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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes of the mineralization pattern in the subchondral bone plate of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joints of the throwing athletes.

The distribution of mineralization in the subchondral bone plate (DMSB) is used as a parameter for individual stress distribution of shoulder joints. We have analyzed 28 shoulder joints of throwing athletes by DMSB of the glenoid with computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry and described their mineralization patterns. The throwing motion imposes a heavy rotational load on the shoulder joint, and this, in turn, may lead to excessive translation of the humeral head on the glenoid. This could explain why the two most frequent density maxima were localized to the anterior and posterior portions of the glenoid. Our finding of a frequent bicentric density distribution of the shoulder joints of throwing athletes should be useful in any future analysis of the relationship between the DMSB and the bone morphology of the glenoid.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Numerical analysis of cooperative abduction muscle forces in a human shoulder joint.

Because some shoulder muscles originate from a wide area, the modeling of such muscles has been a significant problem in a computer simulation. We demonstrated a new method of determining a vector for each of the muscles originating from a wide area. A 3-dimensional musculoskeletal model of a human shoulder was constructed from computed tomography data of a normal volunteer. Numerical analysis of 11 muscle forces and the joint reaction force during shoulder abduction from 10 degrees to 150 degrees was performed from the static equilibrium equations. An optimal origin point for the vector of the muscle with a wide origin area was determined in every analyzed position. Electromyography was carried out to validate the results of the simulation, and a significant correlation with the analyzed force was obtained in each muscle. The anatomic biomechanical model with the new muscle modeling method led to the results reflecting the actual muscle activities in a living body.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed2002

Distribution of beta-endorphin and substance P in the shoulder joint of the dog before and after a low impact exercise programme.

Beta-endorphin and substance P were immunolocalized in the articular cartilage, synovial membrane and fibrous joint capsule of dogs. Twelve adult greyhounds were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, limited exercise, or regimented exercise. On day 0, biopsies of articular cartilage and joint capsule were obtained from the left shoulder joints of dogs receiving limited and regimented exercise. On day 72, biopsies of joint capsule from right and left shoulders and articular cartilage from the right shoulder joint were analysed for the presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and for immunolocalization of substance P and beta-endorphin. Regimented exercise increased the presence of GAGs and immunolocalization of substance P and beta-endorphin in articular cartilage and synovial membrane compared to day 0 biopsies and untreated controls. Localization of beta-endorphin became prominent in and around the chondrocytes. Substance P was increased in chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. Concomitant changes in localization of beta-endorphin and substance P may have a role in the modulation of the microphysiological environment, metabolism, or function of joint tissues in response to low-impact exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Unusual presentation of shoulder joint tuberculosis: A case report.

Tuberculosis of the shoulder joint is uncommon. In adults the classical dry type of shoulder tuberculosis (caries sicca) has been described, while the fulminating variety has not been reported. We treated a case of fulminating variety of tuberculosis of the shoulder joint with anti-tubercular therapy and a shoulder immobilizer sling. At 18 months of follow up, the patient was disease free and had a good functional range of motion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

[Shoulder joint instability after primary arthroplasty].

Instability is one of the most common complications after shoulder arthroplasty. The literature cites subluxation or luxation to occur between 0% and 38% in various studies. Instabilities may present either as subluxation or frank dislocation, and may be directed in an anterior, posterior, inferior or, depending on the state of the rotator cuff, cranial direction. The stability of any shoulder joint is given by the balance of the muscles directing the forces around the shoulder joint in association with the passive stabilizers of the shoulder joint capsule as well as the bony contours between glenoid and humeral head. Any disturbance of this delicate balance will lead the shoulder into instability, particular so if bony erosion patterns such as posterior glenoid wear in osteoarthritics will develop subluxation early on. Therefore implantation of any prosthesis is required to be done in the appropriate version as to avoid secondary instability through the prosthetic components. In the study undertaken here instability was found to be the most common complication in 44 shoulder revision surgeries. The result with an average Score of 41.9 recorded after Constant demonstrates that the excellent and good results obtained with primary arthroplasties can not be expected in revision surgery. Posterior instability may be present just as well as the more easily observed anterior instability. Separate to frank luxation or instability is the late cranialisation of the rotator cuff deficient shoulder which, although resulting in many cases in superior anterior subluxation, will mostly be seen as a late complication after arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty, Replacement↗
PubMed1991

[CPM treatment of the shoulder joint].

