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PubMed2004

Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions.

Eight blended US market cigarettes, two blended reference cigarettes, one Bright tobacco only reference cigarette and an electrically heated prototype cigarette (EHC) were smoked under US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)/International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) conditions and under Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) conditions. Smoke was analysed for chemical composition and in vitro toxicity. Yields (quantity/cigarette) of smoke constituents were higher under MDPH conditions compared to FTC/ISO conditions (market and reference average approximately 2.5 times; EHC approximately 1.6 times). Consistent with the higher yields, in vitro toxicity per cigarette was also higher under MDPH conditions. Concentrations (quantity/mg TPM) of nearly all smoke constituents measured decreased with increasing total particulate matter (TPM) yields as regression analyses indicated. Higher TPM yields also tended to be associated with slightly less cytotoxic and mutagenic activity per milligram TPM. Blended reference cigarettes tracked market cigarettes with similar TPM yield. The Bright cigarette displayed high cytotoxicity but low mutagenicity, while in vitro activity of the EHC was remarkably low. The TPM-dependent decreases for the market range of 5-20 mg TPM/cigarette were about 20%, irrespective of whether the increased yields were due to smoking conditions or cigarette construction. At the same TPM yield, the smoke constituent concentrations and in vitro toxicity were similar for low- and high-yield cigarettes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Smoking--II. Duration of smoking and factors affecting smoking as a social phenomenon].

According to the poll of 5,555 individuals (91% of the expected number) over 40 years of age, selected from electoral registers in all three districts of the community of Mali Idjos in 1987, the average duration of smoking among active smokers increases with age, divergently with regard to sex. The age of smokers at the time they started smoking increases with age groups, from 22.2 to 33.2 in males and from 28.1 to 49 in females. The onset of smoking in the oldest male group in this rural area occurred in the first years after the war (first land confiscation) while in the group from 70 to 74 years of age it occurred in the years of compulsory crop-purchase system. Agglomeration in the onset of smoking in two male age groups (60-64, 65-69) occurred at the time of the second land confiscation. The onset of smoking among females from all age groups, from 45 years on occurred in the first decade of the sexual revolution (1961-1971). The prevalence of smoking in the studied population was different in previous decades as well. It changes according to social factors: from political and economic changes among males to the changes in women's social status among females.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Smoking among female arrestees: prevalence of daily smoking and smoking cessation efforts.

Prior research on smoking in the criminal justice system has focused on men. This study examines smoking behavior among female arrestees in New York City (NYC). The sample includes 836 women interviewed as part of the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Program. Questionnaire items analyzed here include the use of licit and illicit substances, current pregnancy, childbearing history, demographics, age at smoking initiation, daily smoking, dependency on tobacco, and quit attempts. Bivariate techniques and logistic regression analyses were used. Fully 71% of all women and 64% of pregnant women were daily smokers. Recent cocaine or heroin users were the most likely to be daily smokers (84% and 92%). Among daily smokers, nearly a third had ever tried to cut down or quit. In the regressions, Latinas were more likely to have tried to quit; recent heroin users and women who had ever felt dependent on tobacco were the least likely to have tried. The authors strongly recommend that female inmates are prime candidates for smoking cessation counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Smoking at home: the impact of smoking cessation on nonsmokers' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Nonsmokers who live with smokers are at increased risk for chronic disease. This study evaluated the impact of eliminating smoking in the home on nonsmokers' environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. Nonsmokers participated in measurements of their ETS exposure before and after the smoker in their home quit smoking. A matched comparison group of nonsmokers from nonsmoking homes was also included. ETS exposure was assessed using passive nicotine monitors, an exposure diary, and a questionnaire. Nonsmokers from smoking homes had significantly higher exposure to ETS than those from nonsmoking homes. There was a 60% reduction in nicotine levels following smoking cessation by the household smoker. However, there were still detectable levels of nicotine measured at posttest. These results have important implications for individual risk reduction and public health policy.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease.

AIMS: To examine the associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and years since quitting smoking, and inflammatory and haemostatic markers. METHODS AND RESULTS: A study in 2920 men aged 60-79 with no history of myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, or diabetes, and who were not on warfarin, from general practices in 24 British towns. After adjustment for other major cardiovascular risk factors, compared with never smokers, current cigarette smokers showed significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein (2.53 vs. 1.35 mg/L), white cell count (7.92 vs. 6.42 x 10(9)/L), and fibrinogen (3.51 vs. 3.13 g/L). They also showed higher levels of haematocrit, blood and plasma viscosity, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, and fibrin D-dimer, and lower levels of albumin. Primary pipe/cigar smokers showed levels similar to never smokers. Ex-cigarette smokers and secondary pipe/cigar smokers showed intermediate levels although secondary pipe/cigar smokers showed higher odds of having elevated white cell count and fibrinogen than ex-cigarette smokers. Most inflammatory and haemostatic levels improved within 5 years of smoking cessation but took over 20 years to revert to levels of never smokers. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that activation of inflammation and haemostasis may be potential mechanisms by which cigarette and pipe/cigar smoking increase cardiovascular risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Cessation of smoking: implementation of effective techniques. Prenatal and hospital pregnancy consultations with smoking women and/or smoking couples].

