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PubMed2002

Epidemiological study of the intestinal helminths of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) in central Italy.

Since 1995 the population of wild ungulates increased significantly in the "Parco provinciale dei Monti Livornesi" (Livorno, Tuscany, Central Italy). We studied the intestinal macroparasites of two hosts, the wild boar (Sus scrofa) and the mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon). In the case of wild boars we found a dominant parasite species, Globocephalus urosubulatus. For this parasite the frequency distribution of the number of parasites per host agrees with a negative binomial distribution. There is not a significant correlation between the age of the animals and the parasitosis. Furthermore the mean parasite burden of male and female wild boars does not differ significantly. In the case of mouflons we found a dominant parasite species Nematodirus filicollis with Trichuris ovis as codominant species.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical characterization of Kisselev nodules (ectopic lymphoid follicles) in wild boar (Sus scrofa L.).

This paper describes the histopathological features and cellular distribution of T lymphocytes (CD3), B cells (CD79), follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and macrophages (alpha-1-antitrypsin, lysozyme) in lymphoid aggregates (Kisselev nodules) found in the lung, kidney and liver of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). The distribution of immunoreactive cells, tested for antibodies, was similar to that found in the cortex of lymph nodes: lymphoid follicles with germinal centers mainly consisting of CD79+ B cells with sparse interfollicular tissue (CD3+ T lymphocytes). This finding and the association of these structures with helminthic infections suggests that local humoral immunity is central to the organism's response to parasitic challenge. The presence of follicular dendritic cells confirms the high degree of organization of these lymphoid-like structures. The role of other pathogenic factors and the induction of chronic inflammatory reaction in these ectopic lymphoid sites is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Complete nucleotide sequence of pig (Sus scrofa) mitochondrial genome and dating evolutionary divergence within Artiodactyla.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the pig (Sus scrofa) mitochondrial genome, containing 16613bp, is presented in this report. The genome is not a specific length because of the presence of the variable numbers of tandem repeats, 5'-CGTGCGTACA in the displacement loop (D-loop). Genes responsible for 12S and 16S rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 protein-coding regions are found. The genome carries very few intergenic nucleotides with several instances of overlap between protein-coding or tRNA genes, except in the D-loop region. For evaluating the possible evolutionary relationships between Artiodactyla and Cetacea, the nucleotide substitutions and amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes were aligned by pairwise comparisons of the pig, cow, and fin whale. By comparing these sequences, we suggest that there is a closer relationship between the pig and cow than that between either of these species and fin whale. In addition, the accumulation of transversions and gaps in pig 12S and 16S rRNA genes was compared with that in other eutherian species, including cow, fin whale, human, horse, and harbor seal. The results also reveal a close phylogenetic relationship between pig and cow, as compared to fin whale and others. Thus, according to the sequence differences of mitochondrial rRNA genes in eutherian species, the evolutionary separation of pig and cow occurred about 53-60 million years ago.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

Incidence and persistence of classical swine fever in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa).

Although veterinary authorities aim to limit persistence of classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar (Sus scrofa), to avoid potential transmission to pigs, factors influencing CSF transmission and persistence are not clearly understood. Here we analyse incidence and persistence in a CSF epidemic that occurred in the French Vosges Forest. Higher incidence was found in large forests compared to smaller isolated ones, being highest near the starting point of the epidemic, but poorly related to the local density. We hypothesize that the spatial and social structure of wild boar populations may be responsible for this variability of incidence over space. Persistence was highest near the starting point of the epidemic and where initial density was highest. We hypothesize that persistence was favoured by the abundance of young wild boar, itself encouraged by CSF. Our results allow us to propose management measures aimed at limiting CSF persistence.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1994

Lungworm and stomach worm infection in relation to body fat reserves and blood composition in wild boar (Sus scrofa).

