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PubMed1994

The effects of spray-dried blood meal on growth performance of the early-weaned pig.

A total of 1,956 weanling pigs were used in five experiments to evaluate spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) in starter pig diets. In Exp. 1, 432 weanling pigs (initially 6.9 kg BW and 21 d of age) were used to evaluate different protein sources in the d 7 to 28 postweaning diet. Pigs were fed a control diet containing 5% select menhaden fish meal or diets with 3.88% spray-dried porcine plasma, 2.49% SDBM (porcine), 5.74% soy protein concentrate, 5.74% moist extruded soy protein concentrate, or L-lysine.HCl and DL-methionine replacing select menhaden fish meal on an ideal protein basis. Pigs fed diets containing the spray-dried blood products had higher (P < .06) mean ADG than pigs fed the other protein sources. In Exp. 2, 744 weanling pigs (initially 5.8 kg BW and 21 d of age) were used to determine the effects of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% SDBM (bovine) in the d 7 to 28 postweaning diet. Pigs fed increasing SDBM had greater (quadratic, P < .01) ADG and improved gain:feed ratio (G/F). Inflection point analysis projected optimum ADG and G/F at 1.9% SDBM. In Exp. 3, 216 weanling pigs (initially 10.9 kg BW and 42 d of age) were used to determine the effects of 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% SDBM (bovine) in the d 21 to 42 postweaning diet. Pigs fed increasing SDBM had decreased (linear, P < .05) ADG and G/F. In Exp. 4 and 5, 144 and 180 weanling pigs (initially 5.3 and 6.2 kg BW and 24 and 21 d of age, respectively) were used to evaluate either 2.5% spray-dried porcine, spray-dried bovine, or flash-dried bovine blood meal (Exp. 4) or 2.5% spray-dried bovine or spray-dried avian blood meal (Exp. 5). Pigs fed diets containing the spray-dried blood meals had improved ADG and G/F (P < .01) compared with pigs fed flash-dried blood meal. However, no differences (P > .10) were observed among treatments when pigs were fed spray-dried blood meals from different species. We conclude that spray-dried bovine, porcine, and avian blood meal are effective protein sources in starter pig diets (d 7 to 28 postweaning). However, SDBM is not necessary in the diets of older pigs (d 21 to 42 postweaning) for maximum growth performance.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Effects of ethanol to water ratio in feed solution on the crystallinity of spray-dried lactose.

In the present study, the effects of ethanol to water ratio in feed solution on the physical properties of spray-dried alpha-lactose monohydrate were evaluated. Crystallinity of the spray-dried lactose was determined by isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Water content of the spray-dried lactose was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and the surface area was evaluated by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. The crystallinity of spray-dried lactose varied from 0% to 100%, depending on the ratio of ethanol to water in the feed solution. Lactose spray dried from pure ethanol was 100% crystalline and contained hydrate water. Lactose spray dried from pure water was 100% amorphous. The feed solution substantially affected the ratio of surface water to hydrate water, as the content of surface water increased and hydrate water decreased, while the crystallinity of spray-dried lactose decreased. Surface area of the spray-dried lactose increased as a function of amorphous content.

Calorimetry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of benzyl benzoate as oil core on the physicochemical properties of spray-dried powders from polymeric nanocapsules containing indomethacin.

To prepare spray-dried powders of poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA) or poly-epsilon-caprolactone (P epsilonC) from colloidal suspensions containing indomethacin (IND) using benzyl benzoate (BnB), nanocapsules (NC) were prepared by nanoprecipitation. To select the best NC formulations, increasing drug concentrations were tested (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg/mL). The particle size was measured by Nanosizer. Spray-dried powders (SDP) were prepared by addition of Aerosil 200 into suspensions of NC. IND was assayed by HPLC. Free IND was determined using an Ultrafree. NC-SPD were examined under SEM. The particle sizes of all formulations are in the sub-300 nm range and are IND-associated, with drug recovery close to 100%. After 1 month, the formulations with highest drug content (2.0 mg/mL) showed a decline of total quantity of IND. After spray-drying, IND recovery for SDP presented values above 100%, indicating that the drug was concentrated from loss of mass during the process. To verify the relationship of oil phase with this loss of mass, similar NC (IND 1.5 mg/mL) prepared with Miglyol 810 (MI) were spray-dried, and SEM analysis showed nanostructures adsorbed onto SiO2. Similar nano-structures were not visualized for NC samples prepared with BnB. A swelling experiment showed the complete dissolution of both polymer by the BnB, whereas for MI the polymer masses remained unchanged. In conclusion, BnB is a solvent for PLA and P epsilonC and this ester is entrained during spray-drying. Despite the use of BnB in formulations of NC, PLA, or P epsilonC, colloidal suspensions prepared with BnB could be micelles instead of nanocapsules.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2006

Spray-dried propolis extract. I: physicochemical and antioxidant properties.