Smoking during pregnancy is a public health problem. Throughout this period, cessation is crucial. Everybody agrees that pregnancy is an appropriate moment to try to quit. Continuing smoking is a major risk for both the pregnant woman and her baby to come. Tobacco contains numerous toxics which easily pass through the placenta. All healthcare teams should be committed to helping pregnant women stop smoking and should train themselves to provide advice and support. The healthcare structures should implement consensual preventive and curative actions. Many diagnostic and curative tools are available for global care of pregnant smoking women. Their partners, whether smokers or not, should play a preponderant role. In addition to psychological support, it is important to note that nicotinic substitutes are indispensable tools for helping dependent pregnant women stop smoking.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1989

Joiners and non-joiners in worksite smoking treatment: pretreatment smoking, smoking by significant others, and expectation to quit as predictors.

Treatment joiners were differentiated from non-joiners when examined across six worksite clinic locations in the Los Angeles area. Predictors examined included preprogram smoking, demographic variables, smoking by significant others, behavioral expectations to quit, and self-efficacy regarding completing treatment and resisting urges to smoke. Non-joiners reported higher preprogram smoking levels and more friends and children who smoked.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of liquid smoke food flavourings, cigarette smoke condensate and wood smoke condensate.

Although products of pyrolysis are often cytotoxic and mutagenic, the relationship between the type of material pyrolysed and the toxicity of the resulting pyrolysis products is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of several types of common pyrolysis products. The cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of these products were assessed by using neutral red uptake and Ames mutagenicity assays, respectively. The biological activities of four liquid smoke food flavourings (LSF) were compared with two other pyrolysis-derived materials; cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and a wood smoke condensate (WSC). Results indicated all of the mixtures exhibited a concentration-dependent cytotoxic response. The CSC and WSC were less cytotoxic than three of the LSFs, but more cytotoxic than one of the brands. The CSC was mutagenic in two Salmonella strains; however, none of the LSFs or WSC was mutagenic using TA98, and only three of the LSFs were positive with TA100. The six pyrolysis-derived materials evaluated in this study showed differing patterns and magnitudes of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. These results indicate that the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of complex mixtures derived from pyrolysis products are affected by the type of material pyrolysed and/or the method used to prepare the mixture. The cytotoxic potential of some commercial smoke flavourings is greater than cigarette smoke condensate and several of the food flavourings are mutagenic in one Salmonella strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Attitudes toward smoking and smoking rate: implications for smoking discouragement.

Attitudes toward smoking were measured among nonsmokers and five levels of smokers (light to heavy). Of 13 attitude items, a relationship between attitudes and number of cigarettes smoked was found to exist in five, three of which dealt with smoking as a health risk. The results suggest that the more cigarettes a person smokes, the greater the likelihood of denial of the health hazards associated with smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Smoking--I. Smoking habits, number of cigarettes smoked].

A multiphase, oncologic, population screening was carried out in 5.555 residents (91% of the expected number) over 40 years of age, from three districts of the community of Mali Idos. The poll showed that 83.1% of males and 21.9% of females are familiar with smoking (ex-smokers or active smokers); 45.7% of males and 11.6% of females are active and 37.4% of males and 10.3% of females are exsmokers; 314 residents--11% of males and 1.3% of females smoke more than one pack of cigarettes daily; some of them smoke more than 60, 80, even 100 cigarettes daily. In two age groups (40-44, 45-49) 100% of male respondents is familiar with smoking; in the group over 75 years of age this percent is reduced to one third (21.8%). We can conclude that the distribution of smoking in this population differed in the middle and in the second half of the century.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Public policy on smoking and health: toward a smoke-free generation by the year 2000. A statement of a working group to the Subcommittee on Smoking of the American Heart Association.

On May 20, 1984, the Surgeon General challenged the health community to work toward attainment of a smoke-free society by the year 2000. The leadership of the nation's three major voluntary organizations joined numerous associations of health professionals in accepting the challenge. The Subcommittee on Smoking of the American Heart Association (AHA) has concluded that attaining this objective requires the development and implementation of public policies designed to facilitate the transition from a smoking to a nonsmoking society. To study the relevant issues and recommend appropriate policies, the subcommittee commissioned a working group of distinguished experts in the field of smoking and health to prepare a policy statement. The statement, published here, has received the enthusiastic endorsement of the Subcommittee on Smoking and the leadership of the AHA. The working group discusses and recommends four policies: Increase the federal cigarette excise tax. Eliminate or restrict tobacco advertising and other forms of promotion. Assure the rights of nonsmokers to clean air through legislative means. Identify mechanisms to ease and assist the transition of tobacco farmers to other crops or careers.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

The effect of smoking, smoking cessation, and passive smoke exposure on common laboratory values in clinical settings: a review of the evidence.