Lung and stomach nematode burden was estimated in 8 juvenile and 12 adult wild boar (Sus scrofa), shot in The Royal Forestry 'Het Loo' between January 1988 and April 1989, in order to study whether body fat reserves or blood composition (i.e., nutritional status) is correlated with the parasite burden. Only bone marrow fat, the last fat reserve to be mobilized, showed a slight negative correlation with the stomach worm burden. Serum urea concentration, an indicator of severe undernutrition, was weakly correlated with the stomach worm burden in juvenile boars. These results suggest a relatively small impact of these parasites on animals with a lowered nutritional status. The burden of lungworms or stomach worms did not provide reliable information about the body condition of wild boar.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Pig beta-lactoglobulin I (Sus scrofa domestica, Artiodactyla). The primary structure of the major component.

beta-Lactoglobulins from pooled milk (Sus scrofa domestica) are isolated and characterized. The complete primary structure of the major beta-lactoglobulin component I is presented. The amino-acid sequence was elucidated by automated Edman degradation of tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide cleavage products in a liquid phase sequencer. The tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides were separated by reverse-phase (RP-2) or size exclusion (TSK 2000 SW) high performance liquid chromatography. Pig beta-lactoglobulin is composed of only 159 amino acids in contrast to other beta-lactoglobulins which contain 162 or 166 amino acids. Sequence alignment with previously sequenced beta-lactoglobulins was obtained by introducing two gaps at positions 115 and 151-152. Thus bovine beta-lactoglobulin A reveals 62 amino-acid substitutions. The phylogenetic distance from horse beta-lactoglobulin I and II is indicated by 49.4% and 62% amino-acid exchanges, respectively. Pig beta-lactoglobulin is a mixture of two chains with Gln or Thr at position 119. The free thiol group is localized at position 59. The structural and functional aspects of beta-lactoglobulins and its role in vitamin A (retinol) transport are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa).

Molecular and biological characteristics of a new species of Cryptosporidium from the feces of pigs (Sus scrofa) is described. Oocysts are structurally indistinguishable from those of Cryptosporidium parvum; they are passed fully sporulated, lack sporocysts, and measure 4.9-4.4 microm (mean = 4.6 microm) x 4.0-4.3 microm (mean = 4.2 microm); length to width ratio 1.1 (n = 50). Cryptosporidium suis is not transmissible to nude mice and is poorly infectious for cattle. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses at the 18S ribosomal RNA, heat shock protein 70, and actin gene loci demonstrate C. suis to be genetically distinct from all known species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium, and thus is named as Cryptosporidium suis.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Clinical examination of the blood of wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) naturally infested with parasites following administration of anthelminthics].

With 24 head of wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) of both sexes of the age of one to two years, kept in a game preserve and naturally infected with parasites of the species Mestastrongylus pudendotectus, M. elongatus, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, Ascaris suum, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Trichocephalus suis, Eimeria debliecki, and E. perminuta, three experiments were performed with feeds premedicated with anthelmintics: pyrantel tartrate + diethylcarbamazine tartrate (a dose of 25 + 50 mg kg-1 of live weight), Mebendazole 5 p. c. premix and Mebendazole 50 p. c. premix (doses of 10 mg kg-1 and 40 mg kg-1 of live weight) administered for three consecutive days. According to the results of the helminthological dissections the effectiveness of pyrantel tartrate + diethylcarbamazine tartrate reached from 58.1 to 100 p. c. compared with the different species of nematodes, Mebendazole 5 p.c. premix from 47.8 to 100 p. c., and Mebendazole 50 p. c. premix reached the effectiveness of 85.4 to 100 p.c with the mentioned therapeutic doses. The results obtained from a coprological investigation showed the effectiveness, in the case of pyrantel tartrate + diethylcarbamazine tartrate, of 99.2 and 70.65 p. c. on the sixth and fifteeenth day after application, in the case of Mebendazole 5 p. c. premix 94.4 and 79.41 p. c. on the tenth and twentieth day after application, and in the case of of Mebendazole 50 p. c. premix it amounted to 96.0 and 100 p. c. on the tenth and twentieth day after application. In 22 head of wild boars of the total number of examined animals the minimum, maximum, and average values of the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, of the hemoglobin content, of the hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, of the white blood count, of the protein total, of the fractions of albumin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulin, of the activity of SGOT and SGPT, and of the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were determined. The investigation was performed in the shortest possible time after the killing of the animals. In the examined values no marked deviations in 48 hours were found after the application had finished compared with the values determined in non-treated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Two proline-rich peptides from pig (Sus scrofa) salivary glands generated by pre-secretory pathway underlying the action of a proteinase cleaving ProAla bonds.

