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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Modification of REM sleep behavior by REMs contingent auditory stimulation in man.

Following studies about supposed relationship between rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) and learning, a new approach, based on operant conditioning is introduced. We demonstrate that rapid eye movements (REMs) contingent auditory stimulation in man leads to some consistent (quantitative and qualitative) modifications of REM sleep behavior. Stimulating REMs in the frame of a continuous reinforcement schedule increases total REM sleep duration but decreases REMs density, and modifies hemispheric EEG symmetry. The contrasting effects of such sensory stimulations and results related to information processing hypothesis are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Spontaneous sleep interruptions during extended nights. Relationships with NREM and REM sleep phases and effects on REM sleep regulation.

OBJECTIVES: There is no agreement in the literature as to whether sleep interruption causes rapid eye movement (REM) pressure to increase, and if so, whether this increase is expressed as shortened REM latency, increased REM density, or increased duration of REM sleep. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different durations of spontaneous sleep interruptions on the regulation of REM sleep that occurs after return to sleep. METHODS: The occurrence of spontaneous periods of wakefulness and their effects on subsequent REM sleep periods were analysed in a total sample of 1189 sleep interruptions which occurred across 364 extended nights in 13 normal subjects. RESULTS: Compared with sleep interruptions that last less than 10 min, sleep interruptions that last longer than 10 min occur preferentially out of REM sleep. In both the short and long types of sleep interruptions, the duration of REM periods that ended in wakefulness were shorter than the duration of those that were not interrupted by wakefulness. REM densities of the REM periods that terminated in periods of wakefulness were higher than those of uninterrupted REM periods. The proportion of episodes of wakefulness following REM sleep that were long-lasting progressively increased over the course of the extended night period. The sleep episodes that followed the periods of wakefulness were characterised by a short REM latency. REM duration was increased in episodes that followed long sleep interruptions compared to those that followed short sleep interruptions. REM density did not appear to change significantly in the episodes that followed sleep interruption. CONCLUSIONS: REM sleep mechanisms appear to be the main force controlling sleep after a spontaneous sleep interruption, presumably because during the second half of the night, where more sleep interruptions occur, the pressure for non-rapid eye movement sleep is reduced and the circadian rhythm in REM sleep propensity reaches its peak. Processes promoting REM sleep at the end of the night are consistent with the Pittendrigh and Daan dual oscillator model of the circadian pacemaker.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The mind in REM sleep: reports of emotional experience.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: No consensus has been reached on the characteristics of emotional experience during rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Thus, the relationship between the emotional brain activation and mental activity in REM remains unclear. Our objective is to characterize emotional experience in REM in order to facilitate understanding of brain-mind correlations in this state. DESIGN: We combined instrumental awakenings from REM with the subjects' own ratings of the occurrence and intensity of discrete emotion types for each line in their REM mentation reports. SETTING: The study was performed in the subjects' own homes over three consecutive nights using ambulatory polysomnography. PARTICIPANTS: Nine normal healthy subjects, age 31-60 (mean=43.0). INTERVENTIONS: Awakenings 5-15 minutes into REM periods across the night. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Emotions were found in 74% of 88 mentation reports, with a balanced proportion of positive and negative emotions. Among the reports scored for emotions, 14% contained one emotion and 86% contained two or more different emotion types. Joy/elation was the most frequent emotion, found in 36% of the reports, followed by surprise (24%), anger (17%), anxiety/fear (11%), and sadness (10%). Anxiety/fear was significantly less intense than joy/elation, anger, and surprise. Except for surprise, no specific emotion type changed from the first to the second half of the night. Negative emotions and surprise but not positive emotions varied significantly across subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of subject reports of emotions following instrumental awakenings demonstrate a balanced and widespread occurrence of both positive and negative emotions in REM sleep dreams. Emotions in REM are likely to be powerfully modulated by the neurobiological processes which differentiate REM from waking.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep.

