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PubMed1996

[Linear polarized light irradiation around the stellate ganglion area increases skin temperature and blood flow].

We evaluated the effect of linear polarized light irradiation with a SUPER LIZER around the stellate ganglion area on skin temperature and blood flow in healthy adult volunteers. We carried out two experiments (study I and study II). In study I, we investigated one-sided irradiation around the stellate ganglion area or posterior neck on the skin temperature of the bilateral nasus externi and earlobes. In study II, we investigated one-sided irradiation around the stellate ganglion area or posterior neck on the skin temperatures of both hands and skin blood flow on the irradiated side. In study I, irradiation around the stellate ganglion area increased skin temperature on the irradiated sides of the nasus externi (wings of the nose), and in study II, skin temperature and blood flow were increased on the irradiated side of the hands. These results suggest that linear polarized light irradiation with a SUPER LIZER around the stellate ganglion area would be useful and beneficial in clinical therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The bilateral effect of stellate ganglion block on the facial skin blood flow.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is our hypothesis that stellate ganglion block increases regional blood flow on the blocked side, but does not change cardiac output, suggesting that the corresponding regional blood flow on the contralateral side may decrease, which would be disadvantageous for patients with bilateral sympathetically-maintained pain. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of stellate ganglion block on facial skin blood flow. METHODS: Skin blood flow on the right and left forehead was measured by a laser blood flowmeter before stellate ganglion block and 15 minutes after the block. The block was performed for 8 outpatients with acute or chronic pain in the head or neck using a 24-gauge needle, 5 mL of 1% mepivacaine, and a paratracheal approach at the C6 transverse process. Time control without the block was obtained with 9 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: All the patients developed the Horner's syndrome on the blocked side, but not on the contralateral side. The facial skin blood flow increased from 7.5 +/- 1.1 mL/min/100 g to 14.5 +/- 1.4 mL/min/100 g on the blocked side (P < .01) and from 8.8 +/- 1.2 mL/min/100 g to 12.8 +/- 1.7 mL/min/100 g on the contralateral side (P < .05). The healthy volunteers without the block showed no significant change (from 10.1 +/- 0.8 mL/min/100 g to 10.3 +/- 0.7 mL/min/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that stellate ganglion block may increase the contralateral regional skin blood flow.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Cobalt and horseradish peroxidase tracer studies in the stellate ganglion of octopus.

The connectivity of the stellate ganglion of Octopus was investigated using cobalt and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracers applied to severed preganglionic and postganglionic nerves. Centripetal cells, defined as cells in the ganglion which send their axons back toward the brain, were discovered by both methods. Application of HRP to the pallial (preganglionic) nerve labeled the preganglionic fibers which enter the ganglion and spread widely within the neuropil. Application of either tracer to a single stellar (postganglionic) nerve labeled motor neuron cell bodies spread over 1/4 to 1/3 of the ganglion. Since there are 25-40 such stellar nerves per ganglion, it may be inferred that there is only a limited topographic relationship between the location of motor neuron cell bodies in the stellate ganglion and the segment of mantle muscle which they innervate. The axon and many side branches of these motor neurons were also labeled. The smooth, diffuse form of HRP labeling produced in pre- and portganglionic axotomized neurons in Oct0pus is similar in appearance to that produced in damaged mammalian neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Treatment of chronic retinal artery obstruction with stellate ganglion block and electric acupuncture].

A 56-year-old man (160 cm, 64 kg) having right visual field defect due to obstruction of the central retinal artery for 6 months was treated with stellate ganglion block and electric acupuncture. His visual field improved slightly immediately after preliminary treatment with stellate ganglion block and electric acupuncture judging from perimeter recording and his complaints. Stellate ganglion block on every day and electric acupuncture on every other day were performed for 10 days and there after these treatments were done two times a week. Twenty days after starting the treatment, his visual field improved on his perimeter examination. We discussed that the cause of improvement was activation of slept cone cells which needed more energy for activation than rod cells by increasing retinal blood flow with stellate ganglion block and electric acupuncture. We recommend vasodilating treatments such as stellate ganglion block and electric acupuncture for visual field defect due to obstruction of central retinal artery even in chronic state.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1988

Cardioacceleration produced by close intra-arterial injection of neurotensin into the stellate ganglion of the cat.

