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PubMedDate not supplied

Are psychosocial factors related to smoking in grade-6 students?

The associations of psychosocial characteristics with both gender and smoking behavior were explored in a sample of 1552 grade-six students from 107 schools in one Ontario, Canada, school district. Ever smokers were more likely to have spending money: a part-time job; to have missed school in previous 2 months; perceive themselves to be below average or average in school; to have a mother, a father, and a sibling who smoke; to have consumed low alcohol and alcoholic beverages; and agree with fewer positive statements concerning second-hand smoke and the addictive properties of smoking. Ever smokers had more close friends who tried smoking, spent more time with friends, scored higher on depression, rebelliousness, and social conformity scales, reported more life events in the past year, and had lower scores for social support. More boys than girls had ever smoked (18.9% vs. 14.7%). Gender differences were found for sociodemographic, attitudes, social bonding, and psychosocial factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: testing a dual process model.

The issue of personality and prejudice has been largely investigated in terms of authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. However, these seem more appropriately conceptualized as ideological attitudes than as personality dimensions. The authors describe a causal model linking dual dimensions of personality, social world view, ideological attitudes, and intergroup attitudes. Structural equation modeling with data from American and White Afrikaner students supported the model, suggesting that social conformity and belief in a dangerous world influence authoritarian attitudes, whereas toughmindedness and belief in a competitive jungle world influence social dominance attitudes, and these two ideological attitude dimensions influence intergroup attitudes. The model implies that dual motivational and cognitive processes, which may be activated by different kinds of situational and intergroup dynamics, may underlie 2 distinct dimensions of prejudice.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Managed care: the new context for social work in health care--implications for survivors of childhood cancer and their families.

The changing organization of health care requires social workers to deal with a variety of new demands, and in some cases alter their traditional professional practice. Using the specific case of childhood cancer as a framework (or set of case examples), this paper identifies key issues faced by oncology social workers in hospital settings under managed care and ways they have responded to them. The general content involves pressures on oncology social workers to adapt to the new corporate culture and ideals fundamental to managed care at the same time that the expressed psychosocial needs and desires of survivors of childhood cancer necessitate increased attention and expansion of service provision. Caught in conflicts that challenge them to reconcile simultaneous commitments to client service/empowerment and institutional conformity, social workers must establish a more powerful position to negotiate institutional and public policies that uphold the primacy of a core Social Work ethic: A commitment to client-centered service.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Volunteer bias in human sexuality research: evidence for both sexuality and personality differences in males.

The extent to which personality, social behavior, and sexuality differed in undergraduate males under two different types of recruitment, volunteer and nonvolunteer, was investigated. Nonvolunteers (N = 160) were ostensibly recruited for a study on personality, and volunteers (N = 204) were overtly recruited for a study on human sexuality. Both samples completed the same personality, social behavior, and sexuality questionnaires. Volunteers were found to be more sexually experienced, more interested in sexual variety, and more erotophilic than the nonvolunteers. In addition and contrary to most prior research, the volunteer and nonvolunteer samples also differed in personality and social behavior, with the volunteers being higher in sensation seeking and lower on measures of social conformity and rule-following behavior than the nonvolunteers. Results extend prior research suggesting limits to the generalizability of some human sexuality research.

Exploratory Behavior↗
PubMed1984

Heroin addicts and nonaddicted brothers.

Childhood and adult life experiences of 50 heroin addicts are compared with those of their nonaddicted brothers. The sibling pairs came from large families with a median of six children; 45 pairs came from Mexican-American families. The median age of both addicts and brothers was 39. One-third of both addicts and brothers lost a parent before age 16. The addicts showed early deviant behavior preceding heroin use in contrast to the socially conforming behavior of the brothers. Noteworthy discrepancies appeared in the retrospective explanations offered by the addicts and the brothers of conditions leading to addiction in one and abstinence in the other. The addicts attributed the addiction versus abstinence primarily to association with different peer groups; the brothers cited this difference, but also frequently cited personality differences and other differences, thus giving more complex explanations. As adults the addicts showed gross social impairment on dimensions of employment, criminal record, marital adjustment, and other life activities. The brothers, in contrast, seemed socially competent, but they nonetheless showed evidence of some impairment: 40% were arrested one or more times, and 50% had histories of alcohol abuse. Apparently the brothers did not entirely escape the adverse early environments which shaped the careers of the addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Problem drinking and alcohol problems. Widening the circle of covariation.

