. ANTU and phenylthiourea (PTU) compete for 35S binding to lung slices, suggesting that these toxins may act in a similar way. Binding of 35S in lung slices from resistant rats is much less than in controls, and resistance cannot be explained by differences in either whole body metabolism or redistribution of thiourea in vivo. Lung glutathione levels (in vitro and in vivo) in normal and resistant rats following thiourea administration were essentially the same. However, at doses of thiourea that cause pleural effusion, there was an increase in total lung glutathione.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Clinical review: thioureas and allergic contact dermatitis.

Thioureas are an uncommon underrecognized cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). This article presents the findings in 3 individuals with ACD to thioureas and reviews the medical literature concerning thiourea-induced ACD. Thioureas are often the allergenic sources in ACD involving high-grade rubber products made of neoprene. Standard patch test series and rubber allergen patch test series usually do not contain thiourea allergens and will fail to diagnose these causes of ACD. Thioureas--most notably diethylthiourea, dibutylthiourea, and diphenylthiourea--should be considered in individuals with potential rubber allergy who fail to react to antigens in the standard allergen patch test tray.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[EXAFS study on the stripping mechanism in N263/alkaline cyanide gold solution/sulfuric thiourea system].

Quaternary ammonium salt has strong affinity with gold in cyanide solutions, but it is not readily stripped. Stripping with acidic thiourea solutions and air sparging shows promise. There are some reports on the process of thiourea stripping, but little about its mechanism. In this paper, the stripping mechanism of N263/sulphuric thiourea/alkaline cyanide gold solution is studied by EXAFS. According to the experiments, sulphuric acid, thiourea and gold-thiourea complex can be extracted by N263 as a neutral molecule, and the stripping process can be described as following: (1) Sulphuric acid and thiourea are extracted by N263; (2) In organic phase, gold-cyanide complex is converted to gold-thiourea complex, which exists as Au[SC(NH2)2]2HSO4, and CN- forms HCN with acid at the same time; (3) HCN is removed by air sparging, and Au[SC(NH2)2]2HSO4 is distributed between organic phase and liquor phase, most of which transfers to liquor phase and is stripped.

Amines↗
PubMed1999

Chemical and Structural Properties of Jordanian Zeolitic Tuffs and Their Admixtures with Urea and Thiourea: Potential Scavengers for Phenolics in Aqueous Medium.

Native Jordanian zeolitic tuffs, rich in phillipsite, were treated with urea and thiourea. The chemical and structural properties of the tuffs and their urea and thiourea admixtures were studied using SEM, XRF, XRD, and FTIR techniques, and their adsorption capacities were estimated by the methylene blue method. The urea and thiourea treatment has not affected the mineral constitution of the tuffs. The results revealed that urea and thiourea were linked by hydrogen bonding through the NH(2) moiety to the zeolite substrate, with urea showing the strongest effect. Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of the prepared materials for the removal of phenol and chlorinated phenols from aqueous solutions. Although thiourea caused a reduction in the relative surface area, both urea and thiourea admixtures were more effective than the free zeolitic tuff in the removal of phenol and chlorinated phenols from water, with urea admixture displaying the largest removal capacity. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Protein alkylation in the presence/absence of thiourea in proteome analysis: a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry investigation.

Although it is highly recommended that reduction and alkylation of free -SH groups in proteins should be performed prior to any electrophoretic step (including the first isoelectric focusing/immobilized pH gradient (IEF/IPG) dimension), it is here reported that one component of the sample solubilization cocktail adopted recently (namely thiourea) strongly quenches such alkylation process (as typically carried out with iodoacetamide, IAA). The present matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis demonstrates that thiourea is an effective scavenger of IAA, since its sulfur atom reacts as efficiently as the ionized, free -SH group of Cys in proteins at alkaline pH values (pH 8.5-9.0). As a result of this reaction, free IAA is quickly depleted by thiourea, via the formation of an intermediate adduct, which is rapidly deamidated to form the cyclic compound thiazolinidone monoimine. This reaction strongly competes with the direct addition reaction of IAA onto the -SH group in proteins, resulting in poorly alkylated proteins. It is, therefore, recommended that, whenever possible and compatible with the type of sample, thiourea should be omitted from the solubilizing cocktail in proteome analysis. However, after proper sample reduction and alkylation, thiourea can be incorporated into the IEF/IPG gel, where it will have the beneficial effect of augmenting protein solubility at their pI values and scavenging the excess of free IAA.

