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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Vibrational spectra and ab initio analysis of tert-butyl, trimethylsilyl, and trimethylgermyl derivatives of 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene. I. 3,3-Dimethyl-1,2-bis(tert-butyl)cyclopropene.

The geometrical parameters of 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-bis(tert-butyl)cyclopropene were optimised completely at the HF/6-31G* level. The HF/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* force field was calculated and scaled using Pulay's scaling procedure. The set of 17 scale factors (for a 105-dimensional problem) was compiled from the sets obtained previously for 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene and 1-methyl-, 1,2-dimethyl-, and 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene. The vibrational problem was solved using the scaled quantum mechanical force field (QMFF) and assignments of the vibrational frequencies of 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-bis(tert-butyl)cyclopropene were considered in comparison with the known assignments of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene and 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene. Assignments of four experimental IR bands of 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-bis(tert-butyl)cyclopropene given in the literature are suggested.

Cyclopropanes↗
PubMed2006

Alcohols and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate: how the nature of the Lewis acid catalyst may address the reaction to the synthesis of tert-butyl ethers.

The reaction between alcohols and Boc2O leads to the formation of tert-butyl ethers and/or Boc-alcohols, depending on the nature of the Lewis acid catalyst. Product distribution is mainly tuned by the anionic part of the salt. Perchlorates and triflates, anions with highly delocalized negative charge, give prevalent or exclusive ether formation. On the other hand, Boc alcohols are the main or exclusive products with un-delocalized isopropoxide or low-delocalized acetate ions. The metal ion influences only the reaction rate, roughly following standard parameters for calculating Lewis acidity. A reaction mechanism is supposed, and a series of experimental evidences is reported to support it. These studies allowed us to conclude that, to synthesize tert-butyl ethers, in reactions involving aliphatic alcohols, Mg(ClO4)2 or Al(ClO4)3 represents the best compromise between costs and efficiency of the reaction, while, in reactions involving phenols, Sc(OTf)3 is the best choice, since aromatic tert-butyl ethers are not stable in the presence of perchlorates.

Acids↗
PubMed2001

Synthesis of 2-alkyl- and 2-carboxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes via the lithiation of tetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene.

[reaction: see text]. Tetramethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene reacts readily with n-butyllithium to give a putative monolithiated intermediate that is substituted with alkyl halides and carbon dioxide to give in 60-75% yield conformationally mobile calix[4]arenes monosubstituted at the methylene bridge (2-position). 2-Alkyl- and 2-benzyl-substituted tetramethoxycalix[4]arenes are converted in 62-68% overall yield to the corresponding tetrahydroxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes by treatment with boron tribromide. The tetrahydroxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes exist in the cone conformation at room temperature in CDCl3 as judged by NMR spectroscopy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Tris(tert-butyl)phosphine selenide, the missing link in tris(tert-butyl)phosphine chalcogenide structures (t)Bu(3)P==X (X = O, S, Se, Te).

In tris(tert-butyl)phosphine selenide, C(12)H(27)PSe, all the methyl ligands are disordered over two sites in the ratio 70/30. The molecule displays crystallographic C(3) symmetry. The bond angles at the P atom are distorted tetrahedral [C--P--C 110.02 (5) degrees and Se==P--C 108.91 (5) degrees ]. The P--C and P==Se bond lengths are 1.908 (1) and 2.1326 (6) A, respectively. A comparison of the structural data of the complete series of tris(tert-butyl)phosphine chalcogenides ((t)Bu(3)PO, (t)Bu(3)PS, (t)Bu(3)PSe and (t)Bu(3)PTe) with the corresponding data of other phosphine chalcogenides substituted by smaller organic groups shows the great influence of the bulky tert-butyl ligands.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

tert-Butyl (6S)-4-hydroxy-6-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate and tert-butyl (4R,6S)-4-hydroxy-6-isobutyl-2-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate.

