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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Case-based tutoring from a medical knowledge base.

The past decade has seen the emergence of programs that make use of large knowledge bases to assist physicians in diagnosis within the general field of internal medicine. One such program, Internist-I, contains knowledge about over 600 diseases, covering a significant proportion of internal medicine. This paper describes the process of converting a subset of this knowledge base--in the area of cardiovascular diseases--into a probabilistic format, and the use of this resulting knowledge base to teach medical diagnostic knowledge. The system (called KBSimulator--for Knowledge-Based patient Simulator) generates simulated patient cases and uses these cases as a focal point from which to teach medical knowledge. This project demonstrates the feasibility of building an intelligent, flexible instructional system that uses a knowledge base constructed primarily for medical diagnosis.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge-based understanding of radiology text.

A data acquisition tool which will extract pertinent diagnostic information from radiology reports has been designed and implemented. Pertinent diagnostic information is defined as that clinical data which is used by the HELP medical expert system. The program uses a memory-based semantic parsing technique to 'understand' the text. Moreover, the memory structures and lexicon necessary to perform this action are automatically generated from the diagnostic knowledge base by using a special purpose compiler. The result is a system where data extraction from free text is directed by an expert system whose goal is diagnosis.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A feature dictionary supporting a multi-domain medical knowledge base.

Because different terminology is used by physicians of different specialties in different locations to refer to the same feature (signs, symptoms, test results), it is essential that our knowledge development tools provide a means to access a common pool of terms. This paper discusses the design of an online medical dictionary that provides a solution to this problem for developers of multi-domain knowledge bases for MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System). Our Feature Dictionary supports phrase equivalents for features, feature interactions, feature classifications, and translations to the binary features generated by the expert during knowledge creation. It is also used in the conversion of a domain knowledge to the database used by the MEDAS inference diagnostic sessions. The Feature Dictionary also provides capabilities for complex queries across multiple domains using the supported relations. The Feature Dictionary supports three methods for feature representation: (1) for binary features, (2) for continuous valued features, and (3) for derived features.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1992

EMSA: a SAAM service for the estimation of population parameters based on model fits to identically replicated experiments.

This paper presents a new technique for the aggregation of models to produce population parameter estimates based on a set of identically replicated experiments. After describing the theoretical basis for the technique we discuss tactical and strategic issues associated with its implementation in the SAAM software. Finally, we demonstrate its utility in the aggregation of models fitted to four simulated experiments.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

On the use of a general-purpose CAD program for molecular graphics.

It is suggested that general-purpose computer-aided design software can be of good use in producing high-quality molecular graphics. Such software is often widely available. Besides being an alternative to existing programs, hard copy creation is facilitated by this approach.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1988

CAPA--Computer Aided Pesticide Analysis. Computer program for the automated evaluation of chromatographic data for residue analysis of foods.

Pesticide residue analysis in food by means of gas chromatography with columns of different polarity and several selective detectors provides the analyst with a great number of chromatographic data. The introduction of personal computer based chromatographic data systems into research laboratories increased the efficiency of information management and organization; user designed software packages now have direct access to the stored data. The computer program CAPA (Computer Aided Pesticide Analysis) was developed for the interpretation and evaluation of chromatographic results. The program is written in TURBO PASCAL 3.0 and consists of several subprograms. In the main database all pesticides are filed in a multidimensional structure. The various subprograms have access to this catalog of retention and response data. Using the subprogram INTERPRET, which is the core of CAPA, the analyst is provided with all information necessary to interpret a gas chromatogram: identification of calibrated pesticides and estimation of their concentration. Automated screening analyses can be evaluated with the subprogram AUTOINTERPRET, an automated of INTERPRET that uses all relevant information stored in the data base. A report is produced containing the pesticides found in the sample and proposals how to confirm them best with the equipment and methods available. Finally the analyst has to make the decision about the probable presence and quantity of the indicated pesticides and to project the next confirmatory step by using INTERPRET.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1991

Optical sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction of diploid and polytene nuclei.