Alkylation↗
PubMed2006

Non-racemic atropisomeric (thio)ureas as neutral enantioselective anion receptors for amino-acid derivatives: origin of smaller Kass with thiourea than urea derivatives.

The synthesis of a limited series of non-racemic atropisomeric 1-(2-(4-methyl-2-thioxothiazol-3(2H)-yl)phenyl)-3-(hetero)aryl-(thio)ureas is described. Using NMR titration experiments monitoring the shift of the two NH of the (thio)urea and the C-5 hydrogen of the heterocycle, the binding constants for some optically pure (thio)-ureas with the enantiomers of N-protected amino acid tetrabutylammonium salts were determined in CD3CN. The obtained enantioselectivities were modest. Contrary to what was expected on the basis of the NH acidity in thiourea versus urea group, the association constants were smaller with the thiourea than with the corresponding urea. X-ray data, DFT calculations, and NMR provided the explanation of that unexpected behavior: the urea presents a pre-organized (Z,Z) conformation suitable for a double hydrogen bond with the carboxylate anion, the thiourea presents a (Z,E) conformation, which must be reorganized in a constrained (Z,Z) conformation in the complex. An intramolecular hydrogen bond between one NH and the thiocarbonyl group of the heterocycle, which is present in the thiourea and absent in the urea, might also contribute to the smaller K(ass) for the thiourea. The possible implication of these observations in the field of bifunctional organocatalysis is briefly discussed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1982

Urea and thiourea transport in Aspergillus nidulans.

Wild-type Aspergillus nidulans has an active transport system specific for urea which concentrates urea at least 50-fold relative to the extracellular concentration. It is substrate concentration dependent, with an apparent Km of 3 x 10-(5) M for urea. Competition studies and the properties of mutants indicate that thiourea is taken up by the same system as urea. Thiourea is toxic at 5mM to wild-type cells of Aspergillus nidulans. Mutants, designated ureA1 to ureA16, resistant to thiourea have been isolated, and transport assays and growth tests show that they are specifically impaired in urea transport. The mutant ureA1 has a higher Km value than the wild type for thiourea uptake. The ureA locus has been assigned to linkage group VIII. ureA1 is recessive for thiourea resistance while semidominant for the low uptake characteristic. The urea uptake system is under nitrogen regulation, with L-glutamine as the probable effector. The mutants, meaA8 and gdhA1, which are insensitive to ammonium control of many nitrogen-regulated metabolic systems, are also insensitive to ammonium control of urea uptake, but both are sensitive to L-glutamine regulation.

Aspergillus nidulans↗
PubMed2004

Structure-activity relationships in platinum-acridinylthiourea conjugates: effect of the thiourea nonleaving group on drug stability, nucleobase affinity, and in vitro cytotoxicity.

The synthesis, cytotoxicity, and nucleoside binding of some platinum-acridinylthiourea conjugates derived from the prototypical compound [PtCl(en)(ACRAMTU)](NO3)2 ("PT-ACRAMTU"; en=ethane-1,2-diamine, ACRAMTU=1-[2-(acridin-9-ylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dimethylthiourea, protonated form) are reported. To establish structure-activity relationships within this class of compounds, systematic changes were made to the thiourea nonleaving group, which links the intercalator to platinum. Three new derivatives of ACRAMTU, one di-, one tri-, and one tetraalkylated, were generated, where the degree of alkylation indicates the number of alkyl groups attached to the SCN2 framework. Subsequent reaction of the tri- and tetraalkylated derivatives with activated [PtCl2(en)] yielded the corresponding platinum conjugates. The dialkylated thiourea gave an unstable complex, which was not included in the studies. The crystal structure of PT-ACRAMTU x MeOH has been determined. In the solid state, one axial position of the square-planar platinum coordination sphere is partially shielded by the bulky thiourea group, providing a strong rationale for the kinetic inertness of the compound. The cytotoxicity of the prototype, the two new conjugates, and cisplatin was assessed in ovarian (A2780, A2780/CP), lung (NCI-H460), and colon (RKO) cancer cell lines using clonogenic survival assays. The derivatives containing trialkylated thiourea groups showed activity similar or superior to cisplatin, with IC50 values in the low micromolar concentration range. The complex modified with the tetraalkylated (bulkiest) thiourea was significantly less active, possibly due to the greatly decreased rate of binding to nucleobase nitrogen (1H NMR spectroscopy), but was most efficient at overcoming cross resistance to cisplatin in A2780/CP. Possible consequences of the reported structural modifications for the mechanism of action of these agents are discussed.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1984

