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Relationships between role models and role perceptions of new graduate nurses.

This study was conducted to examine relationships between role models and role perceptions of new graduate nurses. The sample consisted of the 25 senior nursing students in a generic baccalaureate nursing program who were administered questionnaires 1 month prior to graduation and 3 months after beginning employment. Results indicated that: (a) a majority of faculty role models of new graduate nurses are replaced by work-related role models in the first 3 months of employment, (b) the most important role model characteristic was clinical experience/performance, and (c) role perception orientations of new graduate nurses are overwhelmingly professional prior to graduation, but become more bureaucratic after exposure to work-related models. This study validates the findings of similar research conducted over the past 25 years. Further research is needed into factors that lead to the perpetuation of a bureaucratic work environment and bureaucratic nurses, in spite of professionally oriented nursing education.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Valuing the person or valuing the role? Critique of social role valorization theory.

The view was presented that social role valorization is not an adequate reformulation and replacement for the principle of normalization due to (a) inconsistencies in application of a distinction between valuing the person and valuing the person's social role, (b) the fact that valued social roles do not automatically lead to culturally valued lives and identities, (c) social role valorization not being substantially less "trans-empirical" than normalization, and (d) the inadequacy of valued social roles in providing defense against the dynamics of social devaluation. The term social valorization, in which the person and role are valued, is offered as a possibly more coherent replacement for the term normalization.

Ego↗
PubMed1997

A role for the sick role. Patient preferences regarding information and participation in clinical decision-making.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patient preferences regarding information and participation in decision-making about treatment options are related to patient characteristics and the context of the decision. Other studies have compared decision-making preferences in patients with cancer and healthy subjects, or in different contexts among patients in the same group. This study combined these designs. DESIGN: Questionnaire completed by the subjects. SETTING: Outpatient clinic of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive sample of 55 patients with cancer treated at a radiotherapy clinic, 53 persons accompanying them, a consecutive sample of 53 patients visiting a surgical outpatient clinic for a nonmalignant condition and 36 persons accompanying them. MAIN MEASURES: Preferences regarding information and participation in decision-making in general and with respect to 4 vignettes that described different diseases of varying seriousness, varying treatment options and side effects. RESULTS: Older patients and men were more likely to let the physician make decisions regarding their treatment. Patients, as compared with nonpatients (their companions), were more likely to prefer a passive role regarding treatment decisions. No differences were seen between patients with cancer and patients with nonmalignant conditions. Also, no effect was observed in relation to the decision-making situations described in the vignettes. Of the patients who preferred more information, a substantial proportion still preferred a passive decision-making role. CONCLUSION: The lack of strong predictors of a preferred decision-making role implies that clinicians need to assess every patient individually to determine what role he or she prefers. The finding that the patients preferred a more passive role than their companions suggests that the "sick role" influences the preference regarding participation more strongly than the type of decision to be made or the presence of a life-threatening disease. This hypothesized shift in preference among subjects who are sick implies that these patients need encouragement to participate.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health services utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In recent years pharmacists' roles have expanded from simply packaging and dispensing medications to working with other health care professionals and the public. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of expanding outpatient pharmacists' roles on health services utilisation, the costs of health services, and patient outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Pharmline, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and reference lists of articles up to December 1995. We also searched the published abstracts of three meetings and hand searched five journals and two bibliographies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials, controlled clinical trials, controlled before-and-after studies and interrupted time series analyses of interventions comparing 1. Pharmacist services targeted at patients versus services delivered by other health professionals; 2. Pharmacist services targeted at patients versus no intervention; 3. Pharmacist services targeted at health professionals versus services delivered by other health professionals; and 4. Pharmacist services targeted at health professionals versus no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included involving more than 1991 patients. In the one study identified for comparison 1 the relative changes in professional outcome measures ranged from a 24% increase in clinic visits to a 16% decrease in hospital admissions. Relative differences in patient outcome measures were not statistically significant. Seven studies were identified for comparison 2. Four measured process of care and demonstrated decreases in health services utilisation from -67% for hospital admissions to -564% for total ambulatory care visits, as well as decreases in the numbers and costs of drugs compared to control patients. Five measured patient outcomes and consistently reported improvements in the targeted patient condition. In the one study identified for comparison 3 the intervention delivered by the pharmacist was less successful than that delivered by physician counsellors in decreasing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. All six studies identified for comparison 4 demonstrated that the pharmacist intervention produced the intended effect on physician prescribing practices. These studies did not measure patient outcomes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The limited number of studies analysed support the expanded roles of pharmacists in patient counselling and physician education. However, doubts about the generalisability of the studies, the poorly defined nature of the interventions tested, and the lack of studies including cost assessments and patient outcome data indicate that more rigorous research is needed to document the effects of outpatient pharmacist interventions.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1988

Sex role stereotyping and role strain of male registered nurses.