The effect of spray drying on the chemical and biological properties of alcoholic extract of green propolis was investigated. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in spray-dried propolis extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the dry extract was assessed by the membrane lipid peroxidation inhibition method, using quercetin as reference. The polyphenol content was shown to depend on the drying air outlet temperature and its square at the 0.5% significance level, while the flavonoid content depended only on the square of the outlet temperature at the 5% significance level. Polyphenol and flavonoid recovery after spray-drying ranged from 45.1 to 54.9% and 30.6 to 40.8%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the spray-dried propolis was shown to be affected by the extract feed rate and air outlet temperature at a significance level of 0.1%. The spray-dried propolis extract showed significant antioxidant activity, with 50% lipid peroxidation inhibition at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 microg/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect of co-spray drying with polyethylene glycol 4000 on the crystallinity and physical form of lactose.

The effect of spray drying lactose alone and in the presence of polyethylene glycol 4000 was investigated. Lactose was added to distilled water to give concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40g/100ml at room temperature and each spray dried in turn. Identical samples were prepared to which polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 was added (12% by weight of lactose) prior to spray drying. Microcalorimetric and X-ray diffraction studies showed that spray drying lactose solutions produced completely amorphous material due to rapid solidification during the spray drying process, whereas lactose suspensions yielded partially crystalline products due to crystalline material that remained in suspension. However, all the PEG/lactose (12%w/w) co-spray dried products were found to be crystalline. It can be inferred that the solidification rates of the lactose in the presence of PEG must have been slower than that of lactose alone which allowed PEG and lactose to crystallize. The PEG/lactose products that were spray dried from solution consisted of alpha-anhydrous, alpha-monohydrate, beta-lactose and PEG extended chain polymorph, whereas those formed from suspension PEG/lactose samples consisted of only alpha-anhydrous, alpha-monohydrate and extended chain PEG crystals. PEG probably caused the more concentrated lactose suspensions to crystallize slowly due to the strong hydrogen bonding between PEG and water, which allowed growth on the alpha-lactose seed crystals.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compressed biodegradable matrices of spray-dried PLGA microspheres for the modified release of ketoprofen.

A spray-drying technique was used to prepare poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) drug loaded microspheres. Ketoprofen was chosen as a model NSAID drug. The microspheres were characterized in terms of morphology, drug content and release behaviour. The spray-dried particles were subject to a direct compression process for the preparation of biodegradable matrix tablets. The spray-dried powders were found to have good compaction properties. Tablets were also prepared from a mixture of microspheres and microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or sodium alginate. The release of ketoprofen in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was significantly sustained, indicating the suitability of using tabletted spray-dried PLGA microspheres for controlled drug delivery. The results show that spray-dried PLGA particles have promising properties as direct compression and release controlling excipients in matrix tablets for oral administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Spray-drying of proteins: effects of sorbitol and trehalose on aggregation and FT-IR amide I spectrum of an immunoglobulin G.

An immunoglobulin G (IgG) was spray-dried on a Buchi 190 laboratory spray-dryer at inlet and outlet air temperatures of 130 and 190 degrees C, respectively. The IgG solution contains initially 115 mg/ml IgG plus 50 mg/ml sorbitol. After dialysis, at least 80% of low molecular weight component was removed. After spray-drying the dialyzed IgG and immediate redissolution of the powder, an increase in aggregates from 1 to 17% occurred. A major shift towards increase beta-sheet structure was detected in the spray-dried solid, which, however, reverted to native structure on redissolution of the powder. A correlation between aggregation determined by size exclusion chromatography and alterations in secondary structure determined by Fourier transformation infra-red spectroscopy could not therefore be established. On spray-drying a non-dialyzed, sorbitol-containing IgG only some 0.7% aggregates were formed. The sorbitol is therefore evidently able to stabilize partially the IgG during the process of spray-drying. Addition of trehalose to the liquid feed produced quantitatively the same stabilizing action on the IgG during spray-drying as did the sorbitol. This finding again points towards a water replacement stabilization mechanism. The IgG spray-dried powder prepared from the dialyzed liquid feed showed continued substantial aggregation on dry storage at 25 degrees C. This was substantially less in the non-dialyzed, sorbitol-containing spray-dried powder. Addition of trehalose to both dialyzed and non-dialyzed system produced substantial improvement in storage stability and reduction in aggregate formation in storage. The quantitative stabilizing effect of the trehalose was only slightly higher than that of the sorbitol. Taken together, these results indicate that both the sorbitol and trehalose stabilize the IgG primarily by a water replacement mechanism rather than by glassy immobilization. The relevance of this work is its questioning of the importance of the usually considered dominance of glassy stabilization of protein in dried systems of high glass transition temperature, such as trehalose. The low glass transition temperature sorbitol produces almost equal process and storage stability in this case.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Characterisation of surface modified salbutamol sulphate-alkylpolyglycoside microparticles prepared by spray drying.