Changes in morphometric parameters and the characteristics of collagen following thyroxine and thiourea treatments in young male garden lizards.

Administration of both thyroxine (1 microgram/g body wt) and thiourea (0.5 mg/10 g body wt) to young male garden lizards for a period of 2 weeks led to changes in morphometric/biochemical parameters. Percentages of increase in body weight and snout-to-vent length of thyroxine-treated lizards during this period were significantly lower than the percentages of increase observed in control lizards. Thiourea-induced inhibition of increase in body weight was marginal but not significant statistically. The total collagen content of tendons decreased upon thyroxine treatment and increased following thiourea administration. Thyroxine treatment led to an increase in salt solubility of bone and skin collagens and thiourea showed a reverse effect. On the other hand, the acid solubility of tendon collagen increased after thyroxine administration and decreased following thiourea treatment.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Effects of thiourea and ammonium bicarbonate on the formation and stability of bifunctional cisplatin-DNA adducts: consequences for the accurate quantification of adducts in (cellular) DNA.

Cisplatin reacts with DNA by forming mainly bifunctional adducts via reactive monofunctional intermediates. When freshly platinated DNA was postincubated with thiourea (10 mM, at 23 or 37 degrees C) for periods of up to 24 h, followed by determination of mono- and diadducts, a rapid initial decrease was seen in the fraction of diadducts, followed by a much slower decrease. About 40% diadducts were found after 10-min postincubation at 23 degrees C, which dropped to some 14% after 24 h at 37 degrees C; total platination was hardly affected. Postincubation of "aged" platinated DNA (no reactive monoadducts) only showed the slower decrease. The rapid process is likely to represent monoadduct inactivation, preventing the formation of diadducts, whereas the slow reaction must be interpreted as diadduct-to-monoadduct conversion. Similar reactions, but less efficient than with thiourea, occurred during dialysis against NH4HCO3 (0.1-1 M). Pt-containing (di)nucleotides in digested DNA were hardly affected by thiourea. Rapid reduction of the measured level of bifunctional adducts also occurred when cisplatin-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells were postincubated with thiourea, with concomitant increase in survival. It is concluded that quantification of the real levels of mono- and diadducts in freshly platinated DNA requires a posttreatment with thiourea of 30-60 min at 37 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 2 S-oxygenation: sulfenic acid formation from thioureas and oxidation of glutathione.

Thioureas are oxygenated by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), forming reactive sulfenic and/or sulfinic acids. Sulfenic acids can reversibly react with GSH and drive oxidative stress through a redox cycle. For this reason, thiourea S-oxygenation is an example of FMO-dependent bioactivation of a xenobiotic. Functional FMO2 is expressed in the lung of 26% of individuals of African descent and 5% of Hispanics but not in Caucasians or Asians. We have previously demonstrated that human FMO2.1 protein expressed in Sf9 microsomes has high activity toward a series of thioureas that are known or suspected lung toxicants including thiourea, 1-phenylthiourea, and ethylenethiourea. We now show by HPLC and LC-MS that 1-phenylthiourea and alpha-naphthylthiourea are converted to their sulfenic acids. GSH in the incubations at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 mM completely eliminated the sulfenic acid with resultant production of GSSG. These results indicate that individuals with the FMO21 allele may be at enhanced risk of pulmonary damage upon exposure to thioureas.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of a valine-lysine thiourea cross-link on rat globin produced by carbon disulfide or N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate in vivo.