X-ray studies reveal that tert-butyl (6S)-6-isobutyl-2,4-dioxopiperidine-1-carboxylate occurs in the 4-enol form, viz. tert-butyl (6S)-4-hydroxy-6-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate, C14H23NO4, when crystals are grown from a mixture of dichloromethane and pentane, and has an axial orientation of the isobutyl side chain at the 6-position of the piperidine ring. Reduction of the keto functionality leads predominantly to the corresponding beta-hydroxylated delta-lactam, tert-butyl (4R,6S)-4-hydroxy-6-isobutyl-2-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate, C14H25NO4, with a cis configuration of the 4-hydroxy and 6-isobutyl groups. The two compounds show similar molecular packing driven by strong O-H...O=C hydrogen bonds, leading to infinite chains in the crystal structure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

5,5'-Di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-methylenedibenzaldehyde and 6,6'-di-tert-butyl-8,8'-methylenebis(spiro[4H-1,3-benzodioxin-2,1'-cyclohexane]).

Two related compounds containing p-tert-butyl-o-methylene-linked phenol or phenol-derived subunits are described, namely 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-methylenedibenzaldehyde, C(23)H(28)O(4), (I), and 6,6'-di-tert-butyl-8,8'-methylenebis(spiro[4H-1,3-benzodioxin-2,1'-cyclohexane]), C(35)H(48)O(4), (II). Both compounds adopt a 'butterfly' shape, with the two phenol or phenol-derived O atoms in distal positions. Phenol and aldehyde groups in (I) are involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the two dioxin rings in (II) are in distorted half-chair conformations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

(Mu-tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato)bis[(tetrahydrofuran)lithium(I)] and catena-poly[[bis(mu-tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato)dilithium(I)]-mu-dimethoxyethane]: solvent coordination as the structure-forming factor.

The title compounds, mu-(tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato-kappa2S:S)-bis[(tetrahydrofuran-kappaO)lithium(I)], [Li2(C12H27O3SSi)2(C4H8O)2], (I), and catena-poly[[bis(mu-tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato)-1:2kappa(2)S;1kappaS:2kappaS,O-dilithium(I)]-mu-dimethoxyethane-kappa2O:O'], [Li2(C12H27O3SSi)2(C4H10O2)]n, (II), were obtained by the reaction of tri-tert-butoxysilanethiol with metallic lithium. The crude product, when recrystallized from tetrahydrofuran (THF) yields (I), and when recrystallized from 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) gives (II). Compound (I) forms centrosymmetric dimers in the solid state with an Li2S2 central core, whereas (II) forms infinitely long chains, in which the centrosymmetric dimeric units are linked together by the bidentate DME ligand (also residing on an inversion centre), thus forming a coordination polymer. The formation of a one-dimensional structure in (II) is a consequence of replacement of a monodentate THF solvent molecule with a bidentate DME molecule.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

tert.-Butyl aminocarbonate (tert.-butyloxycarbonyloxyamine)--a new acylating reagent for amines.

tert.-Butyl amino carbonate (1, tert.-butyloxycarbonyloxyamine) was prepared by reaction of hydroxylamine with di-tert.-butyl dicarbonate (2). 1 was used to acylate different amino acids or amines in water or in aqueous dioxane. 1 was also prepared in situ and used to acylate amino acids directly. 1 reacted 1.5-2.5 times faster than 2 with all amines studied either in water or 50% (v/v) dioxane. Remarkably, 1 retained its ability to acylate amines even in acid solution; the rate of acylation of L-Phe at pH 6.5 (15 M-1 X min-1) was about 20% of the rate at pH 10 (72 M-1 X min-1). 2 was not an acylating reagent below pH 7.0 and as expected, the rate at pH 8.3 (4 M-1 X min-1) was about 10% of that at pH 9.3 (39 M-1 X min-1). Pure BOC-amino acids were obtained in high yield and could be quantitatively deprotected by standard procedures.

Acylation↗
PubMed1994

Contact allergy to 2-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl benzylalcohol and 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-tert-butylphenol, components of a phenolic resin used in marking pens.

2-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl benzylalcohol and 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-tert-butylphenol were identified as contact allergens in a phenolic resin used as a tackifier in the ink of a marking pen, which, after being used directly on the skin, caused an acute contact dermatitis on the hand of a 13-year-old boy. The patient also reacted to 4-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (BPF resin) 1% pet. included in the European standard series.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

1-(tert-butylthio)-1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylic acid derivatives. New reagents for the introduction of the S-tert-butylthio group into cysteine and cysteine derivatives.