The effect on heart rate of close i.a. injection of neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) into the decentralized right stellate ganglion was tested in anaesthetized spinal cats. These peptides are present in the stellate ganglion and may mediate the stellate ganglion cell excitation underlying a previously described slow cardioacceleration evoked by preganglionic stimulation during block of cholinergic transmission. NT (Tyr11-NT) at doses of 25-200 micrograms produced increases in heart rate of 10-125 beats/min (bpm) and of slow time course. At the dose of 100 micrograms, NT produced a cardioacceleration of 56 +/- 8.4 bpm (mean +/- SEM, n = 13) with an onset latency of 23 +/- 4 s, a slow rise to peak (rise time 62 +/- 4.5 s), and a half decay of 167 +/- 14 s. A cardioacceleration of comparable magnitude (78 +/- 3.8 bpm) caused by close i.a. administration of acetylcholine (100 micrograms, n = 13) had an onset latency of 2 +/- 1 s, a fast rise to a sharp peak (rise time 3 +/- 1 s), and a half decay of 23 +/- 4 s. The analogues, Phe11-NT and Trp11-NT, as well as the stereoisomer, D-Tyr11-NT, had no effect on heart rate when injected at doses up to 400 micrograms. The NT-evoked cardioacceleration was blocked by propranolol or by section of the inferior cardiac nerve and may therefore be attributed to prolonged excitation of stellate ganglion cells. Administration of hexamethonium and atropine was without effect on the NT response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Projections of stellate ganglion sympathetic neutrons in cats.

Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used in this study to localize neurons in the cat stellate ganglion. The enzyme was applied to different nerves originating from the ganglion. Regardless of the site of HRP application labeled neurons in the stellate ganglion were located in the zone adjacent to the emergence from the ganglion of the nerves under study. However, neurons of a thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk were never labeled following exposure to HRP. The boundaries of the ganglion areas filled with labeled neurons after HRP application to different nerves did not completely overlap. The neurons labeled following HRP application to the vertebral nerve and the anastomosis of the stellate ganglion with the vagus nerve occupied the largest area. We conclude that neurons in the stellate ganglion of the cat are organized on a topical basis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Low reactive-level laser therapy near the stellate ganglion for postherpetic facial neuralgia].

Low reactive-level laser therapy near the stellate ganglion was given for a 68-year-old female with postherpetic neuralgia, suffering from burning pain in the right forehead for 11 years. Stellate ganglion block and supraorbital nerve block with oral medication were not effective to relieve this pain. The laser irradiation induced warm sensation in her face followed by an excellent pain relief. Thermograms illustrated a remarkable increase from 30.6 degrees C to 31.5 degrees C in temperature of her right face. The irradiation near the right carotid artery also had the similar effect. The results imply that the irradiation with low reactive-level laser of the stellate ganglion and/or the carotid artery increases a facial blood flow and relieves facial neuralgia.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The effect of sustained stellate ganglion stimulation on left ventricular contractility in the dog.

Although a progressive reduction in left ventricular contractility during sustained left stellate ganglion stimulation has been well documented, there have been no reports on the contractile state after nerve stimulation. Left ventricular contractility after cessation of 60 min of electrical (10 V. 10 Hz. 1 msec) left stellate ganglion stimulation has been assessed in open chest dogs. Before and 15 min after stimulation, left ventricular contractility was evaluated by the end-systolic pressure-segment length relationship using ultrasonic crystals during a stepwise aortic constriction to increase left ventricular afterload. Restimulation of the left stellate ganglion was also performed 15 min after cessation of the first stimulation. After sustained left stellate ganglion stimulation, the end-systolic points shifted to the right from the control and the slope of multiple pressure-segment length coordinates significantly decreased (102.5 +/- 16.1 to 76.5 +/- 10.2 mmHg/mm, mean +/- S.E., p less than 0.05, n = 5), indicating a depression of left ventricular contractility. Increased left ventricular dP/dt max and norepinephrine level in the coronary sinus gradually returned to near base line during 60 min of stimulation. These reduced responses lasted for at least 15 min after cessation of stimulation. The myocardial norepinephrine content was reduced to 0.59 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- S.E.) ng/mg wet tissue from 0.90 +/- 0.15 of the control level (p less than 0.05). These data suggested that left ventricular contractility decreased after sustained cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation, probably due to norepinephrine reduction in the myocardium.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

CT-guided injection of the stellate ganglion: description of technique and efficacy of sympathetic blockade.

Stellate ganglion blockade, typically performed by using palpable osseous landmarks, is an accepted method in the diagnosis and treatment of sympathetically maintained pain and other conditions. The authors present the results of stellate ganglion injection performed with computed tomographic (CT) guidance. Thirteen CT-guided procedures were performed in seven patients. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, and buprenorphine were used to achieve the blockade. Successful blocks were achieved in all 13 cases as evidenced by production of Horner syndrome and ipsilateral hand temperature elevations. The average ipsilateral and contralateral hand temperature changes following the procedure were 7.5 degrees C and 0.5 degrees C. The ipsilateral hand temperature changes and the differences between the ipsilateral and contralateral hand temperature changes exceeded 1.5 degrees C in every case. Five patients preferred the CT-guided procedure over the conventional technique, and two patients noted no substantial difference between the approaches. With the CT-guided technique, a highly effective sympathetic block is achieved with a substantially reduced volume of anesthetic compared with the conventional approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The effect of stimulation of the stellate ganglion on excitability of the heart.