There were three aims of this work: (1). to study the suitability of spray drying to prepare surface modified microparticles coated with alkylpolyglycoside surfactants (for potential use in metered dose inhalation systems, although their use is not reported here); (2). to assess the utility of inverse phase gas chromatography (IGC) as a means of assessing the surface properties of modified microparticles; and (3). to attempt to relate dynamic surface tension measurements with the ability for a molecule to diffuse to a surface during spray drying. Microparticles of salbutamol sulphate-alkylpolyglycosides were prepared by spray drying from solution and then characterised using scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis (laser diffraction) and inverse gas chromatography. Further to this, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the dynamic surface tension of alkylpolyglycosides were measured. Spray drying a solution of salbutamol sulphate with alkylpolyglycosides produced spherical amorphous microparticles with a diameter of less than 10 microm. The analysis of the surface energies of spray dried salbutamol sulphate showed that the addition of alkylpolyglycosides, at concentrations below and above their CMC, decreases substantially the basic component of the surface energy. This demonstrates that it is possible to sequentially modify the surface energy of the particles. Dynamic surface tension measurements of the alkylpolyglycosides above their CMC showed that the surfactant that has the least effect on the surface energy of the particles, presents the slowest diffusion in water. This may indicate that the diffusion of this particular molecule in water may be too slow to allow the surfactant to migrate to the surface of the microparticle during the drying process. IGC can be useful to analyse the surface energy of the particles after spray drying in order to assess the presence of the surfactant on the surface of the microparticles.

Albuterol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

beta-Glucuronidase activity following complex coacervation and spray drying microencapsulation.

The objective was to develop a microencapsulation process suitable for the controlled release of an active protein drug. beta-glucuronidase was selected as a model protein and a combination of complex coacervation (gelatin/sodium alginate, gelatin/acacia and albumin/acacia) and spray drying was investigated. Coacervates were either spray dried or glutaraldehyde crosslinked to form microcapsules. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol were investigated as potential coacervate enhancers and stabilizers. beta-glucuronidase/polymer mixtures were spray dried to determine any polymer protective effects on protein activity. A BUCHI 190 Spray Drier was used, beta-glucuronidase activity was determined using a Sigma Kit and microcapsule particle size was measured by Accusizer analysis (light blockage). All non-crosslinked coacervates investigated, with the exceptions of albumin/acacia and albumin/acacia/beta-glucuronidase/PVP, were unsuitable for spray drying as they rapidly phase separated and blocked the spray drier nozzle. beta-glucuronidase activity in the albumin/acacia coacervates approximated to 99% prior to and 80% following spray drying. This can be compared to activities of approximately 30% and 68% when spray dried alone and with albumin, respectively, and of 18% in albumin/acacia microcapsules crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Microcapsule particle size was affected by coacervation pH, additives and spray drying. In vitro beta-glucuronidase release was biphasic, with an initial burst release followed by a zero order release phase and continued over the 12 day study period. In conclusion, the spray drying albumin/acacia/PVP method described is useful for the preparation and collection of controlled release microcapsules with minimal loss of beta-glucuronidase activity.

Acacia↗
PubMed2004

Encapsulation of shiitake (Lenthinus edodes) flavors by spray drying.

Powdery encapsulation of shiitake flavors, extracted from dried shiitake, was investigated by spray drying. Flavor retention increased with an increase in drying air temperature and solid content, and decreased with an increase in dextrose equivalents of maltodextrin. A heat-treatment of the extract liquid made the lenthionine concentration increase, but did not influence the concentrations of the other flavors. The formation of lenthionine with heat-treatment could be described by the consecutive unimolecular-type first order reaction. Lenthionine content in a spray-dried powder prepared with the heated extracted liquid significantly increased. alpha-Cyclodextrin was the most suitable encapsulant of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins to prepare the spray-dried powder, including lenthionine. The flavor retentions were markedly increased by using of alpha-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin in combination as an encapsulant.