The sterically hindered tert-butyl thiol reacts smoothly with azodicarboxylic acid derivatives only upon addition of catalytic amounts of sodium alcoholate, yielding crystalline and analytically well characterized 1-(tert-butylthio)-1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylic acid derivatives. These sulfur-activated reagents were found to be stable on storage and well suited as tert-butylthio carriers for the introduction of this thiol-protecting group on cysteine, cysteine derivatives and cysteine peptides; the related compounds are obtained in high yields.

Cysteine↗
PubMed2005

Methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-butyl alcohol degradation by Fusarium solani.

Fusarium solani degraded methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenated compounds from gasoline including tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). The maximum degradation rate of MTBE was 16 mg protein h and 46 mg/g protein h for TBA. The culture transformed 77% of the total carbon to 14CO2. The estimated yield for MTBE was 0.18 g dry wt/g MTBE.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2005

Sorption of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) to synthetic resins.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a widely used gasoline oxygenate. Contamination of MTBE and its major degradation product tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in groundwater and surface water has received great attention. However, sorption affinity and sorption mechanisms of MTBE and TBA to synthetic resins, which can be potentially used in removal of these contaminants from water, in passive sampling, or in enrichment of bacteria, have not been studied systemically. In this study, kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments (single solute and binary mixtures) on four synthetic resins were conducted. The sorption affinity of the investigated sorbents for MTBE and TBA decreases in the order Ambersorb 563>Optipore L493>Amberlite XAD4>Amberlite XAD7, and all show higher sorption affinity for MTBE than for TBA. Binary experiments with o-xylene, a major compound of gasoline as co-contaminant, imply that all resins preferentially sorb o-xylene over MTBE or TBA, i.e., there is sorption competition. In the equilibrium aqueous concentration (Ceq) range (0.1-139.0 mg/L for MTBE, and 0.01-48.4 mg/L for TBA), experimental and modeling results as well as sorbent characteristics indicate that micropore filling and/or some other type of adsorption process (e.g., adsorption to specific sites of high sorption potential at low concentrations) rather than partitioning were the dominant sorption mechanisms. Optipore L493 has favourable sorption and desorption characteristics, and is a suitable sorbent, e.g., in bacteria enrichment or passive sampling for moderately polar compounds. However, for highly polar compounds such as TBA, Ambersorb 563 might be a better choice, especially in water treatment.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Use of experimental design for the purge-and-trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of methyl tert.-butyl ether, tert.-butyl alcohol and BTEX in groundwater at trace level.

An efficient method for the simultaneous determination of methyl tert.-butyl ether, tert.-butyl alcohol, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers in groundwater by purge-and-trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Experimental design was used to investigate the effects of temperature of extraction, time of extraction and percentage of salt added to the water samples. Regression models and desirability functions were applied to find the experimental conditions providing the highest global extraction yield. Validation was carried out in terms of limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantitation (LOQ), linearity and precision. LOD values ranging from 2.6 to 23 ng l(-1) were achieved, whereas linearity was statistically verified over two orders of magnitude for each compound. Precision was evaluated testing two concentration levels. Good results were obtained both in terms of intra-day repeatability and intermediate precision: RSD% lower than 4.5% at the highest concentration and lower than 13% at the lowest one were calculated for intra-day repeatability. A groundwater sample suspected of contamination by leaking underground petroleum storage tanks was analysed and some of the analytes were detected and quantitated.

Benzene Derivatives↗
PubMed2003

Determination of methyl tert.-butyl ether and tert.-butyl alcohol in seawater samples using purge-and-trap enrichment coupled to gas chromatography with atomic emission and mass spectrometric detection.