Previous in vivo studies have supported protein cross-linking by CS2 as both a mechanism of neurotoxicity and a potential biomarker of effect through the detection of a structure responsible for CS2-mediated protein cross-linking, namely, lysine-lysine thiourea. In this study, the structure of a previously uncharacterized stable protein cross-link produced by CS2 in vivo involving lysine and the N-terminal valine of globin has been determined. Rats were exposed to 50, 500, and 800 ppm CS2 for 2, 4, 8, and 13 weeks by inhalation or to 3 mmol/kg N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate administered orally on alternating days for 8 and 16 weeks. Acid hydrolysis, using 6 N HCl, of globin from control and exposed rats caused cyclization of the valine-lysine thiourea cross-link in treated rats to isopropyl norleucyl thiohydantoin. The hydrolysate was separated by size-exclusion chromatography, and the fraction that coeluted with the synthetic deuterated isopropyl norleucyl thiohydantoin internal standard was derivatized with 3-[4'-(ethylene-N,N, N-trimethylamino)phenyl]-2-isothiocyanate and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using selected reaction monitoring detection. Derivatized isopropyl norleucyl thiohydantoin obtained from CS2-treated rats displayed a cumulative dose response and was detectable at the lowest exposure (50 ppm, 2 weeks) at levels of approximately 50 pmol/g of globin. N, N-Diethyldithiocarbamate-treated rats, but not controls, also contained a CS2-generated valine-lysine thiourea cross-link on globin. In vitro incubation of human hemoglobin with either CS2 or N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate also resulted in the formation of CS2-generated valine-lysine thiourea. These observations demonstrate the potential of thiourea cross-linking involving a free amino terminus and epsilon-amino groups of lysine to accumulate in a long-lived globular protein and suggest that cross-linking of globin may provide a specific dosimeter of internal exposure for CS2 capable of assessing exposure over subchronic periods.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Design, synthesis and photophysical studies of simple fluorescent anion PET sensors using charge neutral thiourea receptors.

The synthesis of four fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) chemosensors 1-4 for anions is described. These are all based on a simple design employing charge neutral aliphatic or aromatic thiourea anion receptors connected to an anthracene fluorophore via a methylene spacer. Here the anion recognition occurred through 1 : 1 hydrogen bonding between the thiourea protons and the anion, as demonstrated by observing the changes in the (1)H NMR in DMSO-d(6) where the two thiourea protons were shifted downfield upon addition of anions. Whereas 1-3 were designed for the detection of anions such as fluoride, acetate or phosphate, 4 was made for the recognition of N-protected amino acids. All the sensors showed 'ideal' behaviour where only the fluorescence emission was quenched upon anion recognition, due to enhanced efficiency of electron transfer quenching from the receptor to the excited state of the fluorophore. By simply varying the nature of the thiourea substituent it was possible to modulate, or tune, the acidity of the thiourea receptor moiety, altering the sensitivity of the anion recognition. For, the anion selectivity and the degree of the fluorescence quenching were in the order of F(-) > AcO(-) > H(2)PO(4)(-), with Cl(-) or Br(-) not being detected.

Amines↗
PubMed1973

The effect of thiourea on ureide metabolism in Neurospora crassa.

The wild-type strain of Neurospora crassa Em 5297a can utilize allantoin as a sole nitrogen source. The pathway of allantoin utilization is via its conversion into allantoic acid and urea, followed by the breakdown of urea to ammonia. This is shown by the inability of the urease-less mutant, N. crassa 1229, to grow on allantoin as a sole nitrogen source and by the formation of allantoate and urea by pre-formed mycelia of this mutant. In the wild strain (Em 5297a) thiourea is tenfold more toxic on an allantoin medium than on an inorganic nitrogen medium; allantoin as well as urea counteract thiourea toxicity in the allantoin nitrogen medium. This selective toxicity of thiourea for the mould utilizing allantoin nitrogen does not, however, result in an impairment of allantoin uptake, allantoinase activity or the formation of urea from allantoin. The only process affected by thiourea is the synthesis of urease; urea antagonizes this effect of thiourea in N. crassa.

Allantoin↗