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PubMed1995

Tensile bond strength of a composite resin cement for bonded prosthesis to various dental alloys.

The development of composite resin cements that chemically bond to dental alloys has improved the construction of resin-bonded prostheses. Composite resins can be selected for various situations, but specific clinical situations may require different alloys. This study evaluated the ability of a composite resin cement to bond to various dental alloys of different compositions. Ten pairs of disks for each alloy (two NiCr, two NiCrBe, one CuAl, one gold type IV, and one gold for metal ceramic) were bonded to a composite resin cement after air abrasion was performed with aluminum oxide. The disks were then rinsed in tap water and were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water for 2 minutes. The tensile tests exhibited greater values for alloys ultrasonically cleaned, and the best results were recorded by NiCr and NiCrBe alloys.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2006

Post-irradiation hardening of dual-cured and light-cured resin cements through machinable ceramics.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surface hardness (Knoop Hardness Number) of the thin layer in three light-cured and dual-cured resin cements irradiated through or not through 2.0 mm thick machinable ceramics. METHODS: A piece of adhesive polyethylene tape with a circular hole was positioned on the surface of the ceramic plate to control the cement layer (approximately 50 microm). The cement paste was placed on the ceramic surface within the circle. The ceramic plate with resin cement paste was placed on a clear micro cover glass over a zirconia ceramic block to obtain a flat surface, and the material was polymerized using a visible-light-curing unit. The surface hardness was recorded at a series of time intervals up to 5 days, starting from the end of a light-irradiation period. RESULTS: The hardness steadily increased with post-irradiation time and tended towards a maximum, usually reached after 1 or 2 days. In all cases, the increase in hardness was relatively rapid over the first 30 minutes and continued at a lower rate thereafter. The dual-cured resin cement for each material showed a significantly higher hardness value than the light-cured resin cement irradiated either through or not through ceramics at all post-irradiation times. The resin cements cured through ceramic for each material were significantly less hard compared with those cured not through ceramics at all post-irradiation times.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Curing potential of dual-polymerizable resin cements in simulated clinical situations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Little is known about the ability of dual-polymerizable resin cements to polymerize when they are used in various clinical scenarios. Purpose. This study was conducted to determine whether any of 6 commercially available dual-polymerizable resin cements should be classified as an "all-purpose" resin cement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chemical conversion values (C=C converted to C-C, or the extent of the curing reaction) of 6 commercially available dual-polymerizable resin cements were determined with infrared spectroscopy in 5 clinically relevant scenarios. Scenarios included: using each cement in a dual-polymerizable mode (mixing of 2 pastes); light polymerizing curing through Mylar sheets (dual-Mylar), which served as the control; light polymerizing through 3-mm porcelain (dual-3 mm); and no exposure to light (dual-no light). The single-component light-polymerizable product was also tested as follows: exposed directly through Mylar (light-Mylar) or exposed through 3 mm of porcelain (light-3 mm). RESULTS: For each product, dual-Mylar treatment yielded the highest conversion value of all treatments (control for each product). For all products, dual-3 mm conversion was at least 97% of control and equivalent to control, with the exception of Lute-It!. Dual-no light conversion was less than control treatment but at least 86% of control for all products except for Variolink II (62% of control). For all products in dual-no light mode, except Choice and Variolink II, conversion was at least equal to the light-Mylar values. Only 1 product (Variolink II) did not demonstrate increased conversion values for dual-Mylar compared with light-Mylar treatments. For most other products (Calibra, Insure, and Lute-It!), conversion values for light-3 mm were significantly less than for light-Mylar. Conversion values for Nexus, Choice, and Variolink II were equivalent between light-Mylar and light-3 mm treatments. CONCLUSION: The choice of a dual-polymerizable cement should be based on its intended use because not all products polymerize adequately in every clinical situation. Although no cement met the stated criteria for an "all-purpose" cement, those tested did produce a range of product-specific results.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Curing potential of dual-polymerizable resin cements in simulated clinical situations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Little is known about the ability of dual-polymerizable resin cements to polymerize when they are used in various clinical scenarios. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine whether any of 6 commercially available dual-polymerizable resin cements should be classified as an "all-purpose" resin cement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: . Chemical conversion values (C=C converted to C-C, or the extent of the curing reaction) of 6 commercially available dual-polymerizable resin cements were determined with infrared spectroscopy in 5 clinically relevant scenarios. Scenarios included: using each cement in a dual-polymerizable mode (mixing of 2 pastes); light polymerizing curing through Mylar sheets (dual-Mylar), which served as the control; light polymerizing through 3-mm porcelain (dual-3 mm); and no exposure to light (dual-no light). The single-component light-polymerizable product was also tested as follows: exposed directly through Mylar (light-Mylar) or exposed through 3 mm of porcelain (light-3 mm). Results. For each product, dual-Mylar treatment yielded the highest conversion value of all treatments (control for each product). For all products, dual-3 mm conversion was at least 97% of control and equivalent to control, with the exception of Lute-It!. Dual-no light conversion was less than control treatment but at least 86% of control for all products except for Variolink II (62% of control). For all products in dual-no light mode, except Choice and Variolink II, conversion was at least equal to the light-Mylar values. Only 1 product (Variolink II) did not demonstrate increased conversion values for dual-Mylar compared with light-Mylar treatments. For most other products (Calibra, Insure, and Lute-It!), conversion values for light-3 mm were significantly less than for light-Mylar. Conversion values for Nexus, Choice, and Variolink II were equivalent between light-Mylar and light-3 mm treatments. CONCLUSION: The choice of a dual-polymerizable cement should be based on its intended use because not all products polymerize adequately in every clinical situation. Although no cement met the stated criteria for an "all-purpose" cement, those tested did produce a range of product-specific results.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Effect of endodontic sealers on dowels luted with resin cement.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the retention of prefabricated parallel-sided dowels luted with resin cement in extracted teeth that were obturated with gutta percha using a eugenol sealer or a calcium hydroxide sealer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted maxillary incisor roots (N = 51) were instrumented to simulate conventional root canal therapy and divided into 3 groups (n = 17). One group was not obturated. Second and third groups were obturated with gutta percha using a eugenol-containing or calcium hydroxide-containing sealer. Gutta percha was removed using a heated plugger, and dowel spaces were prepared to a 7 mm depth. Dowel space walls were acid etched and primed, and prefabricated stainless steel dowels were luted using resin cement. After 24 hours, the load required to dislodge each dowel along a path parallel to its long axis was measured and recorded. A one-way analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05) was performed to identify differences in the means among groups. The incidence of failure within the cement or at the dentin-cement interface was also recorded. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found among the control (159.9 +/- 96.3 N), eugenol sealer (153.1 +/- 77.3 N), and calcium hydroxide sealer (192.0 +/- 89.3 N) groups. Nearly all specimens displayed adhesive failure at the dentin-resin cement interface. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional endodontic obturation using a eugenol-containing or a calcium hydroxide-containing endodontic sealer did not affect retention of prefabricated stainless steel dowels luted with resin cement.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Shear bond strengths of three resin cements to dentine over 3 years in vitro.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the bond durability of three resin cements bonded to bovine dentine over a period of 3 years. METHODS: Ten bovine dentine specimens were tested for shear bond strengths with each of the following materials: Panavia 21, BISTITE resin cement, and MASA Bond (experimental resin cement) at 1 day, 6 months, 1 and 3 years after cementation of a composite rod. All specimens were stressed in shear at a crosshead speed of 1mm min(-1) until failure. The means of the bond strengths were compared statistically by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test (P<0.05). The mode of failure was classified after fracture of the bonds by SEM observation. Results for the mode of fracture were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: The shear bond strengths (MPa+/-SD) for different times (1 day, 6 months, 1 and 3 years) were: Panavia 21 (15.2+/-3.6, 9.3+/-3.2, 8.5+/-2.1, 6.8+/-2.4), BISTITE (15.6+/-2.8, 11.0+/-1.4, 10.4+/-2.2, 9.0+/-2.7) and MASA Bond (29.6+/-9.5, 17.5+/-4.6, 19.6+/-4.5, 16.1+/-5.4). Panavia 21 and BISTITE strengths were significantly lower (P<0.05) at all times compared with MASA Bond, and 1 day strengths for all three materials were significantly higher (P<0.05) than 3 year strengths. Regarding the fracture modes after bond testing, there were statistical differences between the 1 day and the 1 year results for all cements (P<0.05). Although no Panavia 21 specimen showed complete cohesive failure in the demineralized dentine during the experiment, several BISTITE and MASA Bond specimens showed cohesive fracture in the demineralized dentine. For BISTITE, partially or complete demineralized dentine cohesive failures increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: The type of resin cement seemed to have an influence on the long-term durability of bonding to dentine.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Influence of mechanical properties of two resin cements on durability of bond strength to dentin after cyclic loading.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the different mechanical properties of two luting agents (acrylic resin cement and resin composite cement) influenced their bond strength to dentin, after cyclic loading that simulated chewing. Stainless steel rods were bonded to the flattened dentin surfaces with each luting agent. After immersion in water for 24 hours, half the specimens of each group were tested for tensile bond strength and the remaining half were subjected to a vertical load (75.6 N, 1.2 Hz) using an acrylic stylus--which upon contact with the specimen would rotate counterclockwise and then counter-rotate. Bond strength of the resin composite cement with self-etching was found to be significantly lower than the other adhesive systems. After 100,000 cycles, the bond strength of resin composite cement was significantly decreased while acrylic resin cement showed no decrease in bond strength.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2000

