Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Stifle”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the rat stifle joint after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament and partial medial meniscectomy.

Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced in the rat stifle joint by partial medial meniscectomy (PMM) and transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). At 10 weeks after destabilization, joint morphologic and pathologic changes were observed, scored, and compared. The intact rat stifle joint was observed in a mid-saggital plane. Articular cartilage of the distal portion of the femur and proximal portion of the tibia had thicker and thinner sites, and the thicker sites were located caudally on the distal portion of the femur and centrally on the proximal portion of the tibia. The two separate triangular portions of the medial meniscus observed in the mid-saggital plane contained a center of ossification in the cranial portion and fibrocartilage in the caudal portion. The synovium was one to three cells thick, and contained rare inflammatory cells. Although lesions were more severe in stifles after PMM, both treatments produced OA lesions that closely simulated OA lesions of other species. Lesions consistent with idiopathic OA included chondrocytic clones with increased metachromasia around them, chondrocytic death, loss of metachromasia, fibrillation, fissuring, erosion of articular cartilage, osteophyte formation, and variable synovial inflammation. The results indicate that PMM and CCL transection in the rat are useful in vivo models for study of the etiopathogenesis of OA and therapeutic efficacy of anti-arthritic drugs and treatment concepts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the effect of 99mTc-DPD and 99mTc-MDP on experimentally-induced osteoarthritis in the stifle joint of the dog.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 99mTechnetium-dicarboxypropane diphosphonate (99mTc-DPD) and 99mTechnetium-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) on bone scan image quality and time in dogs with osteoarthritis. The left cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) in ten healthy adult Beagle dogs was transected under general anesthesia. The dogs were assigned to 99mTc-DPD-injected or 99mTc-MDP-injected groups. Stifle joint scintigraphy was performed after intravenous injection of 10 mCi 99mTc-DPD or 99mTe-MDP. Scintigraphy was conducted before CrCL transection and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after the procedure. There were no significant differences in density, sensitivity and pathological foci between the 99mTc-DPD and 99mTc-MDP groups of experimentally-transected CrCL dogs. A comparison of the images obtained with Pinhole type and low energy general purpose type collimators of the stifle joint of normal dogs and after CrCL transaction revealed no significant differences in bone radioactivity. Scintigraphs were obtained 3 h after 99mTc-MDP and 2 h after 99mTc-DPD injection. In conclusion, application of 99mTc-DPD and 99mTc-MDP in experimentally-induced osteoarthritis of the stifle joint in dogs results in similar effects on radioactive uptake ratio and image quality. 99mTc-DPD is more efficient than 99mTc-MDP in reducing the overall time of scintigraphy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament of the stifle in dogs: 25 cases (1982-1988).

Partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament was diagnosed in 25 dogs. In all dogs, the primary problem at the time of physical examination was hind limb lameness. The mean time from initial onset of lameness to diagnosis at exploratory surgery was 17 weeks. A cranial drawer sign was detected in 13 of the 25 dogs; in 9, the cranial drawer sign was evident only when the stifle was positioned in flexion. Of the 25 dogs, 12 had no detectable cranial drawer sign in response to manipulation of the involved stifle. In all dogs, lateral stifle arthrotomy was performed in routine manner, and the cranial cruciate ligament was found to be incompletely torn. Lesions identified during arthrotomy were rupture of the craniomedial band (n = 20 dogs), interstitial tear (n = 4 dogs), and rupture of the caudolateral band (n = 1 dog).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Location of the instantaneous center of joint rotation in the normal canine stifle.

Locations of 3 instantaneous centers of joint rotation (ICR) were found in the stifles of 6 healthy dogs. A novel algorithm, verified by computer simulation, was used to determine ICR from radiographs. Comparisons of ICR locations were made between flexion and extension, between left and right limbs, and between living and dead dogs, using analysis of variance. All stifles were examined for evidence of lesions, but all were normal. The normal location of the ICR in the stifle is near the joint surface, indicating that there is a predominantly rolling type of motion. As the limb flexes, the ICR moves caudally; as the limb extends, the ICR moves cranially. Significant differences in ICR position were not found between left and right limbs or between living and dead dogs. The average ICR position was significantly more caudal during extension than it was during flexion. Knowing the normal ICR position is a preliminary to diagnosing joint abnormalities, using the ICR.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fibular head transposition for repair of cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog.