Since Salter's results about experimental continuous passive motion (CPM) there are remarkable, generally positive experiences on CPM-treatment of the knee-joint. Now CPM-experiences on shoulder joints are described based on data from 150 patients during the last six years. Three types of motorized CPM-machines are presented for the treatment of the shoulder joint. At the present time they are components of the so-called "Artromot-System." Indications and applications of the CPM-devices are described. Patients are accepting the new way of treatment promptly, because they could apply the devices during the early postoperative period for hours in a selected range of motion, causing no pain. The duration of the CPM-treatment should be two to four hours a day. As shown by Salter's experimental studies the continuous passive motion enhances the metabolism of a joint, improves the resorption of effusions, and may prevent joint stiffness as well as secondary arthrosis. CPM-treatment can especially be prolonged for outpatients; thus CPM treatment can contribute to shorten the hospital stay and the time of treatment in general showing an economic factor.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Stability of the canine shoulder joint: an in vitro analysis.

The stability of the canine shoulder joint was assessed with and without the restraining effects of selected supporting structures. Shoulder joints from medium-sized (15 to 30 kg) canine cadavers were dissected, and all soft tissues were removed except for the 4 cuff muscles (supraspinous, infraspinous, teres minor, subscapular), the biceps muscle (m biceps brachii) and the joint capsule with its associated glenohumeral ligaments. The humerus was fixed in position, and with the shoulder extended, the joint was stressed into abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. The range of motion was measured from transverse pins placed above and below the joint. Measurements were made before and after severance of the cuff tendons and joint capsule. In selected joints, medial and lateral luxations were created. The biceps tendon was then transposed medially or laterally, respectively, to aid joint stability. Selected medial luxations were stabilized by transferring a portion of the insertion of the supraspinous tendon to a medial location. All joints were stressed as just described, and the range of motion was measured before and after tendon transfer. The joint capsule with its associated glenohumeral ligaments was an important restraint of joint motion. Lateral transfer of the biceps tendon partially corrected lateral joint instability by imposed marked rotational constraints on the joint. Medial transfer of the biceps tendon or the supraspinous tendon partially corrected medial joint instability, but did not resolve rotational abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison in the effect of linear polarized near-infrared light irradiation and light exercise on shoulder joint flexibility.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing the effect of linear polarized near-infrared light irradiation (PL irradiation) and bicycle exercise with 50%HRreserve on the flexibility of the shoulder joint. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty-four healthy young adults (10 males: mean+/-SD, age 20.9+/-3.1 y, height 171.0+/-3.9 cm, body mass 63.4+/-3.5 kg and 14 females: age 21.2+/-1.7 y, height 162.0+/-7.8 cm, body mass 56.2+/-7.2 kg). INTERVENTIONS: PL-irradiation (100%, 1800 mW), placebo-irradiation (10%,180 mW), and light exercise (50%HRreserve) for 10 minutes. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The shoulder joint angles were measured twice-before and after each intervention. We measured the angles when the right shoulder joint extended forward and flexed backward maximally without support, and analyzed these shoulder joints and range of motion. Trial-to-trial reliability (intraclass correlations) of each joint angle was very high, over 0.98. All joint angles showed significant changes, and values in post-PL-irradiation and postlight exercise were significantly greater than that in postplacebo-irradiation. Shoulder forward flexion and backward extension angles had significantly greater change rates in PL-irradiation and light exercise than placebo-irradiation, and their range of motion angle was in the order of PL-irradiation, light exercise, and placebo-irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that PL-irradiation produces almost the same effect on shoulder joint range of motion as light exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effect of level of spinal cord injury on shoulder joint kinetics during manual wheelchair propulsion.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of spinal cord injury level on shoulder kinetics during manual wheelchair propulsion were studied. DESIGN: Single session data collection in a laboratory environment. METHODS: Male subjects were divided into four groups: low level paraplegia (n=17), high level paraplegia (n=19), C7 tetraplegia (C7, n=16) and C6 tetraplegia (C6, n=17). Measurements were recorded using a six-camera VICON motion analysis system, a strain gauge instrumented wheel, and wheelchair ergometer. Shoulder joint forces and moments were calculated using the inverse dynamics approach. RESULTS: Mean self-selected propulsion velocity was higher in the paraplegic (low paraplegia=90.7 m/min; high paraplegia=83.4 m/min) than tetraplegic (C7=66.5 m/min; C6=47.0 m/min) groups. After covarying for velocity, no significant differences in shoulder joint moments were identified. However, superior push force in subjects with tetraplegia (C7=21.4 N; C6=9.3 N) was significantly higher than in those with high paraplegia (7.3 N), after covarying velocity. CONCLUSIONS: The superior push force in the tetraplegic groups coupled with weakness of thoraco-humeral depressors increases susceptibility of the subacromial structures to compression. RELEVANCE: Increased vertical force at the shoulder joint, coupled with reduced shoulder depressor strength, may contribute to shoulder problems in subjects with tetraplegia. Wheelchair design modifications, combined with strength and endurance retention, should be considered to prevent shoulder pain development.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[A contribution to pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder joint (author's transl)].