The degree of polymerisation shrinkage of adhesive resin cements.

The degree of polymerisation (DP) of modern resin cements has a significant role to play in determining the ultimate physical and mechanical properties of the material. This study was undertaken to determine the DP of three adhesive resin cements, viz. 3M Opal Cement (3M), Enforce (E, Caulk/Dentsply) and C epsilon tB-Metabond (CB, Parkell). Spectra of both light-cured (3M and E) and self-cured (3M, E and CB) samples were obtained at different time intervals from 3 minutes after mixing the cement up to 24 hours, using a Dilor Raman Confocal Microprobe. The DP of the different cement specimens was calculated from the spectra and statistically analysed (ANOVA). There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) between the DP of 3M and E in the two different activation modes. The light-cured specimens attained a statistically higher degree of polymerisation. CB obtained a statistically significant higher degree of polymerisation (P < 0.01) compared with 3M and E at 24 hours.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2001

Effect of filler size on wear resistance of resin cement.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of filler size on the wear of resin cements. Materials tested included four experimental dual-cure resin cements (Kuraray) consisting of different-sized filler particles. A rectangular box cavity was prepared on the flattened occlusal surface of extracted human molars. Ceramic inlays for the cavities were fabricated using the Cerec 2 system. The Cerec inlays were cemented with the respective cements and adhesive systems according to the manufacturer's directions. The restored surface was finished by wet-grinding with an 800-grit silicon carbide paper. Six specimens were prepared for each resin cement. Half of the specimens were subjected to a three-body wear test for 200,000 cycles, and the others were subjected to a toothbrush abrasion test for 30,000 cycles. The worn surface of each restoration was scanned by a profilometer (Surfcom 475 A) at eight different points for each restoration. The wear value was determined by measuring the vertical gap depth on the profilometric tracings. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's test. The results showed that, with increase of filler size, the wear value decreased in the toothbrush test and increased in the three-body wear test. The cement with 0.04-microm filler exhibited the lowest wear value among the materials in the three-body wear test, and the same wear value as the cement with 0.97-microm filler in the toothbrush test. Based upon the results of this study, it is concluded that the wear of resin cements was affected by the filler size as well as the mode of wear test.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Thermal analysis on the cure speed of dual cured resin cements under porcelain inlays.

The reaction kinetics of five commercial dual cured resin cements (Bistite, Dual, Scotchbond, Duolink and Duo) were investigated when cured under varying thicknesses of porcelain inlays by chemical or light activation. The effect of the porcelain disc on the rate of polymerization of dual cured resin cement during light exposure was evaluated using thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Inorganic filler weight %, the heat of cure (Delta H), the maximum rate of heat output and the peak heat flow time were measured when the polymerization reaction occurred by chemical cure only or by light exposure through 1, 2 and 4-mm thick porcelain discs. In 4-mm thick porcelain discs, the exposure time was varied from 40 to 60 s to investigate the effect of the exposure time on polymerization reaction. Cure speed by light exposure was 5--20 times faster than by chemical cure. The dual cured resin cements differed markedly in their sensitivity to light and chemical activation. The peak heat flow time increased by 1.51, 1.87 and 3.24 times as light cure was carried out through 1, 2 and 4-mm thick porcelain discs, respectively. Exposure times recommended by the manufacturers were insufficient to compensate for the attenuation of light by the 4-mm thick porcelain disc.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Color stability of resin cements after accelerated aging.

