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PubMed1996

A Markov regression model for nutritive sucking data.

We explore the relationship between nutritive sucking behavior and physiological status of premature infants. Conventional statistical methods are no longer adequate in this context due to the highly complex structure of nutritive sucking data. We describe sucking pattern by a binary time series and propose a Markov regression model that relates the transition probabilities of the Markov chain to time-dependent covariates through a logistic linkage function. The model is fit to data collected at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. The results are compared with those obtained from traditional data analysis.

Biometry↗
PubMed1997

Oral feeding in low birth weight infants.

To gain a better understanding of the development of sucking behavior in low birth weight infants, the aims of this study were as follows: (1) to assess these infants' oral feeding performance when milk delivery was unrestricted, as routinely administered in nurseries, versus restricted when milk flow occurred only when the infant was sucking; (2) to determine whether the term sucking pattern of suction/ expression was necessary for feeding success; and (3) to identify clinical indicators of successful oral feeding. Infants (26 to 29 weeks of gestation) were evaluated at their first oral feeding and on achieving independent oral feeding. Bottle nipples were adapted to monitor suction and expression. To assess performance during a feeding, proficiency (percent volume transferred during the first 5 minutes of a feeding/total volume ordered), efficiency (volume transferred per unit time), and overall transfer (percent volume transferred) were calculated. Restricted milk flow enhanced all three parameters. Successful oral feeding did not require the term sucking pattern. Infants who demonstrated both a proficiency > or = 30% and efficiency > or = 1.5 ml/min at their first oral feeding were successful with that feeding and attained independent oral feeding at a significantly earlier postmenstrual age than their counterparts with lower proficiency, efficiency, or both. Thus a restricted milk flow facilitates oral feeding in infants younger than 30 weeks of gestation, the term sucking pattern is not necessary for successful oral feeding, and proficiency and efficiency together may be used as reliable indicators of early attainment of independent oral feeding in low birth weight infants.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed2006

Eating in the absence of hunger: a genetic marker for childhood obesity in prepubertal boys?

OBJECTIVE: Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) may be a behavioral trait through which obesity-promoting genes promote positive energy balance. The primary aim of this study was to compare children born at high vs. low risk for obesity with respect to EAH at 5 years of age. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was an observational investigation of families enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Infant Growth Study. Five-year-old children born at high (N = 28) or low (N = 25) risk for obesity on the basis of maternal prepregnancy body weight were evaluated at a hospital-based laboratory. Children consumed 11 snack foods ad libitum after consuming an ad libitum dinner and reporting fullness. Parents reported on snack foods at home and their own eating styles. Nutritive sucking at 3 months of age was evaluated by computerized apparatus. RESULTS: EAH in high-risk boys (mean +/- standard error = 326 +/- 66 kJ] was more than twice that of low-risk boys (mean +/- standard error = 151 +/- 39 kJ), p = 0.03. Among girls, there was a trend for EAH to be associated with increased parental limitations on daughter snack food consumption at home (p = 0.06). EAH was unrelated to 3-month sucking behavior. DISCUSSION: Genes that promote childhood obesity may partially exert their influence through EAH, an effect that was limited to boys born at risk for obesity. The unique influences of genes and home environment on this trait should be disaggregated in subsequent studies.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral validation, precursors, and concomitants of picky eating in childhood.

OBJECTIVES: To validate the concept of parent-reported picky eating using objective, laboratory-based measures and to identify both child and parental precursors and concomitants of picky eating. METHOD: One hundred thirty-five infants were monitored from birth to 5.5 years. Behavioral measures of picky eating were obtained from standardized feedings at ages 3.5 and 5.5 years in the laboratory and at home. Child precursors were measures of infant sucking behavior; parental precursors were disinhibition of eating, restrained eating, body dissatisfaction, and body mass index. Parentally reported attitudes and behaviors thought to be related to pickiness and parental concomitants were taken from the Stanford Feeding Questionnaire. Child Temperament was assessed by the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS: Picky eaters ate fewer foods and were especially more likely to avoid vegetables. Picky girls decreased their caloric intake between ages 3.5 and 5.5, whereas all other children increased their caloric intake. None of the included parental precursors was significantly related to pickiness. Picky eaters demonstrated a different sucking pattern with fewer sucks per feeding session at weeks 2 and 4. Finally, picky children displayed more parent-reported negative affect than nonpicky children. CONCLUSIONS: Parentally reported picky eating is associated with a consistent pattern of inhibited and selective eating beginning in infancy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

An efficacy study of occupational therapy with high-risk neonates.

