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PubMed1984

Early and late components of the contingent negative variation prior to manual and speech responses in stutterers and non-stutterers.

The early and late components of the CNV were measured in 18 stutterers and 18 non-stutterers, all dextral, prior to a manual and 3 speech tasks. It was hypothesized that, due to a proposed deficit in articulatory timing, prior to the more complex speech tasks, stutterers would show reduced late CNV amplitudes over Broca's area when compared to the non-stutterers. This hypothesis was not confirmed. In both groups, there was a finding of greater late CNV activity over the right hemisphere prior to speech responses. Explanations for this finding in terms of (a) CNV polarity, and (b) right hemisphere involvement in the speech responses used, are proposed. It is suggested that attention be paid to the nature of the response when attempting to record slow brain potentials prior to speech.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Developmental stuttering and acquired stuttering: resemblances and differences].

INTRODUCTION: In this study the authors analyse, clinically, dysphemia (DP) and acquired stuttering (AS). AIMS. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether AS is a variant of DP or whether it is an entity that shares a common element: stuttered speech. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors studied 13 patients with AS and 36 with DP. In addition to the clinical evaluation, electroencephalogram (EEG) and cranial computerised axial tomography (CAT) scans were performed, with a special interest in secondary symptoms/signs, laterality profiles and pathological, personal and familial history. RESULTS: There was a notable predominance in males in both groups. AS began either in infancy or from any other age; DP only started in infancy. The most frequent organic pathology, for both DP and AS, was a severe traumatic brain injury, followed by cerebral anoxia/hypoxia, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and others. One important element in both groups was the presence of stuttering and high percentages of left-handedness in the families. In AS, all patients were right-handed. None of the patients who experienced the onset of AS in infancy improved/yielded during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Both DP and AS are cases of "neurogenic" stuttering because they display organic and/or functional pathologies in the two groups, which invalidates the term "developmental", since AS also occurred in infancy. DP and AS have an element in common: they both share a genetic predisposition on which the organic/functional pathology then gives rise to the clinical symptoms, although this does not account for the absence of tics in AS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Reduction of stuttering by young male stutterers using EMG feedback.

A clinical program was designed in which male stutterers (age 10-14 years) were trained to reduce speech muscle tension by application of electromyograph (EMG) feedback. The program was designed (a) to reduce nonspeech EMG activity of facial muscles involved in speech, (b) to use this skill for control of muscle EMG activity while speaking, (c) to maintain the physiological EMG activity reduction with behavioral self-control techniques. Three subjects were treated on a single-subject ABCD baseline design, with an ABABAB reversal design within the treatment (B) phase. EMG feedback was shown to reduce stuttering in the clinic. After maintenance techniques were taught, stuttering was shown to have reduced 60-80% in the home environment while speech rate remained constant or increased. A 9-month follow-up showed that the improvement produced in treatment was continuing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Event-related potential indices of speech motor programming in stutterers and non-stutterers.

CNVs were recorded from stutterers and non-stutterers prior to spoken words which varied according to the number of syllables, whether the words were the same or different on each trial, and the degree of repetition within the word. The effects of these response parameters on slow potential activity recorded over the speech motor area were evident both prior to, and also during, the response, suggesting that the slow potentials were reflecting both speech pre-programming and ongoing programmed control. Differences between groups were only evident prior to the response, particularly when words were familiar and therefore likely to be entirely pre-programmed. This suggests that stutterers have difficulty in setting up the parameters of the response, rather than in ongoing programmed control.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Evidence-based treatment of stuttering: II. Clinical significance of behavioral stuttering treatments.

UNLABELLED: An evidence-based framework can be described as an empirically-driven, measurement-based, client-sensitive approach for selecting treatments. It is believed that using such a framework is more likely to result in a clinically significant outcome. For this paper, a clinically significant outcome was defined as a meaningful treatment change. It was suggested that there are at least three groups for whom a treatment's outcome is meaningful. These groups include clinicians/clinical researchers, the clients, and relevant others who have some interest in the outcome (e.g., parents of a child who stutters). The meaning and measurement of clinical significance was discussed for each of these three groups, based on research from the behavioral stuttering treatment literature. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn about and be able to (1) broadly define a clinically significant outcome and identify some of the groups who are interested in such an outcome and (2) describe how clinical significance has been evaluated in stuttering treatment within an evidence-based framework.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1996

From planning to articulation in speech production: what differentiates a person who stutters from a person who does not stutter?

The main purpose of the present study was to differentiate between people who stutter and control speakers regarding their ability to assemble motor plans and to prepare (and execute) muscle commands. Adult males who stutter, matched for age, gender, and educational level with a group of control speakers, were tested on naming words and symbols. In addition, their ability to encode and retrieve memory representations of combinations of a symbol and a word, was tested in a recognition task, using manual reaction times and sensitivity scores, as defined in signal detection theory, as performance measures. Group differences in muscle command preparation were assessed from electromyographic recordings of upper lip and lower lip. Results indicated no interaction between group and word size effects in choice reaction times or a group effect in the ability to recognize previously learned symbol-word combinations. However, they were significantly different in the timing of peak amplitudes in the integrated electromyographic signals of upper lip and lower lip (IEMG peak latency). Findings question the claim that people who stutter have problems in creating abstract motor plans for speech. In addition, it is argued that the group differences in IEMG peak latency that were found in the present study might be better understood in terms of motor control strategies than in terms of motor control deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Stuttering as operant behavior: effects of the verbal stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the disfluency rates of school-age stutterers and nonstutterers.

This study assessed the effects of the verbally presented stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the frequency of disfluencies during oral reading by 18 school-aged stutterers and 18 matched nonstutterers. No differences were found between the three stimulus words' effect on the disfluency rate of either subject group. Because decreases in the disfluency rates of stutterers were observed during the presentation of all three stimulus words, the data failed to support the operant model. A discussion of theoretical and experimental implications is given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Stuttering and Tourette's syndrome: a short tutorial and account of a four years experience in a stuttering clinic constriction of the vocal tract].

The author presents a short tutorial of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome followed by a state of the art of review of the clinical links between stuttering and the different kinds of Tourette and tics disorders. The author relates her own experience of working for four consecutive years at the new stuttering diagnostic center at the "Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ". The article ends with a practical review of the actual therapies available when such a diagnosis is made.

Diagnosis, Differential↗