PURPOSE: To study the color stability of different resin cements after accelerated aging. METHODS: The color stability of a self-adhesive resin cement (Unicem), one resin-based composite cement (Variolink II), one compomer cement (Principle) and one hybrid ionomer cement (FujiCEM) was studied. Two curing modes of Unicem (self-cured and dual-cured) and Variolink II (light-cured and dual-cured) were also tested. Specimen disks (n = 5) were prepared with a polytetrafluoroethylene split mold and subjected to accelerated aging for 150, 300 and 450 kJ/m2. Color (CIELAB system) was measured before and after each of the three aging cycles on a reflection spectrophotometer. deltaE*, deltaL*, deltaC* and deltaH* were calculated and analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS: The largest color change occurred during the first 150 kJ/m2 aging cycle, where deltaE* values ranged from 5.6 to 20.5 with Principle showing the least color change and FujiCEM the most. The color changes of all the tested materials were perceptible. The greatest changes were recorded for deltaL* and/or deltaC*. All specimens became significantly rougher and showed evidence of cracking and degradation after aging except Variolink II.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Effects of light intensity through resin inlays on the bond strength of dual-cured resin cement.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of the light intensity, irradiation time, and thickness of the indirect restoration composite on the bond strength of dual-cured resin cement immediately after cementation, applying the resin coating technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred forty composite blocks as an adhesive surface and four thicknesses of indirect restoration composite disks were prepared. The surface of the composite blocks was coated with low-viscosity resin composite and immersed in water for 24 h. After immersion, dual-cured resin cement was applied to the resin-coated surface and the indirect restoration composite disks were placed on it. Light irradiation was performed through four thicknesses of indirect restoration composite disks with conventional halogen (40 s) and high intensity (10, 20, 40 s) light units. The specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 10 min or 24 h, and the tensile bond test was performed. RESULTS: For the 1-mm composite thickness, there were no significant differences in the bond strengths between 10 min and 24 h after cementation with the four light curing methods. For the composite thicknesses of 3 or 4 mm, the bond strength 24 h after cementation was significantly higher than that at 10 min after cementation with conventional halogen (40 s) and high-intensity light units at 10 s and 20 s, but there was no significant difference with the high-intensity light unit applied for 40 s. CONCLUSION: The bond strength of dual-cured resin cement immediately after cementation could be greatly influenced by the irradiation time and the light intensity penetrating the indirect restoration composite.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Shear bond strength of composite resin cements to lithium disilicate ceramics.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of different commercial composite resin cement systems to lithium disilicate all-ceramic substrate. Five adhesive resin cement systems Panavia 21 and Panavia F (Kuraray), Variolink 2 (Ivoclar-Vivadent), RelyX Unicem Applicap and RelyX ARC (3M ESPE) were used on all-ceramic (IPS Empress 2; Ivoclar-Vivadent) substrate. Shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to substrate was tested after thermocycling, or without thermocycling (n = 10). Substrate surfaces of the specimen after loading were SEM microscopically examined. The highest bond strengths in water stored conditions were obtained with RelyX ARC (28.7 +/-3.9 MPa), while in thermocycled conditions the highest bonding values were obtained with Variolink 2 (23.2 +/- 7.5 MPa). The lowest values in both water stored (5.8 +/- 4.0 MPa) and thermocycled (2.4 +/- 2.9 MPa) conditions were obtained with Panavia 21. Shear bond strengths appeared to be affected significantly by thermocycling (anova, P < 0.05). It was concluded that there were significant differences between the bond strengths of adhesive resin cements to lithium disilicate substrate.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed1990

Influence of ceramic thickness on the polymerization of light-cured resin cement.

The curing of two light-activated resin cements under two ceramic materials was examined to assess the influence of ceramic thickness on polymerization. The degree of resin cure was determined by microhardness measurements (Knoop) on resin cement samples cured under five ceramic thicknesses with light exposures of 30 to 120 seconds. These cements cured under thin ceramic specimens with recommended exposures. With thick ceramics, both cements cured better under the glass-ceramic, but neither reached a level of maximum cure under the porcelain.

Ceramics↗
PubMed2004

Marginal adaptation in dentin of a self-adhesive universal resin cement compared with well-tried systems.