Stimulation of the stellate ganglion leads to a shortening of the effective refractory period of the heart, while the electrical systole duration decreases in normal heart condition only secondarily in consequence of the increase in heart rate. In myocardial focal ischaemia stellate ganglion stimulation leads to an increase in the electrical systole time, the refractory period of the heart significantly shortens and the repolarization of the heart becomes inhomogenous. Consequently, the arrhythmogenic effect of a sympathetic excitation manifests itself mainly in myocardial ischaemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Immunohistochemical evidence for different pathways immunoreactive to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the guinea-pig stellate ganglion.

The colocalization of immunoreactivities to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nervous structures and their correlation with other peptidergic structures were studied in the stellate ganglion of the guinea pig by the application of double-labelling immunofluorescence. Three types of fibre were distinguished. (1) Substance P+/CGRP+ fibres, which sometimes displayed additional immunoreactivity for enkephalin, constituted a small fibre population of sensory origin, as deduced from retrograde labelling of substance P+/CGRP+ dorsal root ganglion cells. (2) Substance P+/CGRP- fibres were more frequent; some formed baskets around non-catecholaminergic perikarya that were immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). (3) CGRP+/substance P- fibres were most frequent and were mainly distributed among tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cell bodies. The peptide content of fibre populations (2) and (3) did not correspond to that of sensory ganglion cells retrogradely labelled by tracer injection into the stellate ganglion. Therefore, these fibres are thought to arise from retrogradely labelled preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord, in which transmitter levels may have been too low for immunohistochemical detection of substance P or CGRP. CGRP-immunoreactivity but no substance P-immunolabelling was observed in VIP-immunoreactive postganglionic neurons. Such cell bodies were TH-negative and were spared by substance P-immunolabelled fibre baskets. Retrograde tracing with Fast Blue indicated that the sweat glands in the glabrous skin of the forepaw were the targets of these neurons. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method at the electron-microscope level demonstrated that immunoreactivity to substance P and CGRP was present in dense-cored vesicles of 50-130 nm diameter in varicosities of non-myelinated nerve fibres in the stellate ganglion. No statistically significant difference in size was observed between vesicles immunolabelled for substance P and CGRP. Immunoreactive varicosities formed axodendritic and axosomatic synaptic contacts, and unspecialized appositions to non-reactive neuronal dendrites, somata, and axon terminals. Many varicosities were partly exposed to the interstitial space. The findings provide evidence for different pathways utilizing substance P and/or CGRP in the guinea-pig stellate ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Influence of stellate ganglion resection on intracranial pressure].

This study was designed to investigate the influence of stellate ganglion resection on intracranial pressure and blood flow through common carotid and vertebral arteries in 10 mongrel dogs. Following anesthesia with diazepam and pancuronium, each dog was intubated and ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Intracranial pressure was measured with a subdural catheter (Nihon Koden) inserted through right and left temporal burr holes. The right and left common carotid and vertebral arteries were surgically identified, and blood flow estimated with an ultrasonic probe (Transonic T201). After baseline measurement, the stellate ganglion was resected on the right side in 5 dogs, and on the left in the remaining animals. There were no significant change in intracranial pressure. After stellate ganglion resection, there was a significant increase in blood flow through the ipsilateral common carotid and vertebral arteries, but there were significant decreases in flow through the contralateral vessels.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stellate ganglion block alleviates pseudo-obstruction symptoms followed by episodes of hypermetropia: case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction due to visceral myopathy is a disorder resembling bowel obstruction but without mechanical occlusion. Frequently, parenteral nutrition becomes the final palliative treatment. A patient affected with this syndrome for 16 years was suffering causalgic pain provoked by intraveneous perfusion. Stellate ganglion block was requested in the hope of maintaining the perfusion. METHODS: Stellate ganglion block not only stopped the pain but unexpectedly, it temporarily relieved the pseudo-obstruction symptoms. Two radiofrequency coagulations in the stellate ganglion prolonged the beneficial effects on gastrointestinal transit for more than 3 weeks, after which the symptoms returned. Multidisciplinary and multicenter advice was that further destructive treatments not be attempted. RESULTS: Repetitive stellate ganglion blocks with 2 mL of bupivacaine 0.75% restored gastrointestinal function for more than 3 weeks. However, after performance of radiofrequency coagulation, infiltration with bupivacaine was followed by hypermetropia on the right eye of 2 weeks duration. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between stellate ganglion block and gastrointestinal function has not been described. This case report does not provide sufficient information to recommend this technique for pseudo-obstruction symptoms. Moreover, the result in this case is a fortuitous observation, lacking a clear scientific explanation. Further study may be warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Autoradiographic study of the right stellate ganglionic fibers to the cat heart.

