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PubMed1979

Subclinical depression and performance expectations, evaluations of performance, and actual performance.

Four hundred sixty-nine female and 311 male college students were administered a depression scale, an analogies test, and questions related to expectations and evaluations of performance. As predicted, significant negative correlations were found between subclinical depression and expectations and evaluations of performance. A significant negative correlation between depression and actual performance was apparent for females only. However, this correlation was much weaker than similar correlations previously reported for college student populations. It was concluded that low performance expectations constitute one dimension of subclinical depression. This suggests that Beck's theory of clinical depression, which holds that negative self-perceptions and other cognitions are importantly involved in depression, may be useful in understanding normal mood variation. The findings also suggest that some similarities exist between clinically and subclinically depressed groups in that both groups are reported to hold low performance expectations, but display minimal performance deficits.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Comparative psychologic effects of estrogen administration on institutional and noninstitutional elderly women.

Previous research on elderly women living in institutions has showm a postiive relationship between the administration of estrogen and improved psychologic status. In the current 12-month study, the effects of estrogen therapy were compared in 18 institutional women versus 21 noninstitutional women who volunteered to participate. Both groups received conjugated estrogens (Premarin, 0.3 mg daily) in interrupted courses. Throughout the year, the women were evaluated by means of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Profile of Mood States, the Lawson Morale Scale, and various self-perception items. Statistically, significant changes occurred in the areas of neuroticism, tension, morale, and subjective mood states, but the improvement was greater in the institutional subjects. The main conclusion was that estrogen therapy has a positive effect upon psychologic status, particularly for women who reside in an institution.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Perception of poor health in the healthy older adult.

A survey of 977 community subjects aged 65 or older identified 719 of them as not impaired in physical health. Of these, 104 (14 percent) perceived their physical status to be poor, whereas 615 (86 percent) accurately perceived it to be unimpaired. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to age, sex, race, social class, living arrangements and number of drugs used. The physically healthy elderly who perceived their physical status to be poor were more depressed, more hypochondriacal, and more dissatisfied with life. They tended to complain of multiple symptoms; activities of daily living were decreased, and they were more likely to visit their doctor frequently during the year (analysis controlled for physical health in each case). Mental health was slightly but significantly more impaired in these subjects; nevertheless, they were more likely to seek the help of a trained counselor. The findings suggest that a self-perception of poor health among the physically healthy elderly may represent a generalized request for attention from trained personnel in the social environment.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Dimensionality of the perceived self: the Tennessee Self Concept Scale.

The 12 indices of self-perception in the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, together with the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were factor analysed using data obtained from psychiatric day-care patients (n = 131). Separate item- and scale-level factor analyses revealed that: (1) the five external and three internal domains of self-concept, hypothesized as distinct, may be accurately viewed as lying in one-dimensional space; (2) the conflict, variability and distribution scores are unrelated to subtype of self-esteem; (3) extraversion and neuroticism form a bipolar factor that is orthogonal to self-concept; and (4) the emergence of 30 item-factors with a 30 per cent factorial overlap implies a good deal of spuriously shared variance, low inter-scale homogeneity and sizable redundancy in the TSCS scales. Owing to these results, the construct and factorial validity of the TSCS is seriously questioned. It is suggested that future researchers develop more sensitive, treatment-oriented (or idiographic) measures to compare man's less conspicuous and more private 'self-image feelings and cognitions' against his public self-disclosure in the interests of facilitating more rapid behavioural change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Perceptual experiences in anorexia nervosa and obesity.

There is increasing evidence suggesting that the perceptual-cognitive experiences of people with anorexia nervosa and juvenile onset obesity may differ from those of people without eating disorders. The research related to several perceptual-cognitive dimensions is critically examined. These include body image perceptions; perception of hunger and satiety cues; perception of external cues; and certain personality variables which may be related to self-perception. The implications of these perceptual-cognitive variables for the treatment of anorexia nervosa and obesity are discussed. The relative efficacy of some behavioural and medical therapies may be related, in part, to their effects on perceptual-cognitive parameters. Recommendations are also made for investigations to further delineate the role of perceptual-cognitive difficulties in people with eating problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The influence of videotape feedback on the self-assessments of psychiatric patients.