Capsules↗
PubMed2004

Particle formation and capture during spray drying of inhalable particles.

An investigation of the spray drying process is made in great detail regarding particle formation and capture efficiency with focus on the production of inhalable particles. Mannitol was spray dried as model substance and the spray-dried products were characterized. The resulting products consisted of smooth spheres with a volume median diameter of 2.2-5.5 microm, and narrow size distributions. The investigation was performed in pilot scale of sufficient size to draw general conclusions and make some recommendations. It has been shown that the size of particles is decreased when the feed concentration is decreased, the nozzle gas/feed flow mass ratio increased, and the droplet size decreased. The collection efficiency of the cyclone device used in this study was shown to have a cut-off of 2 microm, i.e., 50% of the particles less than 2 microm are not captured. The data reported indicate that the majority of the single particles formed here, <5 microm, arise from single droplets (of about 10 microm) and are solid, nonporous particles.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2002

Effects of spray-dried animal plasma in milk replacers or additives containing serum and oligosaccharides on growth and health of calves.

The effects of spray-dried animal plasma in milk replacer without or with the addition of additives containing fructooligosaccharides and spray-dried serum on health, growth, and intake of Holstein calves was measured in two 56-d experiments. In experiment 1, 120 calves were fed milk replacer containing 0 or 20% of crude protein as spray-dried bovine plasma for 42 d and 30 to 60 g/d of additives containing whey protein concentrate or bovine serum for the first 15 d. Commercial calf starter was available from d 29, and water was available at all times. In experiment 2, 120 calves were fed milk replacer containing 0 or 16% of crude protein as spray-dried bovine plasma with 0 or 30 to 60 g/d of additive containing bovine serum for the first 15 d. Additive containing bovine serum also contained fructooligosaccharides, whey, and vitamin/mineral premix. In experiment 1, calves fed additive containing bovine serum tended to have fewer days with diarrhea, lower use of electrolytes, and improved BW gain from d 29 to 56. The addition of spray-dried bovine plasma to milk replacer did not influence any parameter measured. In experiment 2, calves fed additive containing bovine serum or milk replacer containing spray-dried bovine plasma had lower mortality (4.4 vs. 20%) and tended to have improved fecal scores and fewer days with scours. Antibiotic use was lower when calves were fed the additive. Indices of enteric health (incidence of scours and treatment with antibiotics and electrolytes) were improved when plasma was added to milk replacer throughout the milk feeding period or as an additive during the first 15 d of the milk feeding period, when calves were most susceptible to enteric pathogens. The addition of spray-dried animal plasma to milk replacer or the addition of additive containing spray-dried bovine serum and oligosaccharides may be a useful adjunct to animal management during periods of stress.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Caffeine microparticles for nasal administration obtained by spray drying.

This study investigated the possibility to use spray drying technique to prepare powders formulations containing caffeine intended for nasal delivery. Spray dried powders containing caffeine and excipients, as filler and shaper agents, were prepared. Powders were investigated for particle size, morphology and delivery properties from Monopowder P nasal insufflator, assessing the influence of each excipient on microparticles characteristics. The results showed that the excipients strongly affected microparticle properties. Size, shape and agglomeration tendency are relevant characteristics of spray dried nasal powder.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1991

Optimization of spray-dried and -congealed lipid micropellets and characterization of their surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy.

Lipid micropellets prepared from glycerides and phospholipids may be a physiological drug carrier system for improving the intestinal absorption of lipophilic drugs. They can be prepared by spray-drying and spray-congealing processes. In this study, formulation and optimization parameters of spray-dried and -congealed lipid pellets in the micro- and nanometer size were investigated. The rapid evaporation of solvents from the droplets, which in turn causes a rapid solidification, influenced the crystalline structures of spray-dried glycerides. Moreover, solvents, the chain length, and the type of lipids and drugs used in the formulations of spray-dried micropellets affected the surface morphology of the micropellets. In contrast to the variations of the surface structure of spray-dried micropellets, formulated spray-congealed micropellets possessed smooth surface properties. The surface morphology and microstructure of both types of micropellets were characterized by SEM.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1991

Tablet formulation study of spray-dried sodium diclofenac enteric-coated microcapsules.

