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PubMed1997

Interrelated and isolated self-concepts.

We propose a framework for conceptualizing different ways of representing concepts of the self. Interrelated self-concepts are concepts that are defined by connections to concepts of other (real or prototypic) individuals; isolated self-concepts do not depend upon other person concepts for their mental characterization. This distinction between ways of representing self-concepts is similar to the distinction between interrelated and isolated concepts recently proposed by Goldstone (1993b, 1996). In this article, the extant self literature is evaluated in terms of the interrelated-isolated distinction. Methods for manipulating and diagnosing interrelated and isolated self-concepts are also proposed. Results of 3 studies show that interrelated self-concepts contain less abstract features than do isolated self-concepts. The former concepts also contain more diagnostic features than the latter. Discussion focuses on predictions about other differences in isolated5nd interrelated self-concepts. The conditions under which different types of self-concepts might change and the implications of interrelated and isolated self-concepts for information processing, memory, self-esteem, and mental health are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Self-related problems beyond the self-concept: motivational consequences of discrepant self-guides.

This article considers emotional-motivational predispositions associated with self-beliefs other than the self-concept. Specifically, we examined the consequences of a chronic conflict between two valued selves. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people who possess conflicting standards or self-guides are vulnerable to a particular type of psychological discomfort. We found that subjects possessing discrepant self-guides experienced significantly more frequently the cluster of emotional-motivational problems predicted to be related to a chronic double approach-avoidance conflict (feeling muddled, indecisive, distractible, unsure of self or goals, rebellious, confused about identity) than did subjects without such a discrepancy. Evidence is presented that this specific relation is independent of self-concept-related beliefs and problems. However, evidence is also presented that self-guide-self-guide discrepancies influence the nature of the self-concept, which may reflect subjects' chronic difficulties with self-assessment along a dimension described by this type of discrepancy.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept.

The self-concept plays an important role in conformity to sex-typed social norms. Normative beliefs that men are powerful, dominant, and self-assertive and that women are caring, intimate with others, and emotionally expressive represent possible standards for whom people ought to be and whom they ideally would like to be. In the present research, to the extent that sex role norms were personally relevant for participants, norm-congruent experiences (i.e., those involving dominance for men and communion for women) yielded positive feelings and brought their actual self-concepts closer to the standards represented by ought and ideal selves.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

Relationships among self-concept and school achievement, maternal self-esteem and sensory integration abilities for learning disabled children, ages 7 to 12 years.

52 learning disabled students were assessed to evaluate the relationships among self-concept and (a) school achievement, (b) maternal self-esteem, and (c) sensory integration abilities. Of these variables, perceptual motor abilities as measured by the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests contributed to reported self-concept of learning disabled students.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The quality of self-concept in old age.

Self-concept in old age was investigated. The goal of the work was to reveal the contents of self-concept, that is, what is included in the sphere of self-assessment, and also to analyze the traditional parameters of self-assessment: its height, stability, adequacy. Specific features of self-concept in old age were found. They concern the contents of self-concept and are characterized by retrospective direction of self-analysis. Total lowering of the level of self-assessment and modification of its structure including real, ideal, attainable positions were found. As compared with previous periods of the life-cycle, self-concept becomes less stable and adequate. Besides the general peculiarities, old people's self-concept is characterized by wide individual variations and sex differences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of health beliefs, health locus of control, and self concept to the practice of breast self-examination in adult women.

This descriptive-correlational study was undertaken in order to determine if there were differences in the health beliefs, health locus of control, and self concept of adult women who practice breast self-examination (BSE) as compared to those women who do not. A sample of 207 women, drawn from a variety of settings, completed the four questionnaires, which were the research instruments. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, point biserial correlations, multiple regression, and Pearson product moment correlations. Analysis of the data revealed there were differences between the practicer and nonpracticer groups in terms of health beliefs, health locus of control, and self concept. Specifically, analysis revealed that being a practicer of BSE was correlated with higher levels of health beliefs and higher self-concept levels. practicers tended to be less inclined to have a health locus of control that depended upon a powerful other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Immunizing the self: self-concept stabilization through reality-adaptive self-definitions.