Because of sex role stereotypes, certain occupations are considered appropriate for only one sex and elicit role strain in members of the opposite sex. The role strain of males in nursing, a predominantly female profession, is described in this article. A Role Strain instrument developed by the investigators was administered through mail questionnaires to 367 randomly selected male RNs in Oregon. As a group, these men: (a) experienced only mild role strain in contacts with community members, co-workers, and patients; (b) received support on their career choices from their families; and (c) considered inadequate pay a major source of strain in their work. Several explanations are offered for the general lack of severe role strain among these male nurses.

Gender Identity↗
PubMed2000

What is the influence of self-image and perceived parenting role expectations on adolescent fathers' perceived role performance?

Background: "Adolescent pregnancy is one of the most pressing, persistent, and poignant problems facing society" (Yoos, 1987, p. 247). Manitoba's teen pregnancy rates are among the highest in Canada. Yet, little is known about adolescent fathers and their parenting involvement. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to explore variables which may influence teen fathers' participation in parenting.Methods: A convenience sample of 30 adolescent fathers, whose partners were attending an Adolescent Prenatal Clinic, completed two questionnaires: Offer Self-Image-Revised, and Perceived Parenting Role Performance. Guided by family role theory, four hypotheses were examined utilizing a quantitative research method.Results: Data analysis revealed that 30% of these respondents had a low to very low self-image. Pearson's correlation coefficient, which facilitated hypotheses testing, failed to validate a relationship between teen fathers' perceived role performance and self-image, and perceived parenting role expectations. Nevertheless, a moderate negative correlation was noted between teen fathers' self-image and their perceived parenting role expectations (r = -.35, p <.05).Conclusions: These findings contradict the philosophy of family role theory. Results of this study indicated that teen fathers want to be involved in parenting. However, unrealistic expectations and the inability to combine the developmental tasks of adolescence with the responsibilities of fatherhood increase their vulnerability to parenting failure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

An important role for major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells, and a limited role for gamma interferon, in protection of mice against lethal herpes simplex virus infection.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) inhibits major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in infected cells and does so much more efficiently in human cells than in murine cells. Given this difference, if MHC class I-restricted T cells do not play an important role in protection of mice from HSV, an important role for these cells in humans would be unlikely. However, the contribution of MHC class I-restricted T cells to the control of HSV infection in mice remains unclear. Further, the mechanisms by which these cells may act to control infection, particularly in the nervous system, are not well understood, though a role for gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) has been proposed. To address the roles of MHC class I and of IFN-gamma, C57BL/6 mice deficient in MHC class I expression (beta2 microglobulin knockout [beta2KO] mice), in IFN-gamma expression (IFN-gammaKO mice), or in both (IFN-gammaKO/beta2KO mice) were infected with HSV by footpad inoculation. beta2KO mice were markedly compromised in their ability to control infection, as indicated by increased lethality and higher concentrations of virus in the feet and spinal ganglia. In contrast, IFN-gamma appeared to play at most a limited role in viral clearance. The results suggest that MHC class I-restricted T cells play an important role in protection of mice against neuroinvasive HSV infection and do so largely by mechanisms other than the production of IFN-gamma.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative study on head nurses' perception to own role and staff nurses' role expectation to their head nurse between university hospitals and general hospitals].

The organization of nursing department significantly effects the hospital management. Especially, the head nurse is one of the most important position because head nurse is a first-line manager in the hospital level, a middle manager in nursing service organizations level and the top manager in each nursing unit level. This study was attempted to show the ideal model and rule by compare head nurses' role perception with staff nurses' role expectation according to two types of hospital. The survey was conducted among 94 head nurses and 233 staff nurses who are working at 5 different University Hospitals over 600 beds and 93 head nurses and 218 staff nurses who are working at 12 different General Hospitals between 100-300 beds in Seoul. The data was collected in a period from 8th September to 13th October in 1989 and the instrument used for this study was based on Han's one and referred back to many literary sources and revised. The collected data was analysed by computer using S.P.S.S. program as a Mean, Percentage, Cronbach's alpha, Chi-Square, t-test and ANOVA. 1. The study was compared to the difference of the two subject group's general characteristics according to a type of hospital. As a result, there were significant differences in age, educational background and career. 2. This Study was compared to the difference of the two subject group's role perception and role expectation about each question according to a type of hospital. The result of this comparisons as follows: First, These were the most important issue between both groups: "Head nurse has to know about her staff's events and problems and then help them to solve that promptly" Second, These were the least important issue between both groups: "Head nurse has an interview with patient's family and visitors", "Head nurse is interested in her staff's privacy". 3. This study was compared to the differences of each role areas according to a type of hospital. As a result, there were no significant differences both two subject groups except nursing manager role in staff nurses' group (t = -2.893, df = 449.0, p = 0.004). 4. This study was tested to the difference of the two subject groups according to general characteristics. As a result, All of that there were no significant differences.