Objective: We report on a sleep-related respiratory dysrhythmia that is characterized by episodes of bradypnea associated with vocalization.Background: To date, many parasomnias with affinity for NREM sleep, REM sleep or both sleep states have been identified. While the reported clinical syndrome may resemble these known parasomnias, different clinical features are pointed out.Methods: Ten patients (seven males and three females) aged between 20 and 49 years, were included. All patients underwent standard clinical examinations and full polysomnography.Results: The principal complaint was unusual sound-making during sleep. Polysomnography demonstrated the presence of clustered bradypneic events associated with prolonged expiration and expiratory sound production. Replay of the sound signal revealed monotonous vocalization, consistent with groaning. These episodes occurred predominantly during REM sleep. Repeated sleep studies showed a remarkably constant night-to-night consistency of these vocalization episodes. Medical and neurological examinations disclosed no particular abnormalities, except in one patient, in whom a frontal meningioma was detected. Different empirical treatments, including pharmacotherapy and nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy, provided insufficient symptomatic control.Conclusions: The syndrome described above clearly has distinct features with respect to well-defined sleep disorders, such as central sleep apnea syndrome and somniloquy. Therefore, it is proposed as a separate nosological entity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Is the nonREM-REM sleep cycle reset by forced awakenings from REM sleep?

In selective REM sleep deprivation (SRSD), the occurrence of stage REM is repeatedly interrupted by short awakenings. Typically, the interventions aggregate in clusters resembling the REM episodes in undisturbed sleep. This salient phenomenon can easily be explained if the nonREM-REM sleep process is continued during the periods of forced wakefulness. However, earlier studies have alternatively suggested that awakenings from sleep might rather discontinue and reset the ultradian process. Theoretically, the two explanations predict a different distribution of REM episode duration. We evaluated 117 SRSD treatment nights recorded from 14 depressive inpatients receiving low dosages of Trimipramine. The alarms were triggered by an automatic mechanism for the detection of REM sleep and had to be canceled by the subjects themselves. The REM episodes were determined as in undisturbed sleep-they had to include the remaining REM activity and were separated by 30 min without REM epochs. The frequency histogram of REM episodes declined exponentially with episode duration for each of the first four sleep cycles. The duration of nonREM intervals revealed bimodal distributions. These results were found consistent with the model assuming a reset of the ultradian cycle upon awakening. Whether REM or nonREM activity is resumed on return to sleep can be modeled by a random decision whereby the probability for REM sleep might depend on the momentary REM pressure.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1994

REM-sleep propensity accumulates during 2-h REM-sleep deprivation in the rest period in rats.

Two-hour, highly-selective, rest-period, rapid-eye-movement (REM)-sleep deprivation (RD) was performed on rats to characterize the time-course of the homeostatic response to REM-sleep loss. RD caused a dramatic and progressive increase in the frequency of attempts to enter REM sleep, suppressed non-REM sleep EEG delta power, and (in late rest period trials) was followed by a rebound increase in REM-sleep expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Sleep loss and REM sleep loss are hyperalgesic.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Disturbed sleep is observed in association with acute and chronic pain, and some data suggest that disturbed and shortened sleep enhances pain. We report the first data showing, in healthy, pain-free, individuals, that modest reductions of sleep time and specific loss of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep produces hyperalgesia the following morning. DESIGN: Two repeated-measures design protocols were conducted: (1) a sleep-loss protocol with 8 hours time-in-bed, 4 hours time-in-bed, and 0 hours time-in-bed conditions and (2) a REM sleep-loss protocol with 8 hours time-in-bed, 2 hours time-in-bed, REM deprivation, and non-REM yoked-control conditions. SETTING: The studies were conducted in an academic hospital sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy pain-free normal sleepers, 7 in the sleep-loss protocol and 6 in the REM sleep-loss protocol, participated. MEASUREMENTS: Finger-withdrawal latency to a radiant heat stimulus tested at 10:30 AM and 2:30 PM and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test conducted at 10:00 AM, noon, 2:00 PM, and 4:00 PM were measured. RESULTS: Finger-withdrawal latency was shortened by 25% after 4 hours of time in bed the previous night relative to 8 hours of time in bed (p < .05), and REM sleep deprivation relative to a non-REM yoked-control sleep-interruption condition shortened finger-withdrawal latency by 32% (p < .02). CONCLUSION: These studies showed that the loss of 4 hours of sleep and specific REM sleep loss are hyperalgesic the following day. These findings imply that pharmacologic treatments and clinical conditions that reduce sleep and REM sleep time may increase pain.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

A brain-warming function for REM sleep.

