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PubMed1993

[The effects of salvia miltiorrhiza, polysaccharide sulphate, dextran 40 and mannitol on the viscoelasticity properties of red blood cell suspension].

In vitro, the effects of Dextran 40(DX40), mannitol, salvia miltiorrhiza and polysaccharide Sulphate (PSS) on the viscoelasticity properties of red cell suspensions were studied. The results demonstrated that when the concentration of the drugs increased, mannitol increased eta 5 x 96, eta 51 x 2, eta', eta" and G', and DX 40 increased the values of eta' eta" and G', but it had no obvious effect on eta 5 x 96 and eta 51 x 2; salvia miltiorrhiza and PSS had no obvious effect on eta 5 x 96, eta 51 x 2, eta', eta'' and G'. However, the average values of eta', eta'' and G' of Salvia miltiorrhiza and PSS groups were lower than those of DX 40 and Mannitol groups. Clinically, these four drugs in treatment doses might improve viscoelasticity properties of whole blood. For treating the ischemic cerebral vascular diseases and hyperviscosity syndromes, Salvia miltiorrhiza and PSS could be infused faster, but DX40 and mannitol should be infused slowly.

Blood Viscosity↗
PubMed1997

[Observation of therapeutic effect by combined administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza, ligustrazine and Panax notoginseng on late hemorrhagic shock of rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhize, ligustrazine and Panax notoginseng in treating late hemorrhagic shock in rabbit. METHODS: Rabbit hemorrhagic shock models (MPA 5.3 kPa) were set up according to Wiggers' method and administrated Salvia miltiorrhiza, ligustrazine, Panax notoginseng. The values of blood RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD) and blood lactate (BL), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and magnesium (Mg++) were continuously monitored before shock, 120 minutes after shock, 60 and 120 minutes after hydraulic dilatation. RESULTS: (1) In 120 minutes after shock, the level of SOD decreased and the concentrations of MDA, BL, Mg++ were markedly increased, which indicated that the cell membrane damage caused by oxygen free radicals in rabbit hemorrhagic shock. (2) Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ligustrazine or Panax notoginseng could alleviate lipidperoxidation injury to tissue. Compared with the single drug administration groups, the effects of oxygen free radicals scavangers by combined administration with half dose of 2 drugs were better than the single drug with full dose alone and the side effects such as depression of blood pressure and heart rates would be alleviated. CONCLUSION: Combined administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza, ligustrazine and Panax notoginseng would half the dosage, the blood pressure depression and heart rate reduction alleviated and better result obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Salvia elegans.

Salvia elegans Vahl (Lamiaceae), popularly known as "mirto", is a shrub that has been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of different central nervous system (CNS) diseases, principally, anxiety. Nevertheless, the available scientific information about this species is scarce and there are no reports related to its possible effect on the CNS. In this work, the antidepressant and anxiolytic like effects of hydroalcoholic (60%) extract of Salvia elegans (leaves and flowers) were evaluated in mice. The extract, administered orally, was able to increase the percentage of time spent and the percentage of arm entries in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, as well as to increase the time spent by mice in the illuminated side of the light-dark test, and to decrease the immobility time of mice subjected to the forced swimming test. The same extract was not able to modify the spontaneous locomotor activity measured in the open field test. These results provide support for the potential antidepressant and anxiolytic activity of Salvia elegans.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Acute and subacute toxicity of Salvia scutellarioides in mice and rats.

The acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Salvia scutellarioides (Lamiaceae) was studied in mice and rats. In the acute toxicity test, oral administration of 2g/kg of Salvia scutellarioides produced neither mortality nor changes in behavior or any other physiological activities. In subacute toxicity studies, no mortality was observed when the two doses of 1 or 2g/kgday of aqueous extract of Salvia scutellarioides extract were administered orally for a period of 28 days. In the blood chemistry analysis, no significant changes occurred, including glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, conjugated billirrubin, total billirrubin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, total protein, albumin, prothrombin time (PT) and thromboplastin partial time (PTT) of both sexes. Hematological analysis showed no differences in any of the parameters examined (WBC count, platelet and hemoglobin estimation) in either the control or treated group of both sexes. The urinalysis was negative for glucose, ketonic bodies, casts, red blood cells, and albumin in the control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals of both sexes. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a slow, progressive decline in cognitive function and behaviour. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are the only agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. All other agents prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are used on an off-label basis. Current research into new drugs is focused on agents that will prevent, slow down and/or halt the progress of the disease process. Salvia officinalis has been used in herbal medicine for many centuries. It has been suggested, on the basis of traditional medicine, its in vitro cholinergic binding properties and modulation of mood and cognitive performance in humans, that Salvia officinalis might potentially provide a novel natural treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Salvia officinalis extract using a fixed dose (60 drops/day), in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, over a 4-month period. METHODS: This was a 4-month, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial undertaken in three centres in Tehran, Iran. Patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease aged between 65 and 80 years (n = 42, 18 women) with a score of > or = 12 on the cognitive subscale of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) and < or = 2 on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were randomized to placebo or fixed dose of S. officinalis extract. Over the 16 weeks, the main efficacy measures were the change in the ADAS-cog and CDR-Sum of Boxes scores compared with baseline. In addition, side-effects were systematically recorded throughout the study using a checklist. RESULTS: At 4 months, S. officinalis extract produced a significant better outcome on cognitive functions than placebo (ADAS-cog: F = 4.77, d.f. = 1, P = 0.03) (CDR-SB: F = 10.84, d.f. = 1, P < 0.003). There were no significant differences in the two groups in terms of observed side-effects except agitation that appears to be more frequent in the placebo group (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate the efficacy of S. officinalis extract in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, S. officinalis may well reduce agitation of patients but this needs to be confirmed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts of three Salvia species from Tunisia.

This study examines the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts of three Salvia species from Tunisia: Salvia aegyptiaca L., S. argentea L. and S. verbenaca Ssp. clandestina L. Pugsley. The extracts inhibited the growth of dermatophytes and of bacteria responsible for unpleasant odours to varying degrees; the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and selected dog otitis bacteria were all resistant to each of the extracts. The extracts were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) test systems, and gave positive results in both tests. The extracts of S. aegyptiaca were the most active in both tests, followed by those of S. verbenaca, then S. argentea. These results confirm the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the genus Salvia and underline the potential of these plants either as natural preservatives or in pharmaceutical applications.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1999

[Protective effect of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae on radiation damage of the cochlea].