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the marginal adaptation of a new self-adhesive universal resin cement with only one application step, to the marginal adaptation of established cements and their corresponding adhesive systems. METHODS: All-ceramic crowns were inserted on human molars using a new self-adhesive universal resin cement without and with one pre-treatment step, a resin cement with a smear-layer removing and a compomer cement with a smear-layer dissolving adhesive system. After simulation of five years oral stress, the marginal adaptation was evaluated by dye penetration and scanning electronic microscope analysis using the replica technique. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy: all investigated luting agents showed comparable amounts of 'perfect margin' ranging between 88-98% (median). Dye penetration: the self-adhesive system had significantly lower dye penetration (18-25%, median). SIGNIFICANCE: The results indicate that a self-adhesive universal resin cement without pre-treatment can provide a marginal adaptation at dentin which is comparable to established luting agents.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2006

Microtensile bond strength between a quartz fiber post and a resin cement: effect of post surface conditioning.

PURPOSE: To test the bond strength between a quartz-fiber-reinforced composite post (FRC) and a resin cement. The null hypothesis was that the bond strength can be increased by using a chairside tribochemical silica-coating system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty quartz-FRCs (Light-Post) were divided into 3 groups according to the post surface treatment: G1) Conditioning with 32% phosphoric acid (1 min), applying a silane coupling agent; G2) etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid (1 min), silane application; G3) chairside tribochemical silica coating method (CoJet System): air abrasion with 30-microm SiOx-modified Al2O3 particles, silane application. Thereafter, the posts were cemented into a cylinder (5 mm diameter, 15 mm height) with a resin cement (Duo-Link). After cementation, the specimens were stored in distilled water (37 degrees C/24 h) and sectioned along the x and y axes with a diamond wheel under cooling (Lab-cut 1010) to create nontrimmed bar specimens. Each specimen was attached with cyanoacrylate to an apparatus adapted for the microtensile test. Microtensile testing was conducted on a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). The data obtained were submitted to the one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: A significant influence of the conditioning methods was observed (p < 0.0001). The bond strength of G3 (15.14 +/- 3.3) was significantly higher than the bond strengths of G1 (6.9 +/- 2.3) and G2 (12.60 +/- 2.8) (p = 0.000106 and p = 0.002631, respectively). Notwithstanding the groups, all the tested specimens showed adhesive failure between the resin cement and FRC. CONCLUSION: The chairside tribochemical system yielded the highest bond strength between resin cement and quartz-fiber post. The null hypothesis was accepted (p < 0.0001).

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2005

Influence of curing method and storage condition on microhardness of dual-cure resin cements.

This study evaluated the influence of curing method and storage condition on the microhardness of dual-cure resin cements: Panavia F 2.0 (PF) and Nexus 2 (NX). The specimens were either light-cured (LC) or chemically cured in darkness (CC). After 24 hours of storage in dry chamber (Dry) or distilled water (DW), the specimens were sectioned and polished. The microhardness of resin cement matrix was measured using a nanoindentation tester (ENT-1100). The data (n = 6) were statistically analyzed with t-test, two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05), and Tukey HSD test (alpha = .05). It was found that the factors of curing method and storage condition had significant effect on microhardness. For both PF and NX, LC presented higher microhardness than CC, while DW showed higher microhardness than Dry. In conclusion, dual-cure resin cements could achieve high degree of cure when light-cured. In addition, the microhardness of the resin cements evaluated did not decrease when kept in water.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does the thickness of the resin cement affect the bond strength of a fiber post to the root dentin?

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of cement thickness on the bond strength of a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) post system to the root dentin. Eighteen single-rooted human teeth were decoronated (length: 16 mm), the canals were prepared, and the specimens were randomly allocated to 2 groups (n = 9): group 1 (low cement thickness), in which size 3 FRC posts were cemented using adhesive plus resin cement; and group 2 (high cement thickness), in which size 1 FRC posts were cemented as in group 1. Specimens were sectioned, producing 5 samples (thickness: 1.5 mm). For cement thickness evaluation, photographs of the samples were taken using an optical microscope, and the images were analyzed. Each sample was tested in push-out, and data were statistically analyzed. Bond strengths of groups 1 and 2 did not show significant differences (P = .558), but the cement thicknesses for these groups were significantly different (P < .0001). The increase in cement thickness did not significantly affect the bond strength (r2 = 0.1389, P= .936). Increased cement thickness surrounding the FRC post did not impair the bond strength.

Acid Etching, Dental↗