Evidence now supports that active and passive cigarette smoke exposure increase the risk for disease manifestations and adverse outcomes for patients in acute and critical care settings. By understanding the effect of active and passive smoke exposure on common laboratory tests, nurses in acute and critical care settings can plan essential components of care more accurately. This article addresses the effects of active and passive smoking and cessation on common parameters of hematology, hemostasis, immunology and inflammation, and chemistry laboratory tests.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Fantasy in individuals who smoke, stopped smoking, and never smoked.

The present study advanced the hypothesis that individuals who smoke tend to fantasize more than those who have stopped smoking or never smoked. Ninety males and 90 females, with each sex divided into three categories (smokers, stopped smokers, and never smoked) were used. Results of the study supported the hypothesis when applied to male smokers, but not to female smokers. While male smokers tended to fantasize most, the opposite was found for the female smoker, who fantasized least. This was also true in the specific area of achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Responses to positive and negative smoking-related images: effects of current smoking status and degree of smoking addiction.

The literature indicates that stimulant users of various dependency levels endorse and react differently to stimuli that portray the stimulant either positively or negatively, however these studies have not been extended to smoking. Here pictures are used to depict either positive or negative connotations of smoking. The current study concentrated on smokers with different levels of dependency. Seventy-three digital images were rated on both a smoking and emotional content scale. The pictures were rank ordered, yielding the 10 most positive and negative smoking-related pictures. Emotional content scores for these pictures were also recorded. Data from 148 subjects [light- (n=28), heavy- (n=17), ex- (n=32) and never-smokers (n=71)] were analysed. Using a mixed factorial ANOVA light- and heavy-smokers were found to score positive pictures significantly more positive than the never-smokers, they did not vary on negative or emotional ratings. Thus positive pictures did not distinguish heavy and light levels of substance use as suggested by the literature and this was not influenced by emotional content.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The acute effects of cigarette smoking on cutaneous blood flow in smoking and non-smoking subjects with and without Raynaud's phenomenon.

The acute effects of smoking a single cigarette on peripheral blood flow were investigated by laser-Doppler flowmetry in nine patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and 12 normal controls. In regular smokers, a marked fall in finger blood flow was demonstrated, but this was not present in non- or irregular smokers. In addition, no effect on capillary blood flow was found. There was no difference between subjects with and without Raynaud's phenomenon. In five normal, non-smoking volunteers, 2.4 g of aspirin for 3 days resulted in a similar fall in blood flow due to a single cigarette. These results suggest that regular smoking sensitizes the peripheral vasculature to the vasoconstricting effects of the next cigarette, and that at least part of this sensitization is mediated by the inhibition of endothelial prostacyclin synthesis. Patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, either primary or secondary, are no more sensitive than normal subjects, but should nevertheless avoid cigarette smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Validation of English-language versions of three scales measuring attitudes towards smoking, smoking-related self-efficacy and the use of smoking cessation strategies.

AIMS: To assess the validity of English translations of three scales initially developed in French, measuring perception of the adverse effects of smoking, self-efficacy and the use of smoking cessation strategies. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2001, 5667 people from 97 countries (4724 smokers and 943 ex-smokers) answered the scales on the internet, of which 997 (18%) took part in a follow-up 86 days later. FINDINGS: The factor structures of the scales were generally maintained after translation. Internal consistency coefficients were 0.5-0.9. Test-retest reliability was >0.7 for the "Adverse effects" and self-efficacy scales, but was low (0.2-0.4) for self-change strategies, which probably reflects active use of these strategies in this sample. The translated scales performed adequately in most tests of construct validity. In particular, higher self-efficacy ratings predicted smoking cessation at follow-up, and a lower self-efficacy predicted relapse in baseline ex-smokers. CONCLUSION: The validity of the scales was maintained after translation in English.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between self-reported task persistence and history of quitting smoking, plans for quitting smoking, and current smoking status in adolescents.

The task persistence construct has previously been measured primarily behaviorally (e.g., with a mirror-tracing task, or breath holding), and only in adults. It has been shown to differentiate between adult smokers and non-smokers and to predict smoking cessation in adult smokers trying to quit. This theory-based analysis is the first to examine task persistence in adolescent smokers and to examine a two-item, internally consistent, self-report measure of task persistence. Results indicate that task persistence is greater among adolescent non-smokers as compared to adolescent current smokers, and those planning to quit smoking as compared to those with no plans to quit. Contrary to hypotheses, task persistence was not found to be related to prior successful attempts to quit smoking. Our results suggest that a brief, self-report measure of task persistence may be a methodologically sound, practical clinical tool for this population.

Adolescent↗