In order to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae on radiation damage of the cochlea, guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was treated by radiation added with Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae. Group 2 was radiated alone, and Group 3 was control. Group 1 and Group 2 were radiated with a single dose of gamma radiation(60 Gy). Morphological and functional observation of the cochleae was performed in two weeks after radiation. The result showed that the changes of complex action potential(CAP) and the cochlear structure were slight in Group 1, but obvious changes were found in Group 2. There was a significant difference in CAP response threshold and incidence of the cochlear hair cell loss between Group 1 and Group 2 (P < 0.01). These results suggest that Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza may prevent radiation-induced cochlea damage. Its protective mechanisms may be cleaning free radicals, blocking calcium channel and improving microcirculation of the cochlea.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and shengmai on inflammatory mediator and renal function of post-operative patients with obstructive jaundice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and shengmai (SS) on inflammatory mediator and renal function in patients with obstructive jaundice (OJ). METHODS: This study included three groups: the OJ patients receiving SS for 6 days after operation (the SS group, n = 15); the OJ patients not receiving SS (the OJ group, n = 15); the patients with other hepato-biliary disorders (the Non-OJ group, n = 15). The levels of ET, LPs, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and urine RBP, TFR, ALB were measured one day before operation and 1, 4, 7 days after operation. RESULTS: The SS group's LPs, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, ET, RBP, TFR and ALB levels were obviously lower on Day 7 after operation as compared with those on Day 1 after operation (P < 0.05). The urine RBP and ALB levels were significantly lower in the SS group than in the OJ group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The post-operative use of salvia miltiorrhiza and shengmai for patients with obstructive jaundice may effectively decrease the postoperative levels of plasma LPs, ET, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8. At the same time, salvia miltiorrhiza and shengmai may protect renal function by inhibiting inflammatory mediator and improving blood dynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Salviae miltiorrhizae ameliorates cirrhosis and portal hypertension by inhibiting nitric oxide in cirrhotic rats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of Salviae miltiorrhizae on cirrhosis and portal hypertension by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase type II (NOSII) in rats. METHODS: Real time RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of NOSII mRNA. The enzymatic activity of nitric oxide synthase and the circulating levels of nitric oxide (NO), systemic and portal hemodynamics, and quantification of cirrhosis were measured with highly sensitive methods. Traditional Chinese medicine was utilized to treat cirrhotic rats and the function of NO was evaluated. Double-blind method was applied in the experiment constantly. RESULTS: The concentration of NO increased markedly at all stages of cirrhosis, and so did the enzymatic activity of NOS, and the iNOSmRNA expressed greatly. Meanwhile the portal-venous-pressure (PVP), portal-venous-flow (PVF) increased significantly. NO, NOS and iNOSmRNA were positively correlated to the quantity of hepatic fibrosis. Salviae miltiorrhizae significantly inhibited NO production and inhibited the expression of iNOSmRNA. CONCLUSIONS: The increased hepatic expression of NOSII is one of the important factors causing cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Salviae miltiorrhizae significantly ameliorates cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Inhibitory effects of salviae miltiorrhizae and beta-aescinom natrium on the postburn acute lung injury in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the inhibitory effect and its mechanism of salviae miltiorrhizae and beta-aescinom natrium on the postburn acute lung injury in rats. METHODS: Forty-five rats were randomly divided into sham control (C, n = 9), sodium chloride group (S, n = 9), salviae miltiorrhizae group (M, n = 9), beta-aescinom natrium group (A, n = 9), and combination group (MA, n = 9). The rats in M, A and MA groups were subjected to 30% TBSA III degree scald on the back, and all the rats were sacrificed at 24 PBH. The blood and pulmonary tissue samples were harvested from the rats at 24 PBH for the determination of leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation (LAA) in peripheral blood, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, and the ratio of wet to dry weights (W/D) of lung tissue. RESULTS: Compared with those in S group, the LAA in blood and the pulmonary tissue contents of MPO, MDA and W/D rate in M and A groups, and especially in MA group, were decreased significantly, but the SOD content in pulmonary tissue increased obviously in M and A groups, especially in MA group. Furthermore, blood LAA was positively correlated with pulmonary tissue MDA content. CONCLUSION: Postburn intra-pulmonary agglutination and aggregation of PMNs and pulmonary injury by oxygen free radicals (OFRs) and their products could be inhibited by either Salviae Miltiorrhizae or beta-aescinom natrium. In addition, these agents could also increase the tissue content of antioxidant capacity and decrease pulmonary microvascular permeability and lung water content. The results indicated that all the agents used might be effective in prevention and treatment of postburn pulmonary injury, especially when used together.

Acute Lung Injury↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of Salviae miltiorrhizae on H2O2-induced apoptosis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Salviae miltiorrhizae on H2O2-induced apoptosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC(s)) and its related mechanism. METHODS: The 3-5 passages of VSMC(s) were used, H2O2 was added to the medium of cultured rat aortic VSMC(s) as extraneous reactive oxygen species (ROS). The viability percentage of VSMC(s) was evaluated by MTT colorimetric assay. The percentage of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of Bax/Bcl-2 protein was examined with immunohistochemical technique and positive index (PI) was calculated. RESULTS: 1 mmol/L H2O2 could increase apoptosis rate. The PI of Bax/Bcl-2 protein in H2O2 group was higher (P < 0.01). When VSMC(s) were incubated with H2O2 plus Salviae miltiorrhizae, the apoptosis rate greatly declined, and at the same time, the PI of Bax/Bcl-2 protein reduced remarkably compared with H2O2 group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Salviae miltiorrhizae could prevent VSMC(s) from H2O2-induced apoptosis by decreasing the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza seedling and root system following transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between plant growth and accumulation of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza. METHOD: Transplants of S. miltiorrhiza were sampled at 20 day intervals. At each stage, the growth of seedling and root system was recorded and the contents of tanshinone II (A) and salvia acid were measured. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: This study showed that the rapid growth stage of the root system lags behind that of the seedling system, but the growing period of root system lasts longer. The quantitative change of roots reveals a double "S" curve; two rapid growth stages emerge during 30 - 70 days and 140 - 200 days after the seedlings were transplanted. The content of salvia acid reaches the highest level during 140 - 180 days, whereas the content of tanshinone peaks during 100 - 120 days.

Abietanes↗
PubMed2005

[Study on fingerprint chromatograms of water-soluble constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. by high performance liquid chromatography].