This chapter reviews research pertaining to two basic premises regarding problem drinking: that a conceptual clarification is necessary, one which makes an explicit distinction between drinking behavior and alcohol-related problems or adverse consequences, and that an adequate theory of problem drinking must extend beyond the alcohol-specific theories to a broad matrix of biological, behavioral, psychological, and social variables. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of drinking in nonclinical populations show that levels of alcohol consumption are only moderately related to alcohol-related adverse consequences, and that a broad array of variables mediate the extent to which normal-population drinkers will be vulnerable to alcohol problems. Factors contributing to differential vulnerability to alcohol problems include the concurrent use of other drugs, engaging in other problem behaviors, personality characteristics such as impulsivity, prior depression, and a lack of social conformity or conventionality, the lack of a protective family environment, stress, and being female. A model of problem drinking consisting of overlapping, but distinct sets of predictors for drinking behavior and alcohol-related adverse consequences is proposed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Etiologies and consequences of adolescent drug use: implications for prevention.

This paper reviews recent results and work in progress from a longitudinal study of drug use etiologies and consequences. Early- and mid-adolescent drug use patterns, personality, and behavioral correlates were studied in a large sample of normal youth beginning in the mid-1970's. To determine the correlates and consequences of adolescent drug use, controlling for related tendencies such as lack of social conformity and deviant friendship networks, 654 youngsters were followed into young adulthood and their behaviors and lifestyles evaluated. Teenage drug use was found to disrupt many critical developmental tasks of adolescence and young adulthood. Tendencies to use many different drugs as an adolescent led in young adulthood to increased drug crime involvement, decreased college involvement, increased job instability, income, psychoticism, and stealing episodes. Intervention efforts should be directed not only towards decreasing drug use, but also towards improving personal maturity, social skills, and economic opportunities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness Scale--II. Convergent and discriminant correlational analysis in males and females with and without cancer.

The psychological correlates of the Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness Scale and its two subscales were examined in 1236 males and 863 females from the Western Collaborative Group Study. An additional 157 males and 164 females with some form of cancer other than of the skin were also included in this analysis. Characteristics measured included self-reported emotional control, anger expression, trait personality, depressive and neurotic symptomatology, Type A behavior, hostility, and social desirability. Results indicate that the Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness Scale is most strongly related to the suppression and control of emotions, especially anger. Scores on this scale also tend to be associated with less Type A behavior and hostility and with more social conformity. Analysis of the component subscale suggests that Antiemotionality, i.e. the extent to which an individual uses reason and logic to avoid interpersonally related emotions, is most strongly marked by the control of anger, while Rationality, i.e. the extent to which an individual uses reason and logic as a general approach to coping with the environment, is related to the control of anxiety and a higher level of trait curiosity. The psychological interpretation of the scale appears to be largely invariant across gender, unaffected by residualization of the total scale score for its association with Social Desirability, and, except for a few minor instances, unrelated to the diagnosis of cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Self-esteem in recovered bipolar and unipolar out-patients.

The hypothesis of a low self-esteem in depressive patients was tested using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 24 recovered unipolar and 27 recovered bipolar patients, compared with a normal control group of 26 subjects matched for age and sex. The hypothesis was confirmed only for unipolars; bipolar patients presented a self-esteem score not significantly different from normal scores. Self-esteem was not related to clinical characteristics of the affective disorder, suggesting that low self-esteem may be a basic component of a depression-prone personality. The investigation of the relationship between self-esteem and social adjustment confirmed the presence of social conformism in bipolar patients and rigidly set low self-esteem in unipolar patients. These results should stimulate the evaluation of different psychotherapeutic treatments in the long-term psychosocial management of affectively ill patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The degree and type of relationship between psychosocial variables and smoking status for students in grade 8: is there a dose-response relationship?

BACKGROUND: While most research focuses on simply analyzing the differences between smokers and non-smokers, dose-response analyses may be used to find evidence of the nature of the association between psychosocial variables and involvement with smoking in adolescence. METHODS: For the study, 1,614 grade 8 students from Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, completed a self-administered questionnaire that included items on sociodemographic characteristics, experience with smoking, lifestyle, health and weight, work status, and social involvement as well as parental education, occupation, and family and peer smoking. A series of scales measuring self-esteem, stress, coping, social support, mastery, social conformity, and rebelliousness was incorporated. RESULTS: Dose-response relationships were evidenced for all categories of variables and were demonstrated for the total group and, in most cases, for males and females when analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS: Relationships between variables are not "all or none," but may vary depending on amount or level of other factors. These relationships provide insight into the mechanisms underlying initiation to, maintenance of, and cessation of smoking and should be taken into account in programs to reduce or prevent adolescent tobacco use.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The fear survey schedule for children-revised (FSSC-HI): ethnocultural variations in children's fearfulness.

A revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children was used to examine the structure and developmental pattern of fearfulness in an ethnoculturally diverse sample of 385 Hawaii schoolchildren aged 7 to 16 years. The instrument's psychometric properties compared favorably with previous versions of the FSSC, and a 7-factor solution provided the best conceptual fit for the data. Six factors were similar to those described in previous versions of the FSSC, whereas the seventh was unique, reflecting children's social conformity fears. Between-group comparisons revealed significantly less fearfulness in children of Caucasian than of Asian, Filipino, and Hawaiian ethnocultural backgrounds. Gender and age differences were similar to previous reports in finding greater fearfulness in girl than boys, and in younger than older children on most factors. Results corroborate previous reports concerning gender and age trajectories of fearfulness and indicate that culture may mediate the expression of fears in culturally diverse populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effects of childhood sexual abuse on minority adolescent mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence and effects of childhood sexual abuse experiences on the lives of adolescent mothers who were Mexican American and African American. Specifically, the personality characteristics of the adolescent mothers who experienced sexual abuse as assessed using the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory were compared with those of minority adolescent mothers who were not abused sexually. DESIGN: An exploratory descriptive design. SETTING: Four public agencies caring for adolescent mothers in two urban centers in Texas. PARTICIPANTS: Mexican American and African American adolescent mothers (N = 124), ages 13-20 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Millon Personality Inventory, the Life Event Scale-Adolescents, the Childhood Sexual Experience Survey, and a demographic data sheet. RESULTS: Forty-four percent (n = 54) of the respondents reported childhood sexual abuse experience. Data from 111 subjects (two groups, abuse and nonabuse) were analyzed by MANCOVA techniques. Significant differences were found between the two groups when the effect of the Life Event Scale-Adolescents was controlled (Multivariate F[12, 97] = 3.055, p = 0.001). Univariate F tests (df1, 108) showed significant differences in self-concept (F = 18.434, p < 0.000), personal esteem (F = 8.819, p = 0.004), body comfort (F = 10.442, p = 0.002), sexual acceptance (F = 9.918, p = 0.002), peer security (F = 10.412, p = 0.002), family rapport (F = 9.801, p = 0.002), academic confidence (F = 5.764, p = 0.018), social conformity (F = 4.552, p = 0.035), scholastic achievement (F = 19.991, p < 0.000), and attendance consistency (F = 10.009, p = 0.002). The mothers in the abuse group had consistently poorer scores than those in the nonabuse group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that childhood sexual abuse may be related to vulnerability for adolescent motherhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of cigarettes and alcohol by preschoolers while role-playing as adults: "Honey, have some smokes".

OBJECTIVE: To examine preschoolers' attitudes, expectations, and perceptions of tobacco and alcohol use. DESIGN: Structured observational study. Children used props and dolls to act out a social evening for adults. As part of the role play, each child selected items from a miniature grocery store stocked with 73 different products, including beer, wine, and cigarettes, for an evening with friends. SETTING: A behavioral laboratory at the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty children, 2 to 6 years old, participated individually in the role-playing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Whether or not a child purchased cigarettes or alcohol at the store. RESULTS: Children purchased a mean of 17 of the 73 products in the store. Thirty-four children (28.3%) bought cigarettes and 74 (61.7%) bought alcohol. Children were more likely to buy cigarettes if their parents smoked (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-12.63). Children were more likely to buy beer or wine if their parents drank alcohol at least monthly (adjusted OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.02-9.10) or if they viewed PG-13- or R-rated movies (adjusted OR, 5.10; 95% CI, 1.14-22.90). Children's play behavior suggests that they are highly attentive to the use and enjoyment of alcohol and tobacco and have well-established expectations about how cigarettes and alcohol fit into social settings. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that observation of adult behavior, especially parental behavior, may influence preschool children to view smoking and drinking as appropriate or normative in social situations. These perceptions may relate to behaviors adopted later in life.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Assessing threats of targeted group violence: contributions from social psychology.

Recent increases in domestic and international acts of extremist violence perpetrated against American citizens have prompted an increased need for information to help understand and evaluate the threat posed to U.S. targets by extremist groups and their individual members. The purpose of this paper is to (i) suggest the potential relevance of social psychological research on group behavior for understanding and assessing threats of extremist group violence; and, (ii) encourage more systematic research on group violence to further inform assessments of group risk. Approaching the issue from the levels of group behavior, and of individual behavior within a group context, the article summarizes research on key principles of group behavior, and the effects of group membership on individual behavior; proposes specific questions derived from these principles for consideration in evaluating risk for violence by groups, and by individuals influenced by groups; and suggests further research needs.

Group Processes↗