The primary structures of two salivary proline-rich peptides (PRP-SP-A, M 6156.0 amu and PRP-SP-B, M 1905.0 amu), from pig (Sus scrofa) were determined. The PRP-SP-B peptide, 21 residues long, overlaps with a sequence repeated 43 times in three deposited cDNAs coding for PRP proteins cloned from porcine parotid glands (Swiss-Prot codes: Q95JC9, Q95JD1, Q95JD0). PRP-SP-A peptide, 56 amino acid residues long, overlaps with the N-terminus repeats of Q95JC9 and Q95JD1 and it is phosphorylated at Ser 12 and 14. The two peptides were found both in whole saliva and in granules from pig parotid glands. The biosynthesis of the two peptides implies the action of a proteinase responsible for Pro downward arrow Ala cleavage in the pre-secretory process.

Alanine↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring of classical swine fever in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Slovenia.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious multi-systemic haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs. Not only domestic pigs, but also wild boar appear to play a crucial role in the epidemiology of CSF. Spleen (n = 739) and blood coagulum (n = 562) sampled from wild boars (Sus scrofa) shot in 2002, and serum samples from 746 wild boar shot in 2003 and 2004, were tested throughout Slovenia. In 2002, 17 samples were positive on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for antibodies against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Positive ELISA test was confirmed by a virus neutralization test. All other samples were negative. This is the first report that describes the epidemiology of CSFV from 2002 on, and the monitoring of the wild boar population in Slovenia at present.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The feral pig (Sus scrofa, Suidae) in Cocos Island, Costa Rica: composition of its diet, reproductive state and genetics].

Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) cause different kinds of damage specially on oceanic islands. Pigs were introduced at Cocos Island, Costa Rica, during 1793 and bred successfully. I analyzed feral pigs diet, reproductive state, genetics and the effects of predation, in order to gather data on their ecology and impact on certain Cocos Island communities. The diet was studied, during a dry and a wet period, through stomach contents. The genetic variability was determined through PCR analysis on tissue samples which were taken from feral (Cocos Island) and domestic (mainland) pig ear-lobes. Pigs at Cocos were omnivorous, the most important diet category in both seasons was fruits. More pigs consumed fruits during the wet season but the fruits did occupy more somuch volume during the dry season. Feral pigs did not disperse exotic seeds nor prey on animal endemic species. 56% of the hunted pigs were males and 44% were females. From females in reproductive age, 46% were pregnant or suckling, and the average number of fetuses in a litter was 4.4. I confirmed a reproductive peak during January/February but could not demonstrate a reproductive peak during June/July. The low fetuses number per litter could be related with some levels of stress. The genetic variability for all the evaluated parameters within the feral population was low but not as low as expected. I suggest a compensatory mechanism were the inbreeding depression reduces consanguinity and a species susceptible to stocastic, demographic or environmental factors turns to be an adapted species with high resilience.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Rhodanese distribution in porcine (Sus scrofa) tissues.

The enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate/cyanide sulfurtransferase) is an ubiquitous enzyme and its activity is present in all living organisms from bacteria to man. Evidence has been accumulated to indicate that this enzyme plays a central role in cyanide detoxification. A comparison was made of rhodanese activity in different tissues of young male and adult male and female pig (Sus scrofa). The highest activity of rhodanese was in liver and kidney cortex of all animals. Among the remaining tissues examined, the kidney medulla and the stomach epithelium tended to have higher levels than other tissues, although this was not significant (P>0.05). The rhodanese activity of heart ventricle tissue of 6-month-old male animals was higher than 7-week-old male animals (P<0.05), and 6-month-old male animals had higher rhodanese activity in lung tissue, compared to 6-month-old female pigs (P<0.05). Medulla and spleen of younger male animals exhibited higher levels of activity (P<0.10) compared to older male pigs. The results of this study may indicate the involvement of rhodanese in cyanide detoxification in pig tissues, which have greater potential to be exposed to higher levels of cyanide.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Comparative chromosome painting between the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) and two species of peccary, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and the white-lipped peccary (T. pecari): a phylogenetic perspective.

The Suidae and the Dicotylidae (or Tayassuidae) are related mammalian families, both belonging to the artiodactyl suborder Suiformes, which diverged more than 37 million years ago. Cross-species chromosome painting was performed between the domestic pig (Sus scrofa; 2n = 38), a representative of the Suidae, and two species of the Dicotylidae: the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu; 2n = 30) and the white-lipped peccary (T. pecari; 2n = 26). G-banded metaphase chromosomes of the two peccaries were hybridized with whole chromosome painting probes derived from domestic pig chromosomes 1-18 and X. For both peccary species, a total of 31 autosomal segments that are conserved between pig and peccary could be identified. The painting results confirm conclusions inferred from G-band analyses that the karyotypes of the collared peccary and the white-lipped peccary are largely different. The karyotypic heterogeneity of the Dicotylidae contrasts with the relative homogeneity among the karyotypes of the Suidae. For this difference between the Dicotylidae and the Suidae, a number of explanations are being postulated: 1) the extant peccaries are phylogenetically less closely related than is usually assumed; 2) the peccary genome is less stable than the genome of the pigs; and 3) special (e.g. biogeographical or biosocial) circumstances have facilitated the fixation of chromosome rearrangements in ancestral dicotylid populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genomic structure, promoter analysis, and expression of the porcine (Sus scrofa) Mx1 gene.