The effects of videotape feedback on patients' self-perception were assessed in a study which was a partial replication of an investigation reported by Griffiths and Hinkson (1973). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups. After a semi-structured interview, they were either (1) shown a videotape of the interview, or (2) shown a videotape of another person being interviewed, or (3) engaged in other activities not involving videotape. Patients' self-ratings indicated that videotape feedback has immediate effects on self-assessments of social ease and physical attractiveness. Feedback produced changes in ratings of social ease, but individuals differed in the direction of the change (i.e. whether social ease was "better" or "worse"). The direction of the change was predicted by a questionnaire measure of response style. Feedback also tended to make patients rate themselves as less attractive in the eyes of other people. All changes were, however, temporary and had disappeared at a two-week follow-up. The results are generally consistent with those reported by Griffiths and Hinkson in that they indicate temporary and specific changes in response to videotape feedback. The implications of the results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Creative perceptions of Hungarian and American Students.

The creative self-perceptions on Something About Myself of 227 Hungarian and 672 American high school and college males and females were compared. Americans obtained significantly higher mean scores on Environmental Sensitivity, Self strength and Intellectuality as well as on the Total Scale, whereas Hungarians obtained significantly higher scores on Initiative, Individuality, and Artistry. The observed differences to variability in cultural emphasis.

Art↗
PubMed1979

Response preference within the Rotter I-E Scale: perceived locus of control of self, average, and ideal others.

The Rotter I-E scale was administered to college juniors in education under five different instructional sets. Subjects were asked to complete it (a) as they would ordinarily (self-perception), (b) as they believed an average person of the same sex would, (c) as an average person of the opposite sex would, (d) as an ideal person of the same sex would, and (e) as an ideal person of the opposite sex would. As hypothesized, subjects saw the ideal person of both sexes as significantly more internal than themselves, while they saw the average person of both sexes as more external than themselves. These results suggest the general desirability of being perceived as internally oriented.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Biases in perception and reporting following a perceived toxic exposure.

Reactions to chemical exposures often include fears of future illness, cancerphobia, reports of multiple chemical sensitivity, and other ill-defined complaints. Frequently, these complaints occur at levels of exposure not known to cause physiological harm. Although frequently dismissed as hysterical or hypochondriacal reactions, these complaints, along with other indefinite symptoms, may be better understood in terms of biases in perception and reporting. In this paper, we outline various sources of perceptual and response biases including prior beliefs, the media, influential others, reconstructed personal histories, self-perceptions, and the forensic environment. It is recommended that a thorough understanding of symptom-reporting and psychological distress following a chemical exposure involves consideration of these issues.

Arousal↗
PubMed1976

Sex differences in alcoholics: a comparison of male and femal alcoholics' self and spouse perceptions.

Self-perceptions of male and female alcoholics and the perception of them by their respective spouses were investigated in an attempt to study sex differences in alcoholics. The subjects were 20 male and 20 female hospitalized alcoholics and their spouses. Subjects were administered a modified Katz Adjustment Scale and the NIMH Mood Scale applied both to states of sobriety and intoxication. The results indicated that the female alcoholic is more likely to characterized by her spouse as guilty and depressed both in states of sobriety and intoxication than is the male alcoholic. The therapeutic implications of these and other findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Self-identification and the underdetection of alcoholism.

Data obtained from administration of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) to 66 institutionalized male alcoholics supported the hypothesis that MAST items which reflected alcoholic self-identification were more likely to result in underdetection of alcoholism than the other MAST items. These findings supported the contention that one of the consequences of devising and validating the tests on self-acknowledged alcoholics is the underdetection of cases. Implications for planning and delivery of alcoholism programs are suggested. The process by which alcoholism screening tests are developed and validated is frequently such that those items are selected which differentiate between a grouping of subjects known to be alcoholics (for example, patients on an alcoholism treatment ward) and a comparison grouping of subjects who are presumed to be free of alcoholism. However, it is questionable whether the alcoholism criterion grouping employed in this process is representative of the universe of alcoholics. The very process of becoming part of a known alcoholic grouping generally involves being identified as an alcoholic and referred for treatment by others (family members, physicians, etc.) and/or oneself. The criterion grouping therefore might include only self-identified alcoholics and exclude alcoholics who were able to avoid detection and self-perceptions of having an alcoholism problem. Consequently the items which are included in the screening test by virtue of differentiating between the criterion group and the comparison group might reflect the phenomenon of self-identification with alcoholism rather than a more broadly defined alcoholic condition. Among the possible consequences of this situation is the underdetection of cases since the screening test would tend to detect instances of self-identified alcoholism to the exclusion of non-self-identified alcoholism. In a prior analysis of data described elsewhere it was determined that a particular screening test -the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) - does appear to reflect alcoholic self-identification instead of, or as well as, a more inclusively defined alcoholic condition. However, it remained to be determined whether or not this situation would indeed result in the underdetection of alcoholics since the possibility existed that "self-identified alcoholism" and a presumably more inclusive "condition of alcoholism" were in fact coterminous categories. This paper deals with the latter issue.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality features of spouses married to depressive partners].