This single-subject research study with replication evaluated the effect of daily occupational therapy on the nutritive and nonnutritive sucking behaviors of three high-risk, premature infants. At the time of entrance into the study, the infants were 34 to 35 weeks old and were documented poor feeders. Treatment consisted of individual, multimodal sensory stimulation, with emphasis on proprioceptive and vestibular input, graded to the sensory needs of the infants. Movement components of the jaw and tongue during nutritive and nonnutritive sucking were measured during baseline and intervention phases to assess the infants' sucking ability. A comparison of testing results revealed that during intervention the total sucking scores improved significantly for two of the three infants and that rapid changes occurred in the oral-motor function of all three infants. The results of the study suggest that occupational therapy can improve the rate of development of sucking in the premature neonate. However, future research needs to be done to isolate the specific techniques of treatment that produce positive changes.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Prenatal development of NMDA receptor composition and function in trigeminal neurons.

The prenatal development of neural circuits for rhythmical oral-motor behaviors used for feeding is essential for the survival of the newborn mammal. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays a critical role in brainstem circuits underlying postnatal oral-motor behaviors. To understand a role for the NMDA receptor in the emergence of sucking behavior we conducted physiological and immunohistochemical experiments using fetal rats. Physiology experiments examined the development of the NMDA dose response of the brainstem circuit responsible for generating rhythmical trigeminal activity by recording trigeminal motor outputs using an in vitro preparation. The high dose of NMDA agonist bath application affected the mean cycle duration of rhythmical trigeminal activity (RTA) at both embryonic day (E) 18-19 and E20-21 in comparison with standard concentration of NMDA agonist. NMDA receptor immunohistochemistry studies, using antibodies directed against subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR3A and NR3B were performed to determine the prenatal regulation of NMDA subunits in trigeminal motoneurons (Mo5), and mesencephalic trigeminal neurons (Me5) between E17 to E20. In Mo5, NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR3A immunoreactivity was observed throughout the time frame sampled. NR3B immunoreactivity was not observed in Mo5 or Me5. In Mo5, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of NR2B immunoreactive neurons between E17 and E20, and a concurrent increase in the NR2A/NR2B ratio between E17 and E20. In Me5, NR1, NR2A and NR3A immunoreactivity was observed throughout the time frame sampled; a significant decrease in the percentage of NR2A immunoreactive neurons between E17 and E20, and NR3A immunoreactive neurons between E17 and E18 occurred. The timing of subunit changes between E17 and E18 is coincident with the prenatal emergence of rhythmical jaw movements, and in vitro rhythmical trigeminal activity, shown in earlier studies. Our data suggest that NMDA receptor plays an important role in the development and function of prenatal oral-motor circuits.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of non nutritive sucking on the behavioral state and physiological change in premature infants before feeding.

Premature infants display few behaviors that provide quantitative information about their maturational development, making it difficult to carry out appropriate care. This study was performed to investigate the effect of non-nutritive sucking on behavioral state and physiological changes in premature infants. They were selected from premature unit of Main University Hospital at Tanta city. Forty premature infants were divided into two groups, nonnutritive sucking and no non-nutritive sucking. Personal characteristics were obtained from medical records. Anderson Behavioral State Scoring Systems were used and observed four times daily. Physiological changes were noticed; temperature, heart and respiratory rates The present study revealed that the time spent in sleep states was decreased and time spent in awake states was increased, when compared to no non-nutritive sucking group (ONNS). There was Statistically significant differences within the two groups related to behavior states and physiological changes. The development of sucking reflex was accelerated among premature in the non-nutritive sucking group. They shift earlier to oral feeding and their discharge was earlier.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Maternal and neonatal behavior.