Autoradiographic techniques have been employed to demonstrate the distribution of the postganglionic sympathetic cardiac fibers originating from the right stellate ganglion in 3 cats. After exposing the ganglion through a right thoracotomy, a total of 500 muCi of tritiated leucine was injected into the right stellate ganglion of each cat. After 3 days the animals were sacrificed by vascular perfusion. The injected ganglia, the heart and great vessels were processed for autoradiography. The majority of the right stellate ganglionic fibers travelled between the trachea and aortic arch, and entered the cardiac fibers travelled between the trachea and aortic arch, and entered the cardiac plexus. Continuing through the plexus, these fibers coursed between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary arterial trunk to form a periarterial plexus around the left coronary artery and its branches. Most of the fibers followed the distribution of the ventral descending branch of the left coronary artery; a few followed the circumflex artery. A conspicuous subepicardial plexus was derived from the periarterial plexus and was most prominent in the cranial half of the left ventricle. Other fibers arising from the right stellate ganglion descended between the cranial vena cava and the right branch of the pulmonary artery. These ramified on the dorsolateral surface of the right atrium, and also formed a large bundle which passed caudally through the interatrial septum.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1991

Hypertrophy of stellate ganglion cells in hypertensive, but not hyperactive, rats.

The dendritic complexity of peripheral autonomic neurons is positively matched with the size of the target they innervate, apparently by trophic interactions with the target (D. Purves, W. D. Snider, and J. T. Voyvodic. Nature Lond. 336: 123-128, 1988). We have asked whether the vascular hypertrophy associated with hypertension is accompanied by dendritic hypertrophy of sympathetic ganglion cells. To do this, we examined the morphology of stellate ganglion cells in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), its normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY), and two new strains derived from the SHR that independently express the hypertensive phenotype of the SHR (WKHT) and the behavioral hyperactivity present in the SHR (WKHA). Cells were examined by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase in in vitro preparations of the ganglia. Carotid arterial wall size was also examined. Significant hypertrophy of both the carotid arterial wall and stellate ganglion cell dendrites was observed in the two hypertensive strains (SHR and WKHT) but not in either of the normotensive strains (WKY and WKHA). This increased total dendritic length of stellate ganglion cells associated with hypertension provides a greater target area for preganglionic innervation that may result in hyperinnervation of these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Surgical anatomy of the stellate ganglion].

Peculiarities in the shape, size, and skeletotopy of the stellate ganglion were revealed in examination of 56 specimens collected from cadavers of adult humans of both sexes differing in age. The topographo-anatomical interrelationship of the stellate ganglion and the structures surrounding it may be conducive to the development of the "sympathological cervico-ganglionic phenomenon" the clinical picture of which is due to circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilar basin.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Novel mechanism of action hypothesized for stellate ganglion block related to melatonin.

The mechanism of action of stellate ganglion block has generally been explained by vasodilation within its sphere of innervation. However, the success of treatment cannot always be explained by just one mechanism of action, because its clinical indications in Japan extend to many diseases, including systemic diseases. We propose a new mechanism of action for stellate ganglion block that is based on correction of melatonin rhythm disorder resulting from increased sympathetic nerve tone and does not involve vasodilation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Cardiac arrhythmias in acute central nervous system disease. Successful management with stellate ganglion block.

Cardiac rhythm disturbances and ECG wave-form abnormalities have been described with CNS disease or injury in experimental animals and in man. Unilateral sympathetic stimulation has been shown to produce similar changes in ventricular repolarization and reduce the fibrillation threshold. A patient with a ruptured congenital aneurysm of the basilar artery developed an accelerating ventricular tachycardia associated with an episode of active intracranial bleeding. The rhythm disturbance proved refractory to all modalities of chemotherapy, including lidocaine, phenytoin, atropine, procainamide, digoxin, and propranolol. The ECG showed a repolarization abnormality similar to that described with left stellate ganglion stimulation. Left stellate ganglion block was carried out with 15 ml of 1% lidocaine. An effect on the tachyarrhythmia was noted in five minutes. By 15 minutes, the rhythm disturbance was abolished. The repolarization abnormalities improved over a period of hours. Successful management with left stellate ganglion block suggests that this form of therapy may have clinical application in arrhythmias associated with CNS disease.

Basilar Artery↗