Hospitals, General↗
PubMed1988

Expanded role nurse. Part I. Role theory concepts.

This is the first article of a two-part series describing implementation of Expanded Role Nurse positions at University Hospital, London, Ontario. Part I presents a review of the literature on expanded roles for nurses and the background to implementation of the ERN role at University Hospital. Concepts or role theory are applied to role development and implementation. Expanded role nurse positions have been created at University Hospital in order to maintain high quality patient care in the face of resident cutbacks. These positions provide exciting opportunities for nurses who wish to develop clinical expertise while remaining at the bedside.

Heart Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Sex roles, occupational roles, and symptom-reporting: a test of competing hypotheses on sex differences.

The sick-role, fixed-role obligations, symptom-reporting, and nurturant-role hypotheses of sex differences in utilization of health services and symptom-reporting were tested against each other. Fifty-one nontraditional college students completed the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and questions regarding their employment status. Employment status and feminine characteristics emerged as the best predictors of symptom-reporting on the CMI and suggested that the sick-role hypothesis may be empirically superior to the others.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Teaching medical students using role play: twelve tips for successful role plays.

Engaging students in role play promotes active learning. Planned and structured role plays can be used to deliver components of the curriculum in clinical rotations of a medical programme. Role plays are most effective if learning objectives are defined, and the cases are challenging. All students should be involved and ground rules should be set. Allow adequate time for the role play, feedback and reflection. Let the students enjoy themselves. This paper provides 12 tips to create a meaningful learning experience for students using role play.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

The role perception questionnaire (RPQ): a tool for assessing undergraduate students' perceptions of the role of other professions.

A systematic review of interprofessional education (Freeth et al., 2002) revealed that there were many weaknesses in the current body of knowledge of interprofessional education outcomes. One reason for this was the lack of good quality study designs for evaluating the outcomes of interprofessional education. This paper discusses the range of tools that were found in the literature and describes the production and validation of two questionnaires that can be used as part of an interprofessional evaluation strategy. Firstly, a Generic Role Perception Questionnaire which can be used for measuring the perception of the role of a range of professions and a Nursing Role Perception Questionnaire used specifically for measuring the perception of the role of a nurse. Repertory grid technique was selected to elicit constructs from a multiprofessional group of final year undergraduate students. This pool was then used to develop the two questionnaires. Factor analysis, internal consistency and test re-test measures are used along with evidence of validity. The questionnaires were found to have acceptable validity and reliability and could be used as part of an IPE evaluation strategy to measure changes in professional role perception in an undergraduate population.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1984

Sex differences in social adjustment. Effects of sex role socialization and role stress.

This study focuses on the social role functioning component of psychiatric disorders. It assesses sex differences in social adjustment in regard to: work, marriage, parenthood, relations with friends and extended family, and the nuclear family as a whole. Hypotheses predicting sex differences in social adjustment are derived from socialization and role stress frameworks and tested with data from a New Haven community epidemiologic study, utilizing the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR). The data show that, consistent with socialization-derived predictions, women manifest greater feelings of inadequacy than men in instrumental work role performance, while men manifest greater emotional inhibition and interpersonal friction. Morever, consistent with role stress frameworks, women express greater conflict and resentment than men in regard to family relationships, but not in regard to friendship relationships. In addition, women's subjective disinterest and impaired functioning in their work role is greater for housewives than for employed women. The implications of these findings for social supports research are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

The historical role and education of nurses for the care and management of sexually transmitted infections in the United Kingdom: 1 role.

Nurses have been involved in the management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) well before the era of Florence Nightingale. Their role has varied from that of the technician, almoner, counsellor, and doctor's assistant, to one in which they are able to provide first line management of STIs in nurse led clinics. However, changes to the role of the nurse have not been entirely through choice. It appears that nurses have often been called upon in times of crisis and need-their role often evolving only through demand for services and personnel. Barriers to developing the role of the nurse continue to exist as we move into the 21st century. From Lock hospitals to specialised genitourinary medicine clinics, this historical review looks at how the role of the nurse has evolved over the past 150 years and suggests how past lessons can help enhance the contribution nurses will make to the future of STI management and control.

Education, Nursing↗