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PubMed2003

The streak retinoscopy pupil reflex in the presence of astigmatism.

Computer simulation is being increasingly used as a teaching tool. Having developed a computer-generated virtual focimeter, we are now in the process of developing a computer-generated virtual streak retinoscope to teach the principles of retinoscopy and the effect of residual refractive error and mirror movement on the pupil reflex. One of the important requirements was to provide as accurate a simulation as possible for the completely general case of an astigmatic patient and a streak in any orientation being moved also in any orientation. This required a thorough understanding of the optical theory of the retinoscope and equations that describe the behaviour of the pupil reflex. We have taken this opportunity to review the optics of the streak retinoscope and derive equations for the behaviour of the pupil streak reflex.

Astigmatism↗

PubMed1983

[Close-range retinoscopy using integrated optic range finding].

A new type of retinoscope is described which permits all the theoretical advantages of close-range retinoscopy to be exploited in practice thanks to an integrated rangefinder which employs the coincident-image principle.

Fluoroscopy↗

PubMed1982

An evaluation of the monocular estimate method of dynamic retinoscopy.

Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) dynamic retinoscopy is an objective clinical method for determining the accommodative response to a fixed accommodative stimulus. Although MEM has been used in many clinical investigations, it has never been compared with the measurement of accommodative response by the haploscope. This report compares the accommodative responses obtained by MEM and by a haploscopic instrument, the phoroaccommodometer. Linear regression analysis indicates that MEM consistently provides a close approximation to the phoroaccommodometer finding (r = 0.975, p less than 0.001). A conversion table has been generated so MEM findings may be adjusted to correspond with the phoroaccommodometer at higher stimulus values.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1986

A system of retinoscopy for the aged eye.

A method of retinoscopy is described in which an optical arrangement magnifies the patient's pupil and makes it easier to see the retinoscopic reflex. At the same time, the method permits retinoscopic observation by the emmetropic examiner without need for accommodation, a distinct advantage to the presbyopic examiner. The relationship between retinoscope position and dioptric power-error is linear, a feature that facilitates cylinder determination using a variable-distance technique.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1998

Dark focus values measured by retinoscopy: a clinical chart review.

The present study investigated the utility of dark retinoscopy as a technique to measure the dark focus of accommodation during routine clinical examinations. Using data from clinical examinations collected during a period of 6 months, a clinical chart review quantified dark focus and mean spherical equivalent refractive error for 480 patients ranging in age from 6 to 55 years. Results showed significant variations in mean dark focus values over the age groups. All groups showed wide interpatient differences, with mean dark focus values that were significantly nearer than the farpoint. Individual dark focus values ranged from 2.25 to -1.00 D (hyperopic), with an overall mean of 0.53 D. Potential clinical applications of dark focus-based correction are discussed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1991

Dynamic retinoscopy.

Dynamic retinoscopy for the objective examination of accommodation was described in the ophthalmic literature in the 1890s but is rarely used in ophthalmology today. The technique has been extensively investigated by the optometric profession, however, sometimes with confusing, and sometimes with useful, results. It can be of value in screening infants for astigmatism and anisometropia, in detecting incomplete cycloplegia, in detecting abnormalities of accommodation, and probably in determining the treatment strategy for eyes with amblyopia and deficient accommodation.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1970

Retinoscopy and eye size.

Retinoscopy was performed on animals with different sized eyes, all of whom appeared hypermetropic. The data were well fitted by an equation of the form y = kx(-2) where y is refractive error in diopters, and x is the corneo-retinal length of the eye. Apparent hypermetropia may be due to the reflection from the inner surface of the retins.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Assessment of accommodative facility using MEM retinoscopy.

Subjective testing of accommodative facility can be difficult with young or nonverbal children, and children with learning problems. A new technique to objectively assess accommodative facility using monocular estimation method (MEM) retinoscopy is described. The objective technique was compared to a subjective assessment of accommodative facility, and the techniques were in agreement 86% of the time. Possible clinical usefulness of the objective procedure is discussed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1984

Objective refraction: comparison of retinoscopy and automated techniques.

The Canon Autoref R-1 and Dioptron II automated objective refractors and static distance retinoscopy were performed in a clinical setting on 75 subjects. Each technique was performed by a different examiner and the findings were compared by statistical analysis. The results were comparable with all three techniques. These data are discussed in light of their clinical significance.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1982

Aphakic ultrasonographic refraction in adults. Comparison with retinoscopy and subjective refraction.

A simple method of aphakic refraction using ultrasonographic axial length measurement and keratometry was tried on 97 eyes of adult aphakic patients. The refractive errors determined by this method and by retinoscopy were compared to the subjective refraction of the same eyes. The ultrasonographically determined refractive errors were significantly nearer the subjective refraction than were the retinoscopically determined refractive errors.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Some sources of discrepancy between static retinoscopy and subjective refraction.

Conflicting views have been expressed in the literature regarding the sign and magnitude of the difference between the values of ocular correction deduced by retinoscopy and by subjective refraction. Possible causes for such a discrepancy are briefly reviewed. Calculations based upon experimental data show that neither the reddish colour of the retinoscopic reflex nor the position of the layer in the retina at which the reflex originates are likely to introduce any important discrepancy. The probable significance of other factors is assessed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed2004