Maternal and neonatal behavior differs among food-producing mammals, and our management must reflect these differences. Sows will show more elaborate preparturient behavior than the other species as they attempt to build a nest that will last for several days. Because the nest is the focal point of maternal behavior for several days, the sow does not need to recognize her piglets until they are about 1 week of age. Although this facilitates the fostering of piglets between litters, the teat order developed by piglets during the first day or two makes it difficult for alien piglets to suckle when first fostered. Piglets are weaned at a relatively early age, and this results in conflict as neonatal behavior persists in an environment that requires better developed feeding patterns. Restrictions placed on ewes and cows by confinement at the time of parturition may result in their being unable to select an appropriate birth site. Our management must accommodate these needs by providing sites that are protected from the harsh environment and also allow separation from the rest of the flock. This is particularly important for ewes bearing multiple young, for lambs frequently become separated from the ewe while she is caring for another lamb. Both cows and ewes must be allowed to bond to their offspring soon after birth if they are to provide adequate maternal care. Fostering in these species involves manipulation of identifying stimuli to overcome the dam's ability to recognize her own young shortly after birth. Suckling problems, due to pendulous udders on cows and multiple lambs in sheep, may require attention by the stockman shortly after birth. Weaning does not result in major behavioral problems in sheep or beef cattle that are weaned after the young are consuming solid feed on a regular basis. Dairy calves, which are initially weaned onto milk replacer at a very early age, may develop inappropriate sucking behaviors that persist beyond weaning onto a solid diet. Despite our growing knowledge of maternal and neonatal behavior, mortality among piglets, lambs, and calves is still high. However, many of the most recent findings have yet to be incorporated into management procedures or standard practice. As this occurs, we should be able to reduce losses of young animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Digit-sucking: a review of the literature, clinical observations and treatment recommendations.

Prolonged digit-sucking habits can have a negative impact on dental, speech, physical and emotional development. Children can be helped to eliminate their sucking habits quickly, without coercion, and in a positive way. Admittedly, most of my data is based purely on clinical observation. However, clinical observation is the basis for classical scientific investigation. I welcome this investigation; it is long overdue. Much of the literature available to parents appears to take a rather cavalier attitude with regard to the dental consequences of sucking habits. Parents are frequently left with the impression that no harm is done to the teeth. This perspective is based on the assumption that most children stop the sucking behavior before permanent teeth erupt into the mouth. Therefore, any dental malocclusion in the primary teeth will often be transitional or will spontaneously self-correct. However, as demonstrated by Kelly, et al (1973), millions of children do not discontinue their sucking habits before permanent teeth erupt. In addition, stress levels in today's world are probably significantly greater than when this study was done. Because stress is a powerful stimulus for the sucking activity, it is highly probable that if a similar study were done today, it would produce a substantially greater number of individuals with prolonged sucking habits. The active pursuit of insurance benefits for the Certified Orofacial Myologist providing therapy for the elimination of these habits will be germane to prevention. Research is needed to accomplish this goal including: investigation of the incidence of prolonged digit-sucking habits; the impact of these habits on the entire stomatognathic system, speech development and emotional health; efficacy of treatment (including psychological response) both through the utilization of habit appliances and motivational therapy. The Certified Orofacial Myologist provides many valuable therapeutic programs to enhance dental and speech development. In the words of our president, Marge Snow at the 25th Anniversary of the founding of The International Association of Orofacial Myology, "we are morally and ethically challenged with making this treatment available to everyone". Roberta Pierce (1988) in her paper, "Treatment For The Young Child" wrote, "The overall goal is to create as normal an environment as possible so as to facilitate normal growth and development." The early elimination of digit-sucking habits is one of the most important therapeutic services offered by the Certified Orofacial Myologist because it provides the most benefit toward prevention and the well-being of the whole person. Treatment after the pathology is fully developed is invasive, not cost-effective and does not provide as good a clinical result. Little mouths deserve a big chance to grow healthy and straight.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Antenatal olfactory learning influences infant feeding.