Fibular head transposition (FHT) was introduced as a surgical technique to reconstruct the cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog. Surgically moving the fibular head into a cranial position alters the orientation of the lateral collateral ligament, thereby preventing cranial drawer motion and minimizing internal rotation of the tibia. The technique was found to be safe, mechanically sound, and clinically effective. Comparison of clinical results for this technique with those for the fascial strip technique (using a uniform grading system) demonstrated an overall superior performance of FHT. Factors found to adversely influence clinical results were heavy body weight and meniscal damage. The interval between stifle injury and reconstructive surgery or the presence of associated osteoarthritic disease bore no relationship to clinical outcome. It was concluded that the clinical performance after FHT was equal or superior to other surgical methods for reconstructing the cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle.

The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle were compared. Survey radiography, contrast arthrography, and arthroscopy were performed on both stifles of 10 horses. Nine of the horses were euthanatized to evaluate the effects of the techniques on the joints. Techniques for double-contrast arthrography and arthroscopy were developed, and the findings were compared. Survey radiography identified only osseous structures. Double-contrast arthrography of the femoropatellar joint demonstrated articular surfaces of the trochlea, patella, and joint capsule. Those of the femorotibial joint defined the medial meniscus but not the lateral meniscus. On arthroscopy of the femoropatellar joint, intra-articular structures could be readily visualized. In the femorotibial sacs, structures were more difficult to identify. Gross examination of the stifle joint at necropsy revealed no overt effects of arthroscopy.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of intra-articular chlorhexidine diacetate lavage on the stifle in healthy dogs.

Eight dogs were determined to be orthopedically normal on the basis of prelavage physical examination, stifle radiography, synovial fluid analysis, and force plate analysis (peak vertical force normalized for body weight, and time on the force plate). Each dog had 1 stifle randomly assigned to be lavaged with 100 ml of a commercially available 0.05% (w/v) chlorhexidine diacetate solution, and the contralateral stifle was lavaged with lactated Ringer's solution. Difference was not detected between the chlorhexidine diacetate and lactated Ringer's solution-treated joints, with regard to results of synovial fluid analysis and clinical lameness evaluations on days 4 and 8 after lavage. Chlorhexidine diacetate caused a more intense synovitis than did lactated Ringer's solution, as determined by histologic evaluation of synovial membrane specimens after necropsy on day 8; however, a difference in the intensity of toluidine blue staining of articular cartilage was not found between treatments. Chlorhexidine diacetate, as a 0.05% (w/v) solution, cannot be recommended as a joint lavage fluid until the duration of inflammatory changes in the synovial membrane are determined or until the chemical constituents of chlorhexidine diacetate causing the synovitis can be identified and removed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental Stifling: an emerging symptom pattern.

"Developmental Stifling" is a term recently developed by us to denote a symptom pattern observed in a variety of clinical practice sites. The purpose of our paper is to define developmental stifling and compare this recently identified condition with Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. A case example of developmental stifling is provided, as well as recommendations for early identification and treatment.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