Processes of self-concept immunization are introduced as a way of reconciling self-concept protection against threatening information with the necessity of acknowledging own failure or losses. Self-immunization works by adaptively changing the subjective operationalization of personal traits, such that skills that individuals believe themselves to be good at are conceived as highly diagnostic, whereas skills that persons do not believe they possess are considered less diagnostic. Three studies are presented to investigate this stabilizing process. Correlational as well as experimental and longitudinal data support the assumption that self-immunization stabilizes central and abstract aspects of the self-concept without ignoring negative information on concrete skills.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Self-reports of mathematics self-concept and educational outcomes: the roles of ego-dimensions and self-consciousness.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for research to (a) explore more fully the academic outcomes that follow from under-/over-rating of self-concept and (b) identify factors that predict the nature of self-reports of self-concept as well as under- and over-rating of this self-concept. AIMS: The study examines the link between students' self-appraisals of both mathematics self-concept and under-/over-rating of this self-concept and educational outcomes in mathematics such as achievement and motivation (future plans for mathematics). Ego-dimensions (ego-orientation and competence-valuation) and public self-consciousness were examined as two factors that might contribute to predicting these self-appraisals. SAMPLE: Findings are drawn from a sample of 382 male and female high school students ranging in age from 14 to 16 years. METHODS: Students responded to a questionnaire (at Time 1) that assessed self-concept, motivation orientation, competence-valuation, self-consciousness, and mathematics motivation. Teachers rated each student using a brief mathematics self-concept scale. RESULTS: Higher mathematics self-concept and over-rating of this self-concept were predictive of higher levels of mathematics motivation and later mathematics achievement (Time 2). Findings also indicate that ego-orientation and competence-valuation are positively associated with mathematics self-concept and over-rating, whilst public self-consciousness negatively predicts mathematics self-concept and is also associated with a tendency to under-rate oneself in this domain.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

The effects of self-concept, trust, and imagined positive or negative self-disclosures on psychological space.

This study focused on some of the determinants of schematic interactional distance based on an analysis of social learning processes. It was hypothesized that closer interpersonal constructions would be associated with a more positive rather than negative self-concept, a greater rather than lesser degree of trust, and a covert positive rather than negative self-disclosure to a significant other. One hundred fifty-nine male and female undergraduate students were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Of these Ss, 82 were also given either positive or negative covert self-disclosure conditions. Interactional distances consisted of "Self" placements in relation to several key social target representations. The results supported the hypothesis regarding the relationship between self-concept and psychological distance, but only for females. There was also a tendency for more trusting females to produce closer distances than less trusting females. These results, as well as the obtained significant sex differences in distancing responses and in renditions of vertical displacements, were discussed within the context of culturally determined sex role differences.

Hierarchy, Social↗
PubMed1996

The working self-concept in transference: significant-other activation and self change.

This research tested the hypothesis that changes in the working self-concept emerge in transference, defined as the activation and application of a significant-other representation to a new person and indexed by relevant inferences and memory (e.g., S. M. Andersen & A. Baum, 1994; S. M. Andersen, N. S. Glassman, S. Chen, & S. Cole, 1995). In an idiographic-nomothetic design, participants learned of a target person who resembled their own or a yoked participant's positively or negatively toned significant other. Results replicated the basic memory effect verifying transference. As predicted, the working self-concept changed in the transference condition. After learning about the new person, participants' freely listed self features shifted; the working self-concept became more infused with aspects of the self reflecting the self when with this significant other. Relevant changes in self evaluation were observed. Hence, changes in the working self-concept occurred in transference.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Impact of urinary incontinence on self-concept in children with spina bifida.

PURPOSE: Low self-concept and self-esteem are thought to be the main predictors of psychological problems in children and adolescents. Children with spina bifida are thought to be at an increased risk for low self-concept and self-esteem given their disabilities. We examined the impact of urinary continence on self-concept in children with myelomeningocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients 7 to 19 years old with spina bifida were evaluated using the Hartner self-perception profile. Each patient was asked to self-rate on a scale of 1 to 4 using specific domains of self-concept, including scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct and global self-worth. Continence and several other factors, namely ambulatory status, family situation and insurance status, were reviewed simultaneously. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between continent patients with spina bifida and controls. Overall children with spina bifida rated lower in scholastic competence, social acceptance and behavioral conduct than controls. Girls with spina bifida scored lower in perceived athleticism, physical appearance and global self-worth than boys with spina bifida. Continent girls were self-rated higher in social acceptance and global self-worth than incontinent girls. Continent boys were self-rated higher in scholastic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance and behavior compared to incontinent boys. CONCLUSIONS: Continence is associated with better self-concept in children with spina bifida and incontinent girls are at particularly high risk for poor self-esteem. Urologists' efforts to promote continence are likely to have a positive effect on self-concept in boys and girls with spina bifida.

Adolescent↗