The aim is to know whether antenatal olfactory learning have a greater effect than postnatal olfactory learning on infant feeding even in the absence of triggering signals. We evaluated the sucking behavior of infants completely separated from their mothers for 10-14 days since birth. The 12 infants admitted to Chiba Children's Hospital were studied at 10-14 days of age. Oral feeding was initiated at 4-7 days of age. The sucking and expression pressures, frequency, and sucking efficiency were measured during bottle-feeding with exposure to odors of mother's milk, formula, and water. The mother's milk odor elicited more frequent sucking with higher expression pressure than did formula or water. In conclusion, the odor preferences acquired independently from postnatal experience may have a greater effect than postnatal olfactory learning on sucking activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of non-nutritive sucking on nutritive sucking, breathing, and behavior during bottle feedings of preterm infants.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prefeeding non-nutritive sucking (NNS) on breathing, nutritive sucking (NS), and behavioral characteristics of bottle feeding. SUBJECTS: The convenience sample was composed of 10 preterm infants who were 33 to 40 weeks postconceptual age (PCA) at the time of the observation. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover; each infant was observed twice during the first 48 hours of bottle feeding. METHODS: Ten preterm infants received NNS before 1 bottle feeding and served as their own control at a second bottle feeding. Sucking was measured using a chin strain gauge and breathing was measured with a nasal thermistor. Behavioral characteristics included behavior state, measured using the Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) behavior state scale, and feeding efficiency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of NS (number of suck bursts, sucks/burst, suck burst length) and breathing (number of breath bursts, breaths/burst, breath burst length), as well as behavior state during bottle feedings and feeding efficiency (percent of prescribed formula consumed, formula consumed/minute of feeding). PRINCIPAL RESULTS: NS waves were smoother and more regular than NNS waves. Time to onset and duration of the first non-nutritive suck burst were positively correlated with time to onset for the first nutritive suck burst. Prefeeding NNS had no statistically significant effect on characteristics of breathing or on any other characteristics of NS. Behavioral state during feedings and feeding efficiency were not affected by prefeeding NNS. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the use of prefeeding NNS did not affect NS, breathing during feeding, or select behavioral characteristics of feeding.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1992

A study on the ecological habit of Armigeres subalbatus in Dawa area of the Mengshan Mountain in Shandong Province.

Armigeres subalbatus (A.s.) was reported in Shandong Province for the first time in 1965 and found in five counties of south Shandong including Pingyi, Linyi etc. in 1986. In Dawa area of the Mengshan mountain A.s. alults could be found in the first ten days of May, which increased in number in July, and become the dominant species in mosquito colonies in Aug. and Sept., then decreased gradually in number in Oct. and disappeared in Nov. There were two peaks of activity and blood-sucking behavior during the 24 hours of a day, one at dusk and the other at dawn. When the temperature dropped to 16 degrees C and below in the last ten days of Oct., the wigglers began their diapause period. The survival ratio reached 90.5% after 12 h freezing at -5 degrees C and none survived after 60 hours freezing. When the temperature rose to 17 degrees C and above the over-winterting larvae developed into adults, which could suck blood only at the temperature above 17.5 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Olfactory bulbectomy and nursing behavior in rat pups (Wistar DAB).

To determine whether bilateral olfactory bulbectomy led to a change in nursing behavior, and thus death, we bilaterally bulbectomized (BX) pups from 14 litters at 2, 7, and 11 days of age. Litters treated on Days 2 and 7 consisted of 3 BX pups, 2 surgical control (SC) pups, and 2 handling control (HC) pups. Litters treated on Day 11 consisted of 1 or 2 BX, 1 or 2 incompletely bulbectomized pups (IBX), 2 SC pups, and 2 HC pups. These litters and 3 additional nontreated litters were observed on Days 4,7,10,13, and 16. A smaller number of BX pups survived through Day 10 than SC, HC, IBX, and nontreated pups. Differential treatment of the BX pups by females or littermates was not found. The females' mammary glands were functional but the BX pup stomachs had little or no milk. The BX pups spent less time nursing and more time away from the female and their littermates than did the other pups.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of dopamine and kappa opioid receptors on fetal responsiveness to perioral stimuli.