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder joint, particularly with osseous invasion, is a rare disease. Typical clinical, roentgenological and histological criteria are pointed out on the basis of the case report of one of the authors' own patients. Aetiology and pathogenesis of the changes are discussed. This disease must be included in differential diagnostic deliberations in the shoulder joint region as well, where it may be superficially confused with malignant tumours of the joint.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Anatomic and radiographic examination of the shoulder joint of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)].

Anatomical structures of shoulder joints of five adult cheetahs were examined by dissection, corrosion casts and radiography. The bones, capsules and auxiliary synovial devices were described, as well as ligaments and adjacent muscles. The cheetah shoulder has many similarities with the shoulder joint of the domestic cat, but also considerable differences. Proper osteological features were the large supraglenoid tubercle, the caudally directed coracoid process and the extension of the articular surface of the scapula to the lateral area of the supraglenoid tubercle. On the proximal end of the humerus the width of the head of humerus, the facet of infraspinatus muscle as a shallow cavity with the insertion of the infraspinatus muscle around it and two raised roughnesses on the proximal end of the tricipital line for the insertions of the lateral glenohumeral ligament and the teres minor muscle were noticeable. The insertion of the joint capsule was mainly on the glenoid labrum, only in part of the articular surface on the lateral area of the supraglenoid tubercle laterally on the scapula. The joint capsule formed a supra- and infraspinatus recess laterally, an intertubercular tendon sheet for the biceps brachii muscle cranially, and a bipartited subscapular recess medially. An extracapsular transverse ligament passing the intertubercular groove, a laterally capsular strengthening--called lateral glenohumeral ligament--and an intracapsular medial glenohumeral ligament could be found. The latter one was joined to the capsule by a mesoligament, dividing the subscapular recess into two pouches.

Acinonyx↗
PubMed2000

Diagnostic findings and prognosis following arthroscopic treatment of subtle osteochondral lesions in the shoulder joint of horses: 15 cases (1996-1999).

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical, scintigraphic, radiographic, and arthroscopic findings and results of treatment in horses with lameness attributable to subtle osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joint. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 15 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed, and results of physical examination, scintigraphy, radiography, arthroscopy, and treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Severity of lameness ranged from grade 1 to 4. Response to shoulder flexion or extension was variable. Twelve horses had a narrow upright foot. Intra-articular anesthesia of the shoulder joint localized the cause of the lameness to the shoulder joint in 9 of 10 horses. Scintigraphic abnormalities were detected in 4 of 6 horses. Radiographic lesions were subtle and included glenoid sclerosis, focal glenoid lysis, small glenoid cysts, and alterations in the humeral head contour. Arthroscopic evaluation confirmed clefts in the glenoid cartilage, glenoid cysts, a humeral head cyst, fibrillation of the humeral head cartilage, cartilage fragmentation, or a nondisplaced fracture of the humeral head. After treatment, 12 horses returned to their previous level of performance, 1 was sound for light riding, 1 remained lame, and 1 was euthanatized because of chronic lameness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a combination of physical examination, scintigraphy, and radiography is necessary to diagnose subtle osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joint in horses. Arthroscopy can be used to confirm the diagnosis and treat cartilage and subchondral bone lesions. Young and middle-aged horses with subtle osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joints have a good prognosis for return to performance following arthroscopic treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Post-traumatic pain syndromes of the shoulder joint--differentiation and treatment].