A rapid and simple analytical method has been established for the determination of methyl tert.-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert.-butyl alcohol (TBA), in seawater. The method involves purge-and-trap enrichment followed by gas chromatographic (GC) determination. Two different detection systems have been compared: atomic emission detection (AED) and MS (selected ion monitoring mode). Validation parameters and possible matrix effects have been evaluated. The linearity and analytical precision was good with both methods, but limits of detection reached by AED (10 microg l(-1)) were not low enough to evaluate current environmental concentrations. GC-MS detection presented much better sensitivity [limits of detection (LODs) of 0.04 microg l(-1) for MTBE and 0.09 microg l(-1) for TBA] and selectivity, providing a more reliable determination. The analysis of samples collected from various marinas in the south of Spain (Almería and Málaga) showed, in all cases, detectable concentrations of MTBE that ranged from below LOD to 1842 microg l(-1), depending on the sampling point and time. TBA was also detected in some cases, with concentration levels that ranged from 400 to 600 microg l(-1). These preliminary results should be followed by monitoring programs in coastal waters, in order to establish real levels of presence of MTBE in our coasts and its possible effect on the marine environment.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2001

Anaerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA).

The potential for anaerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was investigated in laboratory incubations of sediments from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer and in aquatic sediments. The addition of humic substances (HS) stimulated the anaerobic degradation of MTBE in aquifer sediments in which Fe(III) was available as an electron acceptor. This is attributed to the fact that HS and other extracellular quinones can stimulate the activity of Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms by acting as an electron shuttle between Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms and insoluble Fe(III) oxides. MTBE was not degraded in aquifer sediments without Fe(III) and HS. [14C]-MTBE added to aquatic sediments adapted for anaerobic MTBE degradation was converted to 14CO2 in the presence or absence of HS or the HS analog, anthraquione-2,6-disulfonate. Unamended aquatic sediments produced 14CH4 as well as 14CO2 from [14C]-MTBE. The aquatic sediments also rapidly consumed TBA under anaerobic conditions and converted [14C]-TBA to 14CH4 and 14CO2. An adaptation period of ca. 250-300 days was required prior to the most rapid anaerobic MTBE degradation in both sediment types, whereas TBA was metabolized in the aquatic sediments without a lag. These results demonstrate that, under the appropriate conditions, MTBE and TBA can be degraded in the absence of oxygen. This suggests that it may be possible to design strategies for the anaerobic remediation of MTBE in petroleum-contaminated subsurface environments.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2001

High levels of monoaromatic compounds limit the use of solid-phase microextraction of methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-butyl alcohol.

Recently, two papers reported the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS)/Carboxen fibers to determine trace levels of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (tBA) in water. Attempts were made to apply this technique to the analysis of water samples containing high levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes (BTEXsTMBs) as would be expected at leaking underground storage tank sites. It was found that when the sample contained total aromatic compounds above 1 ppm, the response of the internal standards, deuterated MTBE and tBA, dropped by more than 65%. As this decrease in internal standard peak area was unacceptable, a static headspace method was used instead. This headspace method was used successfully to analyze groundwater from 670 monitoring wells at 74 service stations located in the northeast United States. In these monitoring wells, 30% of the samples contained total BTEXsTMBs above 1 ppm. If the SPME method was used to analyze these samples, dilution of more than 200 samples would be required to minimize the adverse matrix effect that high aromatic content had on the internal standard peak area.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2002

Cleavage of supercoiled DNA by horseradish peroxidase plus tert-butyl hydroperoxide is not due to tert-butylperoxyl radicals.

Two supercoiled (SC), double-stranded DNAs, pBR 322 and pUC 19, have been subjected to oxidative stress using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP + tert-butyl hydroperoxide (BOOH). HRP alone causes single-strand cleavage of these SC DNAs. Strand cleavage is enhanced substantially in the presence of commercial BOOH (which contains H(2)O(2)) but is, at best, only very slightly enhanced in the presence of pure BOOH. In the HRP/pure BOOH system, the DNA single-strand-scission which does occur appears to be due to a direct action of oxidized HRP. It is not due to tert-butylperoxyl radicals because strand-scision is not even retarded by 10 mM Trolox, an outstanding water-soluble trap for peroxyl radicals. The present results are congruent with our earlier conclusion [Paul, T., et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 4129] that neutral alkylperoxyl radicals produce little or no direct single-strand-scission in SC DNAs.

DNA Damage↗