30 married couples in which one spouse was hospitalized with a diagnosis of depressive syndrome testified by psychological tests (ACL, MPI, STAI, Self-perception Sheet, Zung SRDS) were examined. Taking into account the literature concerned with the role of improperly functioning couples, the author of the study tried to determine the influence of the healthy spouse's personal character and his/her patterns of behavior on their ill partners. It was found out that the mechanism of the relationship is different depending whether the patient is a wife or a husband. The healthy spouse's mental balance had a positive influence on the patients, independently of sex. A higher level of symptoms and depressive behavior of men was connected with good functioning and adaptation of their wives. On the other hand, the women were having more depressive symptoms if their husbands were submissive and emotionally unstable. It might be connected with the ill spouse's feeling of failing as a wife or husband. The findings may be important for the family therapy of depressed people.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

[The cardiosynchronous phenomena of the work of the brain: the psychophysiological aspects].

The review is devoted to the heartbeat-related components of EEG and to the heartbeat-related oscillation of performance measures and the cortical evoked potentials. The studies of these phenomena are carried out within the Laceys' hypothesis elaboration as well as in the field of the exploration of visceral self-perception. The data obtained in these studies indicate that there are elements of the time-locking with heart rate, probably unrelated to cardiovascular regulation, in functioning of the highest brain structures. The problems in the interpretation of some of heartbeat-related phenomena of brain functioning and their possible participation in the mechanisms of the psychophysiological interaction are discussed.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A survey on the satisfaction of the users of the Zaidin-Sur de Granada Health Center (1989)].

In order to know the users's degree of satisfaction in the Primary Health Care Center of Zaidin-Sur in Granada, a survey has been carried out by means of a personal interview at home in an aleatory sample of 615 individuals. The questionnaire has 28 closed questions with multiple answer and collects sociodemographic variables, self-perception of health condition, acceptability of medical and nursery care. The interview was anonymous and carried out by nursery students of third year. The 52% of the sample expressed that his health level was "excellent" or "good" and it was worse when the educational level was lower and the age was higher. The group of workers showed the highest valuation of health condition. The levels of trust on the doctor, the time of dedication and the information given to the patient reach slightly lower values than the ones found in literature; personal treatment and interest towards the patient have been valued the best. Center space structure and timetable have been the most penalized variables. We conclude that there is a need of improving the nursery service care a need of the information, from all the professionals working in the center, given to the patients on their problems, which are the cause of their going to the health consult, and the need of enlarging the space of the center.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Defense style and adaptation in adolescents with depressions and eating disorders.

Maturity of defense style has been associated with the level of adaptive functioning, but few studies have assessed defense style using self-report questionnaires which can provide ratings with great reliability and objectivity. We compared self-perception of defense style (using Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire) with ratings of adaptation assessed retrospectively by two independent raters (using the DSM III-R Global Assessment of Functioning scale) in a population of 100 adolescent girls diagnosed as having either an eating disorder or depression. There was significant correlation between maturity of defense style and level of adaptation, with greater maturity of defense style being associated with higher levels of adaptive functioning. This effect was independent of diagnosis within this population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Microteaching: a model for employee counseling education.

An instructional model for the implementation and use of videotape simulation to improve dietetic students' skills in employee counseling was explored in the coordinated undergraduate program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. A five-day intensive workshop was conducted for senior students in the program, utilizing the microteaching technique. Students and actors simulated an employee counseling session on videotape; then, a small group and a clinical instructor evaluated the session. Suggestions from these evaluations were used in a repeat of the situation on videotape. A team of experts randomly viewed all the situations, judging a significant improvement in composite scores for the workshop participants. The students indicated on a Self-Perception of Confidence (SPOC) scale that they felt a higher degree of comfort in handling potential employee counseling after completing the workshop. They were pleased with the workshop and suggested expansion of the technique to other phases of their dietetic education.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An objective method for forming diagnostic sub-groups of ulcer patients].

79 ulcer patients were arranged in 6 seb-groups by means of a Q-analysis. Relevant items of their self-images in the Giessen-Test selected through factor analysis were the basis of this sub-grouping. Description of the sub-groups was based on factor analysis of 5 dimensions and discriminance analysis of 3 dimensions obtained in the self-perceptions and self-images. The patient's view of his illness, his social status and his physical ailments were also included as dimensions of the 6 sub-groups. A clinically obtained typology of the characteristics of these sub-groups was checked and verified.

Conflict, Psychological↗