The main symptom of posttraumatic trouble in the shoulder-joint is the painful immobility. We had to differentiate between genuine shoulder pain originating in shoulder alternation and shoulder pain in consequence of other diseases. Significant causes of posttraumatic shoulder pain are the impingement syndrome with tendon alteration or lesion or, due to fractures, the instable shoulder joint as well as shoulder rigidity. An exact diagnosis and, in consequence an exact treatment can only be accomplished basing on accurate history and specific clinical examination.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Shoulder joint kinetics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion.

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the forces and moments at the shoulder joint during free, level wheelchair propulsion and to document changes imposed by increased speed, inclined terrain, and 15 minutes of continuous propulsion. Data were collected using a six-camera VICON motion analysis system, a strain gauge instrumented wheel, and a wheelchair ergometer. Seventeen men with low level paraplegia participated in this study. Shoulder joint forces and moments were calculated using a three-dimensional model applying the inverse dynamics approach. During free propulsion, peak shoulder joint forces were in the posterior (46 N) and superior directions (14 N), producing a peak resultant force of 51 N at an angle of 185 degrees (180 degrees = posterior). Peak shoulder joint moments were greatest in extension (14 Newton-meters [Nm]), followed by abduction (10 Nm), and internal rotation (6 Nm). With fast and inclined propulsion, peak vertical force increased by greater than 360%, and the increase in posterior force and shoulder moments ranged from 107% to 167%. At the end of 15 minutes of continuous free propulsion, there were no significant changes compared with short duration free propulsion. The increased joint loads documented during fast and inclined propulsion could lead to compression of subacromial structures against the overlying acromion.

Acceleration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the equine shoulder joint.

An arthroscopic technique for examination and surgical treatment of conditions of the shoulder joint was evaluated in eight normal horses and two horses with osteochondrosis lesions. A single arthroscope entry point caudal to the infraspinatus tendon allowed inspection of the cranial, lateral, and caudal surfaces of the shoulder joint. With the humeral head and glenoid cavity distracted by a curved forceps, the entire cartilage surface of the shoulder could be examined. The caudomedial portion of the humeral head was seen better with a 70 degree angled arthroscope. Instruments for intra-articular manipulation were introduced through a separate skin incision 2 to 4 cm caudal to the arthroscope entry point. Two horses with osteochondrosis lesions of the shoulder were examined arthroscopically and debrided with instrument triangulation. Five normal horses and both horses with osteochondrosis lesions were euthanized immediately after the procedure and a necropsy was performed. Minor iatrogenic damage to the cartilage surfaces and joint capsule resulted from the technique. Three horses recovered from anesthesia and were killed 3, 30, or 60 days after surgery. Subcutaneous fluid that accumulated during surgery had resorbed by 3 days and lameness was evident for 12 to 24 hours. Gross examination and histopathologic findings of specimens collected at 30 and 60 days showed several small nonhealing partial-thickness cartilage defects attributed to instrument insertion. Arthroscopy is a satisfactory method to examine the joint surfaces and to evaluate and treat osteochondrosis lesions of the shoulder joint in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Percutaneous catheter drainage of septic shoulder joint.

A method for draining septic shoulder joints, similar to percutaneous methods recently described for draining abdominal abscesses, is discussed. This alternative technique may also be used for percutaneous drainage of septic hips, thus obviating complicated surgery.

Arthritis, Infectious↗