Determination of the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas. SAMPLE POPULATION: 88 limbs from 22 llamas necropsied because of reasons unrelated to disease of the carpus; tarsus; or metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, or stifle joints. PROCEDURE: 1 compartment (randomly assigned) of each joint was injected with blue latex solution. Communication between joint compartments was determined by observation of latex in adjacent compartments following frozen sectioning. RESULTS: Of the 44 carpi, 30 (68%) had anatomic separation between the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints, whereas the remaining 14 (32%) had communication between the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints. In the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints, medial and lateral joint compartments remained separate in 83 of 88 (94%) joints injected. The tibiotarsal and proximal intertarsal joints communicated in all tarsi examined, whereas 14 of 38 (37%) communicated between the proximal intertarsal and distal intertarsal joints. Communication between the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints was detected in 17 of 25 (68%) specimens; all 4 tarsal joints communicated in 11 of 42 (26%) specimens examined. Examination of 33 stifle joints that were successfully injected revealed communication between the femoropatellar, medial femorotibial, and lateral femorotibial joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data suggest that it is important to determine the joint communications specific to each llama prior to treatment of septic arthritis. The metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint compartments may be considered separate, although the lateral and medial compartments infrequently communicate along the proximal palmar or plantar aspect.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Absence of an osseous patella and other observations in Macropodidae stifle.

The patella is a large sesamoid bone that typically develops in the tendon of insertion of the large extensor muscles of the stifle joint. Although present in almost all species of mammals and birds, it has been found to be absent in the red kangaroo and two wallaby species (family Macropodidae). In its place is a fibrocartilage pad, located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This structure is visible grossly, is palpable, and has the form normally expected of a bony patella. In addition, the femoral trochlea is shallow and asymmetric, and the lateral gastrocnemius sesamoid is unusually prominent. These and other related modifications in the area of the Macropodidae stifle are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effect of medial meniscectomy and coronal plane angulation on in vitro load transmission in the canine stifle joint.

The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro load transmission characteristics of the canine stifle joint, paying particular attention to the positioning effect of the meniscus in the coronal plane. The intact joint was first loaded, and then tested under two different loading conditions after a complete medial meniscectomy. The first set of test conditions attempted to simulate those used by previous investigators, by ignoring the spacer effect of the meniscus and not repositioning the joint after its removal. The second set of tests was carried out after the joint was repositioned in the coronal plane to allow initial contact to occur in both tibiofemoral compartments. It is presumed that this occurs subsequent to a meniscectomy in vivo, following the application of any weight-bearing load. As with previous investigators, it was found that after meniscectomy the joints produced slightly larger displacements and lower stiffnesses than when intact (no significant differences from intact). However, repositioning the meniscectomized joint produced markedly smaller displacements (35-49%, p less than 0.01) and greater stiffnesses (47-123%, p less than 0.05) over the range of forces analyzed, compared with the intact joint. The ratio of dissipated to input energy was 42% for the intact joint, and rose following meniscectomy to 54% (p less than 0.05) with repositioning and 55% (p less than 0.05) without repositioning. Measured contact area decreased by 17% (p less than 0.05) following meniscectomy alone, and by 12% (p less than 0.05) following meniscectomy with repositioning. Since repositioning of the joint subsequent to meniscectomy (accounting for the loss of the meniscal spacer) resulted in an increase in structural stiffness, it was concluded that the medial meniscus decreases the structural stiffness of the intact stifle joint. In addition, the meniscus has a role in elastic energy storage and increasing contact area. This study is intended to serve as a baseline comparison for future in vivo studies on meniscectomy, meniscal repair, and meniscal replacement, in addition to more fully elucidating the mechanism of load transmission. A model is presented to explain both the decrease in stiffness after meniscectomy without repositioning and the increase in stiffness after meniscectomy with repositioning, employing linear springs of unequal length and different stiffnesses. After removal of the softer meniscal element and allowing joint approximation to occur, loading of the stiffer articular element results in an initially stiffer preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Perlecan displays variable spatial and temporal immunolocalisation patterns in the articular and growth plate cartilages of the ovine stifle joint.