To build a coherent picture of mitosis and cell fates during blastoderm and through the complex movements of gastrulation, it will be important to localize and follow several markers simultaneously in live specimens, ideally in 3D, using high-resolution, specific, noninjurious staining and observation procedures. The study of early Drosophila development has already profited from the use of fluorescent labeling and low-light-level imaging of live embryos using a CCD camera. Chromosomes in fixed samples have been labeled using DNA-specific dyes, making the pattern of mitotic patches visible. In vivo, 3D microscopy of fluorescently tagged chromosomes, in conjunction with computerized image processing, has permitted the first direct cell lineage analysis in the early Drosophila embryo. Moreover, the techniques adapted to study Drosophila development have been used for analysis of Drosophila chromosome structure, mitosis, and cell cycle, and are general enough to be applied to a myriad of problems in cell biology. "Optical sectioning" has always been used to scrutinize everything from onion roots to frog eggs, focusing up and down through the specimen, with the observer's brain responsible for the image processing. However, the volume of raw data generated by the high-resolution approach detailed above requires the use of sophisticated and adaptable computer systems to analyze and organize the results. Software designed to extract information from these complex images, either automatically or through an interactive approach, will become essential tools for cell and developmental biology. The brain of the experimenter remains the most important component in any image-processing system, but the support of technology will be essential.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cancer screening and immunization quality assurance using a personal computer.

Using a personal computer and custom-designed software as part of a quality assurance (QA) program dramatically improved the performance of health maintenance in a community hospital outpatient clinic. Previously health maintenance interventions were prompted by a simple review of the records. The computer program tracks each patient encounter with the clinic, recording the dates of immunizations, cancer screenings, and other health maintenance interventions performed by the physician responsible for the patient's care. When indicated, the computer prompts the physician to perform a health maintenance intervention. This system is an inexpensive and acceptable means of promoting and teaching health maintenance in an outpatient hospital clinic.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1985

Correlation of continuous wave Doppler velocities with cardiac catheterization gradients: an experimental model of aortic stenosis.

The purpose of this study was to use a canine preparation of experimental aortic stenosis to compare estimates of pressure gradient derived from continuous wave Doppler ultrasound with gradients measured directly by catheterization. Aortic stenosis was created in six mongrel dogs by placing an elastic band around the aorta. Eighty-eight different pressure gradients, ranging from 5 to 160 mm Hg, were produced by variable tightening of the aortic band. Pressure gradients were measured by micromanometer-tipped catheters placed in the left ventricle and aorta. Doppler spectral signals were simultaneously obtained using a 2.0 MHz nonimaging transducer placed directly on the surface of the ascending aorta. Doppler and pressure recordings were analyzed using a custom-designed software program to measure maximal instantaneous, mean and peak to peak gradients, as well as ejection and acceleration times. Maximal instantaneous Doppler gradient showed an excellent linear correlation with maximal instantaneous catheterization gradient (r = 0.98, SEE = 5.3 mm Hg). The correlation of Doppler-estimated maximal gradient to peak to peak catheterization gradient was also linear (r = 0.97, SEE = 6.2 mm Hg) but resulted in a systematic overestimation of pressure drop (mean overestimation = 9.0 mm Hg). Measurement of the Doppler gradient at mid-systole resulted in a more accurate correlation with the peak to peak catheterization gradient (r = 0.98, SEE = 6.1 mm Hg) and eliminated the problem of overestimation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Laser trabeculoplasty in glaucoma chronicum simplex. Results of a prospective, clinical study].

Between 1984 and 1986, 104 patients with open-angle glaucoma of various etiologies were treated by laser trabeculoplasty (LTP) in a prospective clinical study. In order to ensure that the group of patients studied was homogeneous, only the 85 consecutive patients (85 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma were included, using a specially designed software program. The number of patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, and congenital glaucoma was too small to allow statistical comparison with those who had chronic open-angle glaucoma. Criteria for success were defined as follows: no progression of disk cupping or visual field defects, mean intraocular pressure below 24 mm Hg as calculated by a day profile, and no increase in medication. These conditions were satisfied by 76% of the patients after six months and by 64% after 12 months. Initially, coagulations were performed over 180 degrees in the inferior circumference. If this did not suffice, the upper 180 degrees were also coagulated. If LTP is to be effective, thorough coagulation with tender blanching effects is mandatory. Average preoperative pressure values of over 22 mm Hg and a postoperative pressure increase of between 5 and 14 mm Hg are favorable prognostic signs. None of the parameters age, sex, duration, intensity of glaucomatous disease, or preoperative medication had any influence on the efficacy of LTP. In 14 of the 45 patients in whom only one eye was treated a simultaneous decrease in pressure was also observed in the untreated eye. The side effects of LTP bear no relation to its benefits, so that LTP is very suitable as a therapy between medication and surgery. Careful follow-ups of the patients are necessary because of possible increases in intraocular pressure in the course of time.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Computer linked apparatus for upper limb therapy: a new system of resistive exercise.