Sodium diclofenac enteric-coated microcapsules were prepared by a spray-drying technique with Eudragit L 30D as enteric-coating material. The spray-dried powder, mixed with neocel or flo-starch, or the mixture of neocel and flo-starch (weight ratio, 1:1) was directly compressed into a tablet. The micromeritic properties of the spray-dried powder and the mixed powder for tableting were investigated. The flowability of the spray-dried powder was poor but improved after incorporating the excipients. The release rates of sodium diclofenac from the spray-dried powder, the mixed powder before tableting, and the tablets were determined in 0.1 N HCl solution, pH 6.8, phosphate buffer solution, distilled water, and pH-changed medium. The results indicated that the spray-dried powder, the mixed powder before tableting, and the tablets all exhibited enteric-coated release properties; these powders and tablets showed some resistance to stimulated gastric acid and then released drug more rapidly in pH 6.8 buffer solution. The weight ratio of neocel to flo-starch plays an important role in controlling the release of sodium diclofenac from enteric tablets. The 1:1 weight ratio of neocel to flo-starch was more suitable for designing the microdispersed sodium diclofenac enteric-coated tablets.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2003

The effect of protective agents on the stability of plasmid DNA by the process of spray-drying.

The effect of several protective agents was assessed on the stability of spray-dried plasmid DNA. The spray-drying process had adverse effects on the tertiary structure of plasmid DNA with the protective agents of sucrose, glycine and agarose. With the protection of these noncondensing agents, a band corresponding to the linear form of plasmid DNA was observed in the gel electrophoresis between the supercoiled circular (SC) form and the open circular (OC) form. On the contrary, spray-dried plasmid DNA maintained some degree of structural integrity under the protection of condensing agents. For the protection by neutral condensing polymers, such as polyethylene glycol 1000 and 4000, no linear form between the SC form and the OC form of plasmid DNA was revealed in the gel electrophoresis. Also, excess cationic condensing polymer, polyethyleneimine, had the ability to provide the plasmid DNA with protection from degradation as indicated by the preservation in SC and OC forms of plasmid DNA on the agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, DNA topology was unchanged after six-month storage at 4 degrees C by the protection of these neutral and cationic condensing agents. Accordingly, DNA condensation induced by condensing agents may provide a way to minimize damage to plasmid DNA by the process of spray drying.

DNA↗
PubMed2002

Influence of manufacturing process on tabletting ability of powder: comparison between blending, grinding, and spray drying of two formulations made of theophylline and lactose/cellulose or Cellactose.

Three manufacturing processes were applied to two formulations composed of 20% anhydrous theophylline associated with either 20% microcrystalline cellulose and 60% lactose or 80% Cellactose. The processing method (dry blending, grinding, or spray drying) and the formulation were investigated through the comparison of the physical and flow characteristics and the compactibility of the end products. The results demonstrated that the formulation had a major effect on the mechanical properties, with binary blends exhibiting a higher resistance than ternary ones, whereas flow properties and densification depended on the process. Nevertheless, it was also observed that spray drying decreased the difference between the mechanical properties of the two formulations, probably by modifying the texture of the Cellactose in suspension.

Bronchodilator Agents↗
PubMed2003

The effect of spray drying solutions of bendroflumethiazide/polyethylene glycol on the physicochemical properties of the resultant materials.

The physicochemical properties of co-spray dried bendroflumethiazide (BFMT)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 composites were investigated. The co-spray dried composites produced from all BFMT/polymer solutions were amorphous. BFMT/PEG 4000 10 and 20% systems consisted of smooth spherical particles approximately 0.5-4mm in diameter. Spray drying resulted in no significant production of the main BFMT degradant, 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-disulphamoylaniline (TFSA), and for composites consisting of 90% PEG 4000 by weight of total solids, spray drying appeared a superior method of production than the melt method which resulted in significant BFMT degradation. All BFMT/PEG compressed discs showed initial increased release of BFMT compared to discs of micronised BFMT alone, with the spray dried BFMT/PEG 4000 10% system showing initial rates two to three times that of BFMT alone. The physical stability of amorphous BFMT was reduced on inclusion of PEG 4000, recrystallisation occurring more quickly with increasing amount of PEG 4000 in the composites. PEG in the co-spray dried systems appeared to degrade on storage and recrystallised samples failed to show the presence of PEG by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) or GPC. DSC results were consistent with BFMT/PEG forming a eutectic combination rather than a monotectic system.

Bendroflumethiazide↗