Opioid ligands or drugs that act on dopaminergic pathways effect changes in the motor behavior of near-term rat fetuses. In this study, selective manipulation of kappa opioid and D1 DA receptors was used to investigate opioid and dopamine involvement in mediating the behavioral effects of milk infusion. Milk reduced expression of the fetal facial wiping response to a tactile probe, and this effect was blocked by the kappa antagonist nor-binaltorphimine as well as the D1 antagonist SCH-23390. Administration of either the kappa agonist U50,488 or the D1 agonist SKF-38393 mimicked the effects of milk and reduced fetal responsiveness to the probe in the absence of milk infusion. Administration of nor-binaltorphimine reversed the effects of SKF-38393 and resulted in a high incidence of the wiping response. However, administration of SCH-23390 did not reverse the low incidence of facial wiping induced by U50,488. These findings suggest that milk modulates activity at dopamine receptors, which in turn promotes activity at kappa receptors of the opioid system to bring about changes in cutaneous responsiveness in the fetal rat.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed2006

Odontocete suction feeding: Experimental analysis of water flow and head shape.

The role of cranial morphology in the generation of intraoral and oropharyngeal suction pressures in odontocetes was investigated by manipulating the jaw and hyolingual apparatus of submerged heads of three species presenting varied shapes. Hyoid and gular muscles were manually employed to depress and retract the tongue. Pressures were recorded at three locations in the oral cavity, as gape and site, speed, and force of pull were varied. A biomechanical model was also developed to evaluate pressure data. The species with the shortest, bluntest head and smallest mouth opening generated greater negative pressures. Suction generation diminished sharply as gape increased. Greatest negative pressures attained were around -45 mmHg (-6,000 Pa), a magnitude deemed suitable for capture of small live prey. Odontocetes utilizing this bidirectional flow system should profit by evolution of a rounder mouth opening through progressive shortening and widening of the rostrum and jaws, a trend evident in cranial measurements from fossil and recent odontocetes. Blunt heads correlate with anatomical, ecological, and behavioral traits associated with suction feeding. Small-gape suction (with minimally opened jaws) could be used by odontocetes of all head and oral shapes to draw prey sufficiently close to the mouth for suction ingestion or grasping via dentition. Principal limitations of the experimental and mathematical simulations include assumption of a stationary odontocete with static (open or closed) jaws and potential scaling issues with differently sized heads and gapes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of ethyl alcohol on behaviour in nursing female mice.

Effects of administering 10% ethyl alcohol as drinking fluid to mice during pregnancy and lactation have been examined by ethological analysis of behaviour of nursing females in their home cages at 1 day, 5--7 days, and 12--14 days postpartum. The treatment with alcohol did not affect gestation period or litter size, and fluid intake of treated mice remained similar to that of controls, the average intake of alcohol amounting to 29 mg/g body weight during lactation. Increase in frequency of exploration at 1 day postpartum was the only significant behavioural effect of alcohol on the nursing female mice. Duration of Non-Social Behaviour was unaltered, and no effects of the treatment on Maternal Behaviour or on Social and Sexual Investigation of male partners could be demonstrated. Behaviour of nursing females changed with increase in age of their pups. This occurred to a similar extent in treated and control animals. Maternal and Non-Social Behaviours declined in frequency as the pups became older although the time spent in these behaviours remained fairly constant. Social Investigation of the male partner declined both in frequency and duration while females were nursing their pups.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Behavioral effects of hashish in mice. II. Nursing behavior and development of the sucklings.

Adult mice were treated from parturition to weaning of their first litter with a hashish extract containing 40% delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), 45% cannabidiol, 9% cannabinol, and 6% other cannabinoids. Oral administrations of 20 mg delta 9-THC/kg three times a week decreased the weight gain of pups from days 3-6 and 6-10 significantly, resulting in about 15% lower body weights on days 6 and 10 compared with control sucklings. Other parameters of development such as the general appearance of the pups were little affected, except for a slight tendency by day 13, when some additional control pups already had both eyes open. The effects of hashish in sucklings might be caused by drug intake with mother's milk, as well as by a decreased lactation of drugged dams. In addition, our pup retrieving tests at the day 3, 1.5-2 h after the second application of hashish extract, showed a decrease in the mother's locomotive and nonsocial activities and pointed to at least transient impairment of the maternal behavior. By day 10, after the fifth administration of hashish extract, a partial tolerance occurred, with normal care for the young, but still decreased nonsocial activities of the drugged dams. Thus our experiments showed distinct effects of cannabis on mice litters when the parents were drugged postnatally during the period of lactation only.

Aggression↗