A need has been recognised for equipment that can be used to provide objective evaluation of exercise of the upper limb in occupational therapy while being motivational to the patient. The microcomputer was seen to be a suitable tool as part of a system that might satisfy this need. After consulting experienced hand therapists the criteria were established for equipment that would encourage and quantify exercise. Three systems were built that represented three methods of resistive exercise. These were presented to therapists in a structured assessment to determine the most suitable. As a result of this a system employing a dashpot and a potentiometer connected to a BBC microcomputer was designed. Software was written in the form of activities that could be controlled by the movements of exercise on the equipment. Dashpot resistance could be varied and graded and the range of software was of varied motivational content. This allowed the principal movements of the wrist and forearm to be objectively exercised. After suitably calibrating the system it was used to assess patient effort and ability, and hence progress of treatment.

Arm Injuries↗
PubMed1989

Log-linear models for the analysis of matched cohort studies.

The application of conditional logistic regression to the analysis of matched case-control studies has now become quite customary. In addition, it is well known that software designed to fit linear logistic and log-linear models can be used in these analyses. The application of conditional logistic regression to cohort designs is described, and an approach is developed that adapts the linear logistic and log-linear models for the analysis of prospectively collected data. Specific situations discussed include matched pairs, 2:1 matching, and studies in which some subjects are pair matched and others matched 2:1. The methods are illustrated with numeric examples.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coordinate transformation as a primary representation of radiotherapy beam geometry.

An approach to both geometric specification of radiotherapy beams and computerized solution of geometric treatment planning problems using coordinate transformations is presented. It is demonstrated that the specification of the geometric relationship of a treatment beam to a patient can be uniquely given by a 4 x 4 coordinate transformation matrix, and that the matrix representation can be translated from (and to) the more conventional machine-based specification of geometry. This approach enables a compact representation of the patient/beam geometry which is independent of the specific labeling conventions of the treatment machine and which can be directly exploited in the solution of treatment planning problems. Beam geometry can be easily described either in terms of the natural degrees of freedom of a therapy machine or in terms of alternative, problem-specific frames of reference. The ability to use these various frames of reference interchangeably allows the designer of treatment design software to present appropriate task-specific user interfaces for arbitrarily complex tasks, and thus reduce the cognitive burden on users of the software.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Computer analysis of processor status.

The authors describe the use of a desk-top computer to analyze processor status. Quality control data (sensitometry, densitometry, thermometry, etc.) are collected conventionally. Analysis of the data is subsequently performed using specially designed software. This computer analysis results in a small savings in time and in greatly improved management and presentation of quality control data.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1991

Preferred sound intensity increase for sensation of half distance.

Two experiments are reported that examine the preferred increase in intensity for creating a percept of half auditory distance from a reference. The results of both experiments indicate that the use of an inverse square law (increments of 6 dB) is not the best signal-processing method for this purpose. The application of the results is potentially useful towards the software design of 3-D auditory display systems that manipulate the perceived distance of auditory inputs in relationships to actual distances of physical objects.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Visual display of tongue-palate contact: electropalatography in the assessment and remediation of speech disorders.

The technique of electropalatography (EPG) records the location and timing of tongue contacts with the hard palate during continuous speech. Recent developments in hardware and software design of the Reading electropalatograph are described and applications of the technique in assessment and remediation of a variety of speech disorders are outlined. In assessment, it is shown that EPG can provide insights into possible origins of auditorily perceived errors, and case descriptions illustrate how this information can lead to a more rationalised approach to treatment. In therapy, the provision of real-time visual feedback of tongue movement can be effective in the remediation of certain types of intractable speech problems. Finally, the importance of techniques such as EPG in the objective evaluation of treatment procedures is discussed in the light of the increasing demand for accountability within the speech therapy service.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A method of analysis of the electrical activity of the proximal gastrointestinal tract of the chicken.

The present paper describes a method of recording and analyzing electromyographical (EMG) signals from the digestive tract of the chicken. The EMG signals from the proventriculus, gizzard, and duodenum were recorded after implantation of Ni and Cr electrodes. The amplified EMG signals were digitized using a sampling frequency of 50 samples per second, and numerical data was stored immediately on the hard disk (1 datum = 1 byte). The software designed allowed: 1) detection of spike-bursts with a high accuracy; 2) analysis of maximum amplitude (with a maximum error of 6.7%), mean amplitude, duration, and frequency of the spike-bursts; the time of interval between spike-bursts, and the percentage of activity; 3) integration of the recorded data with a variable time set; and 4) a wave analysis by means of the Fourier algorithm. These methods, already used in EMG studies in mammals, are assembled and adapted for its application in birds.

Animals↗