Allelic polymorphisms at the mouse Mx1 locus affect the probability of survival after experimental influenzal disease, raising the possibility that marker-assisted selection using the homologous locus could improve the innate resistance of pigs to natural influenza infections. Several issues need to be resolved before efficient large scale screening of the allelic polymorphism at the porcine (Sus scrofa) Mx1 locus can be implemented. First, the Mx1 genomic structure has to be established and sufficient flanking intronic sequences have to be gathered to enable simple PCR amplification of the coding portions of the gene. Then, a basic knowledge of the promoter region needs to be obtained as an allelic variation there can significantly alter absolute levels and/or tissue-specificity of MX protein expression. The results gathered here show that the porcine Mx1 gene and promoter share the major structural and functional characteristics displayed by their homologs described in cattle, mouse, chicken, and man. The crucial function of the proximal interferon-sensitive response elements motif for gene expression is also demonstrated. The sequence data compiled here will allow an extensive analysis of the polymorphisms present among the widest spectrum possible of porcine breeds with the aim to identify an Mx1 allele providing antiviral resistance.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Latency of the jaw-opening reflex in the premature, preweaning and adolescent pig (hanford strain miniature pig, Sus scrofa).

The jaw-opening (digastric) reflex was elicited by electrical stimulation of oral mucosa in miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) varying in age from 5 days premature to 101 days post-term. The latency of reflex electromyographic activity varied between 12-14 ms in the most immature animals and 9-11 ms in the oldest animals. The very long-latency digastric responses found in the immature young of nesting mammals were not seen in the relatively precocious young of this species.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Cloning, characterization and chromosomal localization of the Sus scrofa SLC31A1 gene.

Copper is an essential element necessary for normal function of numerous enzymes in all living organisms. Uptake of copper into the cell is thought to occur through the membrane protein, SLC31A1 (CTR1), which has been described in a variety of species including yeast, human and mouse. In this study, we present cloning, gene structure, chromosomal localization and expression pattern of the Sus scrofa SLC31A1 gene, which encodes a 189 amino acid protein. The (SSC) SLC31A1 gene is organized in four exons and spans an approximately 2.3 kb genomic region. We have localized the gene to chromosome 1q28-q2.13 using a somatic cell hybrid panel. This region shows conservation of synteny with human chromosome 9, where the human SLC31A1 (CTR1) gene has been localized. Expression studies suggest that SLC31A1 mRNA is transcribed in all tissues examined.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Load transmission in the nasofrontal suture of the pig, Sus scrofa.

The nasofrontal suture links the nasal complex with the braincase and is subject to compressive strain during mastication and (theoretically) tensile strain during growth of nasal soft tissues. The suture's ability to transmit compressive and tensile loads therefore affects both cranioskeletal stress distribution and growth. This study investigated the in vitro viscoelastic and failure properties of the nasofrontal suture in the pig, Sus scrofa. Suture specimens from two ages were tested in compression and tension and at fast and slow rates. In additional specimens, strain gauges were applied to the suture and nasal bone for strain measurement during testing. Relaxation testing demonstrated higher elastic moduli in tension than compression, regardless of test rate or pig age. In contrast, maximum elastic moduli from failure tests, as well as peak stresses, were significantly higher in compression than in tension. Sutures from older pigs tended to have higher elastic moduli and peak stresses, significantly so for tensile relaxation moduli. Strain gauge results showed that deformation at the suture was much greater than that of the nasal bone. These data demonstrate the viscoelasticity and deformability of the nasofrontal sutural ligament. The suture achieved maximal resistance to tensile deformation at low loads, corresponding with the low tensile loads likely to occur during growth of nasal soft tissues. In contrast, the maximal stiffness in compression at high loads indicates that the suture functions with a substantial safety factor during mastication.

Animals↗