During REM sleep, arterial blood flow, neuronal firing rates, metabolism, and temperature increase in many parts of the CNS. Eye muscle tone also increases, and the eyes exhibit bursts of rapid movements. If one of the functions of sleep is to conserve energy, then it is curious that energy is so conspicuously expended in the vicinity of the CNS during REM sleep. The author hypothesizes that homeotherms use REM sleep to produce heat in order to maintain a high, stable temperature in a restricted CNS core during sleep. The fact that several of the active features of REM sleep heat the CNS, and the fact that REM sleep propensity increases when core temperature physiologically decreases, seem consistent with the hypothesis that REM sleep is a regulated mechanism for warming the CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and video-polysomnographic (VPSG) features of a group of subjects with severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (OSAH) mimicking the symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). DESIGN: Evaluation of clinical and VPSG data. SETTING: University hospital sleep laboratory unit. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen patients that were identified during routine first evaluation visits. Patients' PSG measures were compared with those of 20 healthy controls and 16 subjects with idiopathic RBD of similar age and sex distribution and apnea/hypopnea index lower than 10. INTERVENTIONS: NA. RESULTS: Sixteen subjects were identified presenting with dream-enacting behaviors and unpleasant dreams suggesting the diagnosis of RBD, in addition to snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness. VPSG excluded RBD showing REM sleep with atonia and without increased phasic EMG activity, and was diagnostic of severe OSAH with a mean apnea-hypopnea index of 67.5 +/- 18.7 (range, 41-105) demonstrating that the reported abnormal sleep behaviors occurred only during apnea-induced arousals. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy eliminated the abnormal behaviors, unpleasant dreams, snoring and daytime hypersomnolence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that severe OSAH may mimick the symptoms of RBD and that VPSG is mandatory to establish the diagnosis of RBD, and identify or exclude other causes of dream-enacting behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Platform sleep deprivation affects deep slow wave sleep in addition to REM sleep.

Rats were sleep deprived by the platform method to look for differential effects on light and deep slow wave sleep depending on platform size. Diameters of large and small platforms were 15 cm and 5.1 cm respectively. Sleep was recorded during a baseline light period (09.00-19.00 h), continuously during 48 h of sleep deprivation and during the first lights on recovery period (09.00-19.00 h). In both platform conditions REM sleep was virtually abolished during the first light period (hours 0-10 of sleep deprivation), while NREM sleep was reduced to approximately half of control values. During the second light period (hours 22-34 of sleep deprivation) REM sleep recovered somewhat in the large platform group. Light slow wave sleep (SWS-1) was comparable to baseline while deep slow wave sleep (SWS-2) was still significantly reduced. In the small platform group both SWS-2 and REM sleep was considerably reduced on day 2. Over the whole deprivation period there was an effect of platform size on SWS-1 (higher in the small platform group), and on SWS-2 and REM sleep (lower in the small platform group). During the 9 h light-time recovery sleep there was an REM sleep rebound in both groups. SWS-1 was reduced in both groups while SWS-2 was not significantly increased. The ratio SWS-2/SWS-1 was, however, significantly increased only in the small platform group recovery sleep. The results suggest that platform sleep deprivation deprives the animals of deep slow wave sleep in addition to REM sleep. This has implications for conclusions on REM sleep function based upon REM sleep deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Selective REM sleep deprivation during daytime. II. Muscle atonia in non-REM sleep.

One of the hallmarks of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is muscle atonia. Here we report extended epochs of muscle atonia in non-REM sleep (MAN). Their extent and time course was studied in a protocol that included a baseline night, a daytime sleep episode with or without selective REM sleep deprivation, and a recovery night. The distribution of the latency to the first occurrence of MAN was bimodal with a first mode shortly after sleep onset and a second mode 40 min later. Within a non-REM sleep episode, MAN showed a U-shaped distribution with the highest values before and after REM sleep. Whereas MAN was at a constant level over consecutive 2-h intervals of nighttime sleep, MAN showed high initial values when sleep began in the morning. Selective daytime REM sleep deprivation caused an initial enhancement of MAN during recovery sleep. It is concluded that episodes of MAN may represent an REM sleep equivalent and that it may be a marker of homeostatic and circadian REM sleep regulating processes. MAN episodes may contribute to the compensation of an REM sleep deficit.

Adult↗