Perlecan is a modular heparan sulphate and/or chondroitin sulphate substituted proteoglycan of basement membrane, vascular tissues and cartilage. Perlecan acts as a low affinity co-receptor for fibroblast growth factors 1, 2, 7, 9, binds connective tissue growth factor and co-ordinates chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification and vascular remodelling during skeletal development; however, relatively little is known of its distribution in these tissues during ageing and development. The aim of the present study was to immunolocalise perlecan in the articular and epiphyseal growth plate cartilages of stifle joints in 2-day to 8-year-old pedigree merino sheep. Perlecan was prominent pericellularly in the stifle joint cartilages at all age points and also present in the inter-territorial matrix of the newborn to 19-month-old cartilage specimens. Aggrecan was part pericellular, but predominantly an extracellular proteoglycan. Perlecan was a prominent component of the long bone growth plates and displayed a pericellular as well as a strong ECM distribution pattern; this may indicate a so far unrecognised role for perlecan in the mineralisation of hypertrophic cartilage. A significant age dependant decline in cell number and perlecan levels was evident in the hyaline and growth plate cartilages. The prominent pericellular distribution of perlecan observed indicates potential roles in cell-matrix communication in cartilage, consistent with growth factor signalling, cellular proliferation and tissue development.

Aggrecans↗
PubMed2006

COL-3 inhibition of collagen fragmentation in ruptured cranial cruciate ligament explants from dogs with stifle arthritis.

Inhibition of collagen fragment generation in canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) explant cultures by the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor (6-demethyl)-6-deoxy-4-dedimethylamino tetracycline (COL-3) was studied. Cranial cruciate ligament specimens were collected from dogs with inflammatory stifle arthritis/CCL rupture and dogs with normal stifles. Explant cultures from each CCL specimen included one COL-3 treated explant and a baseline control; explants from 12 ruptured CCLs were prepared in triplicate and a protease inhibitor cocktail positive control was used. Explant supernatants were analyzed for generation of collagen fragments after two days. Treatment of ruptured CCL explants with 10(-4)M COL-3 decreased generation of collagen fragments. The extent of this inhibition was increased in explants treated with a protease inhibitor cocktail. Generation of collagen fragments was increased in ruptured CCLs, when compared with intact CCLs. It is concluded that generation of collagen fragments was increased in pathological ruptured CCL explants. This degradation could be significantly inhibited in vitro by 10(-4)M COL-3.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Surgical diseases of the feline stifle joint.

Although stifle disease is seen less frequently in cats than in dogs, accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are important to restoring joint function. The prognosis for return of function after all but the most severe stifle injuries in cats is good if proper surgical technique is used and adequate postoperative restrictions are enforced.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Intra-articular stifle fractures and arthrodesis.

This article presents the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of fractures involving the stifle joint, including distal femoral, proximal tibial, and patellar fractures. Traditional and innovative diagnostic and surgical techniques are discussed. The indications and techniques for stifle arthrodesis are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Stifle injuries in cattle.

Lameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint may be difficult to diagnose and treat. This article describes anatomic considerations and the diagnostic procedures necessary to accurately evaluate the bovine stifle joint. The emphasis is toward obtaining a diagnosis based on physical examination and simple diagnostic procedures in field situation. Specific treatments and/or management alternatives for cattle with various ligament injuries (cranial cruciate rupture, collateral ligament injuries), or with luxated patella, upward fixation of the patella, septic arthritis, and subchondral bone cysts are described. Current knowledge of the prognosis after various treatments is presented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of 5 types of fishing material, 2 sterilization methods, and a crimp-clamp system for extra-articular stabilization of the canine stifle joint.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mechanical properties of 5 types of fishing material, 2 sterilization methods, and a commercially designed crimp-clamp system for the extra-articular repair of the canine stifle joint. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Animals were not used in this study. METHODS: Two brands of monofilament nylon fishing line and 3 brands of monofilament nylon leader line were used to determine the effect of steam and ethylene oxide sterilization on strength and elongation of the material. A strand of 36-kg test monofilament nylon fishing material was wrapped around 2 rods or knotted to form a loop around 2 rods on a materials-testing machine. Ten trials of each brand of unsterilized, steam-sterilized, and ethylene oxide-sterilized fishing material were tested. A strand of each material was elongated to failure at a constant displacement of 1,000 mm/min to determine strength. A strand of each material was cycled 10 times to a load of 50 N to determine percent elongation. The brand of fishing material with the greatest strength and least elongation was crimped to form a loop around 2 rods on a materials-testing machine and tested as described above. ANOVA was used to determine the effect of sterilization method, brand of material, knot, wrap, and crimp on strength and elongation of the material, and a post-hoc t test was used when significant differences were found. A Student t test was used to compare fixation techniques (wrap, knot, and crimp). RESULTS: Sterilization by steam or ethylene oxide had no significant effect on the strength of the nylon fishing material. Steam sterilization resulted in significant increases (2- to 4-fold) in elongation of most nylon fishing material when compared with unsterilized material. Ethylene oxide sterilization had minimal effect on elongation of the fishing material. Mason leader line showed no significant change in strength or elongation regardless of sterilization method. Significantly less strength and significantly less elongation were demonstrated in Mason leader line that was crimped as compared with Mason leader line that was knotted. CONCLUSION: Ethlylene oxide was the preferred method of sterilization to preserve strength and minimize elongation of the fishing material. Of the materials tested, Mason leader line had the least elongation and the greatest preservation of strength when ethylene oxide was used as the sterilization method. Mason leader line and Sufix fishing line were comparable choices when steam was used as the sterilization method. Significantly less elongation was demonstrated in crimped Mason leader line as compared with knotted Mason leader line. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Of the materials tested, Mason leader line and Sufix fishing line had the best mechanical properties for extracapsular stabilization of the canine stifle joint. Crimping is an attractive alternative to knotting and results in a reduction in elongation of the nylon fishing material.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Observer variability of tibial plateau slope measurement in 40 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints.

OBJECTIVE: To determine (1) the inter- and intraobserver variability in measurement of tibial plateau angle (TPA), (2) whether this inter- and intraobserver variability is related to the characteristics of the dog (age, size, and amount of degenerative joint disease [DJD]) and the experience level of the observer, and (3) the extent of any relationship between interobserver variability of TPA and the variability of the observers' selection of the specific cranial and caudal points along the tibial plateau. STUDY DESIGN: Examination of tibial radiographs of 40 dogs clinically affected with a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle joint. METHODS: Eleven different observers, divided into 3 groups based on their level of experience with the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) technique, measured the TPA on all 40 radiographs on 5 different occasions. The degree of DJD present in the stifle joint was independently graded as an overall measure and then again as it specifically related to the cranial and caudal points along the tibial plateau. The total observed variabilities of the TPA were assessed with reference to interobserver differences, intraobserver differences, and among the groups of observers with respect to the different dog characteristics. Finally, the specific points selected on the radiographs were reexamined to determine whether any variability was present in cranial and caudal point selection. RESULTS: The interobserver standard deviation of the TPA measurements for each dog was 0.8 degrees, and the intraobserver standard deviation was 1.5 degrees. The TPA measurements obtained by the 11 observers differed significantly from each other (P <.001); however, there was no significant difference of TPA among the different groups of observers (P =.67). There was no significant correlation observed between either the inter- or intraobserver variability and the dog characteristics. Specific point data and their relationship to the various variables of dog characteristics and inter- and intraobserver TPA variability revealed significant correlations only to the amount of DJD present at the caudal point (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interobserver variation, but no significant group variation, was present. Overall DJD did not appear to be related to the variability in TPA angle measurement. Most of the interobserver variability was attributable to variability in horizontal point selection at both the cranial and caudal points and vertical point selection at the caudal point. It appears that degenerative changes that specifically obscure the points on the tibial plateau, especially at the caudal point, are responsible for most of the interobserver variation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The desired postoperative TPA of 5 degrees is dependent on a precise initial measure of TPA preoperatively. This study indicates that there is statistically significant interobserver variability with measurement of TPA, which, therefore, can result in a similar amount of variability with the final tibial plateau slope obtained postoperatively.

Animals↗