The fingerprint chromatograms were established for the quality evaluation of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. by high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (5 microm, 4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm) with acetonitrile-water (containing 0.4% (v/v) acetic acid ) (the volume fraction of acetonitrile from 0 to 40% within 70 min) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and at a column temperature of 25 degrees C. The detection wavelength was 254 nm. The relative standard deviations of relative retention values and relative peak areas were less than 3%. The mutual fingerprint of the extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. collected from Danshen Base in Tongren City of Guizhou Province was established by using the similarity calculation software of Chinese herbal fingerprint. The method is reliable and can be helpful in effectively controlling the quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of metallic elements in different parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza by FAAS].

The root, stem and leaf of Salvia miltiorrhiza were digested with HNO3-HClO4 (4:1), and the contents of five metallic elements such as K, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mg were detected by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The recovery ratio by standard addition is 99.7%-104.4% and RSD is less than 2%. It was found that the content sequence of metallic elements is as follows: K>Mg >Fe>Zn>Cu. K, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mg in the leaf are clearly richer than those in the root and stem. The content ratio of Zn to Cu is relatively lower than that in the terrestrial angiosperms. The results provide a useful data for discussing the relationship between the contents of these elements in Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza and the medical effects. Furthermore they also provide a data for the distribution of these elements in different parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2006

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and related traditional chinese medicinal preparations.

PURPOSE: This paper describes a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method to quantitate four tanshinones as markers; dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA for use in the quality control of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its related traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. METHODS: Separation was achieved using a Zorbax Extend C18 reserved-phase column (5microm, 250*4.6mm) at 20 degrees with a gradient mixture of deionized water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.2ml/min. RESULT: The limits of quantitation were 0.13, 0.08, 0.06 and 0.05microg/ml for dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA, respectively. This method provided good reproducibility and sensitivity for the quantification of four tanshinones with overall RSD values for intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy better than 3.8% and higher than 94.9%, respectively. The recovery of the method was 95.4-104.4% for all the tanshinones and showed good linearity (r>0.9998) over a relatively wide concentration range. CONCLUSIONS: This assay was successfully applied to the determination of four tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its related traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. The results indicated that the HPLC assay could be readily utilized as a quality control method for the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its related traditional Chinese medicinal preparations.

Abietanes↗
PubMed2006

Progress in research into the mechanism of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae in treatment of acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdomen with high mortality, multiple complications and complicated causes. There is no effective therapy for AP. Radix salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen), a traditional herbal medicine, has a low price and a wide range of clinical applications. It is effective to promote blood flow, eliminate stagnancy, and relieve pain. It is also found to be effective in treating AP. We reviewed the progress in research into the mechanism of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae in treatment of AP. DATA SOURCES: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1988-2005) on Radix salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) and acute pancreatitis. RESULTS: The mechanisms of Danshen in the treatment of AP include improvement of microcirculatory disturbances; elimination of oxygen free radicals; modulation of the metabolism of lipid inflammatory mediator; and blocking of calcium inflow and prevention of calcium overload. CONCLUSION: Danshen can effectively reduce the mortality and complications of AP.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental study on myocardial protection with verapamil and salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge cardioplegia].

Myocardial 45Ca sequestration was studied in dogs during 60 minutes of global ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and myocardial function was studied before and after CPB. Group A (n = 5), as a control, received cold hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution, Group B (n = 5) received the same solution plus verapamil (150 micrograms/kg/L) and Group C plus specific activity (TSA = DPM x 10(4)/g) and plasma specific activity (PSA = DPM x 10(4)/ml) were determined by biopsy before and after release of the cross-clamp The results showed that myocardial function in Group B and C were better than that in Group A (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that verapamil and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge effectively control myocardial calcium sequestration during early reperfusion and reduce myocardial reperfusion injury As to myocardial protection, cardioplegia with verapamil and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were superior to hyperkalemic alone. Verapamil cardioplegia was still better than Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the left ventricular diastolic function in coronary artery stenosis].

In 24 open-chest mongrel dogs, coronary artery critical stenosis were produced by a micrometer constriction on left circumflex coronary artery. It was reduction about 87% in lumen area. CBF, -Vce, -dp/dt max were decreased, T was increased (P less than 0.01). 15 minutes after stenosis, the Salvia miltiorrhiza injection was injected into left atrium. CBF, -dp/dt max, -Vce were increased and T was decreased after the injection of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Moreover, the change of CBF was the earliest. The results proved that the Salvia miltiorrhiza could improve the left ventricular diastolic function in coronary artery stenosis.

Animals↗