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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone in different reproductive disorders. A review.

As a result of the use of synthetic luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (and its analogs), significant advances in modern clinical practice are being realized. We studied the use of LHRH as a test for pituitary reserve for gonadotropin secretion in different reproductive disorders. Synthetic LHRH was used as a diagnostic test for discriminating pituitary from hypothalamic disorders. After appropriate LHRH priming of the pituitary, LHRH was used to document hypothalamic dysfunction in patients with Kallmann's syndrome who had normal gonadotropin responsiveness to LHRH. The gonadotropin responsiveness to 100 micrograms of LHRH was impaired or absent in patients with panhypopituitarism, craniopharyngiomas, hemochromatosis and acromegaly accompanied by abnormal lactation. In women with gonadal dysgenesis, the absence of gonadal steroid feedback exacerbated the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH. Women with hyperprolactinemia are also known to have a blunted gonadotropin response to endogenous and exogenous LHRH. An experimental rat model was developed in our laboratory to study the site of prolactin action on gonadotropin secretion. LHRH challenge tests during perphenazine-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats indicated that prolactin may decrease pituitary sensitivity to LHRH. Additional experiments indicated that the increased progesterone produced in these hyperprolactinemic (pseudopregnant) rats was probably responsible for the decreased pituitary responsiveness to LHRH. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether prolactin, which can alter ovarian steroidogenesis in vitro, interferes with ovulation directly in addition to affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two cases of infertile bitches with 78,XX/77,X mosaic karyotype: a need for cytogenetic evaluation of dogs with reproductive disorders.

A mosaic karyotype 78,XX/77,X was found in two infertile purebred dogs. Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on a large number of metaphase spreads (220 and 473) with the use of conventional Giemsa staining, C-banding, and chromosome painting approaches. The frequencies of the monosomic spreads (77,X) were low: 5.3% and 5.6%. We recommend that at least 90 metaphase spreads be analyzed to allow possible detection of low-level XX/X mosaicism, and we discuss the need for cytogenetic evaluation of dogs with reproductive disorders.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2003

Clinical and molecular analysis of human reproductive disorders in Brazilian patients.

Several genes that influence the development and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis (HPG) have been identified. These genes encode an array of transcription factors, matrix proteins, hormones, receptors, and enzymes that are expressed at multiple levels of the HPG. We report the experience of a single Endocrinology Unit in the identification and characterization of naturally occurring mutations in families affected by HPG disorders, including forms of precocious puberty, hypogonadism and abnormal sexual development due to impaired gonadotropin function. Eight distinct genes implicated in HPG function were studied: KAL, SF1, DAX1, GnRH, GnRHR, FSHbeta, FSHR, and LHR. Most mutations identified in our cohort are described for the first time in literature. New mutations in SF1, DAX1 and GnRHR genes were identified in three Brazilian patients with hypogonadism. Eight boys with luteinizing hormone- (LH) independent precocious puberty due to testotoxicosis were studied, and all have their LH receptor (LHR) defects elucidated. Among the identified LHR molecular defects, three were new activating mutations. In addition, these mutations were frequently associated with new clinical and hormonal aspects, contributing significantly to the knowledge of the molecular basis of reproductive disorders. In conclusion, the naturally occurring genetic mutations described in the Brazilian families studied provide important insights into the regulation of the HPG.

Genetic Markers↗
PubMed1998

The Y-chromosome and reproductive disorders.

Over the past decade the tools of modern molecular biology have provided unique insights into our fundamental understanding of developmental systems. These insights have been gleaned from the study of a wide variety of model organisms including yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), fly (Drosophila), worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), and mouse. In man, the first analysis of developmental systems started with sexual differentiation and focused on the role of Y-linked genes. The presence of living developmental mutants in man affecting sexual development and the early technology of deletion mapping facilitated the isolation and identification of small segments of putative DNA suspected to contain sex-determining genes. The isolation of genes such as SRY (Sex Related gene on Y) has provided the first insights into the molecular biology of human sexual differentiation. The focus on the Y chromosome has brought further insights into chromosomal pairing, statural determinants in man, oncogenesis, spermatogenesis, haploid genomes, and the lineage of man himself. This paper provides the circumstantial and direct evidence to illustrate the importance of the Y chromosome in reproductive disorders, and in the analysis of haploid genomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies in women with reproductive disorders].

Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies (APSA) belong to the heterogeneous population of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) which are oriented above all against negatively charged phospholipids. The presence of APA in women is closely associated with repeated miscarriages and other complications during pregnancy. The most frequently detected specific antibodies in these patients are autoantibodies against cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine (PS). In a group of 84 pregnant women where within the framework of biochemical prenatal screening of inborn developmental defects serum levels of alpha-1-fetoprotein, choriogonadotropin and trophoblast specific beta-1-glycoprotein were examined as well as in 22 women treated for primary sterility and 22 blood donors the authors assessed, using the ELISA method, antiphosphatidylserine and cardiolipin antibodies (ACA). They found an increased prevalence of APSA in all examined groups as compared with the control group of blood donors. In pregnant women the prevalence of APSA and ACA did not differ and at least one type of antibodies was detected in 20.1%. In pregnant women with positive APSA in the case-records spontaneous abortions were recorded, or imminent abortions during the present gestation or treatment on account of sterility, and in some instances also changes of foetoplacental antigen serum levels were found. It is therefore likely that the presence of APA in women may be one of the factors participating in reproductive disorders and that assessment of APSA together with APA may extend the spectrum of immunological examinations, in particular in sterile and infertile women.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunologic tests in the evaluation of reproductive disorders: a critical review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of immunologic assays proposed to assist in the diagnosis of alloimmune causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion. STUDY DESIGN: Human leukocyte antigen typing, maternal antipaternal lymphocytotoxic antibody testing, and mixed lymphocyte culture assays were performed on 609 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion, 92 infertile couples, and 43 fertile couples. The frequency of HLA antigen sharing and the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies and mixed lymphocyte culture inhibitors was compared among the populations. RESULTS: Sharing of two or more HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, or HLA-DR antigens was observed in 41% (252/609) couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion and in 34% (31/92) with infertility compared with 63% (27/43) of fertile couples. The frequency of lymphocytotoxic antibodies to paternal cells was significantly greater in the fertile population (27/143, 63%) (p < 0.0001) than in couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion (160/609, 26%) and in infertile couples (7/92, 8%). Mixed lymphocyte culture inhibitors were also more prevalent in sera from fertile women (19/43, 44%) compared with those with recurrent spontaneous abortion (122/609, 20%) and infertile women (4/92, 4%). CONCLUSION: Human leukocyte antigen sharing does not predict pregnancy outcome, and the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies and mixed lymphocyte culture inhibitors is a function of the number and duration of pregnancies. More sensitive and specific assays are needed to identify alloimmunologic causes of reproductive disorders.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1998

Drugs used to treat reproductive disorders.

As with all aspects of medicine, it is necessary to fully understand disease processes before treatment modalities can be designed. Many disorders in small animal reproduction have not been completely evaluated, and further investigation is ongoing. Many reproductive hormone products are available but have limited clinical applicability. Other products have potential use but are not commercially available. A thorough diagnostic evaluation is always indicated before embarking on a treatment regimen.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Obesity and reproductive disorders: a review.

Obesity has significant consequences for the reproductive system, depending upon the amount and distribution of body fat. Epidemiological evidence clearly shows that being overweight contributes to menstrual disorders, infertility, miscarriage, poor pregnancy outcome, impaired fetal well-being and diabetes mellitus. Central adiposity is particularly important in clinical sequelae associated with an increased body mass index. The advent of assisted reproduction highlights the problems of being overweight, and the use of gonadotrophins in ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization is more difficult when the subject is overweight. Weight loss has marked effects on improving the menstrual cycle and promoting spontaneous ovulation and fertility. Results indicate that fertility is improved through exercise and sensible eating patterns when conducted in a group environment. The mechanisms for this are unclear but may be associated with changes in sensitivity to insulin.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2005

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the development and occurrence of male reproductive disorders.

Patients with 45,X0/46XY karyotype often present with intersex phenotype and testicular dysgenesis. These patients may also have undescended testes (cryptorchidism), hypospadias and their spermatogenesis is severely disrupted. They have a high risk for testicular cancer. These patients have the most severe form of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). We have hypothesized that testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and poor spermatogenesis are all signs of a developmental disturbance that was named as testicular dysgenesis syndrome. The hypothesis is based on clinical and epidemiological findings and on biological and experimental evidence. Signs of TDS share several risk factors, such as small birth weight (particularly being small for gestational age), and they are risk factors for each other. All of them have background in fetal development. They show strong epidemiological links so that countries with high incidence of testicular cancer, such as Denmark, tend to also have high prevalence rates of cryptorchidism and hypospadias and poor semen quality. Vice versa, in countries with good male reproductive health, e.g., in Finland, all these aspects are better than in Denmark. Although genetic abnormalities can cause these disorders, in the majority of cases, the reasons remain unclear. Adverse trends in the incidence of male reproductive disorders suggest that environmental and life style factors contribute to the problem. Endocrine disrupters are considered as prime candidates for environmental influence. Fetal exposure to high doses of dibutyl phthalate was shown to cause a TDS-like phenotype in the rats. Studies are underway to assess whether there is any exposure-outcome relation with selected chemicals (persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, phthalates) and cryptorchidism.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Endocrine disrupter and reproductive disorders in women].

Endocrine disrupters, which are exogenous substances with estrogenic or other hormonally active properties, may adversely affect the reproductive health of both women and men. The resulting disorders can include cancer development in hormonally sensitive tissues, structural alteration of reproductive organs, and delay or acceleration of the estrus cycle. However, the available laboratory and epidemiological data do not provide consistent or convincing evidence that industrial chemicals suspected of modulating estrogenic pathways are responsible for adverse health effects in women. The present review covers the recent literature and assesses the risk of endocrine disrupters to the reproductive health of women.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Obesity and reproductive disorders in women.

Obesity, particularly the abdominal phenotype, is associated with several reproductive disturbances. Whereas mechanisms by which obesity affect fertility are complex and still not completely understood, an important role appears to be played by the presence of a condition of functional hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinaemia, which accompanies the insulin-resistant state. In women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, abdominal obesity may be co-responsible for the development of hyperandrogenism and associated chronic anovulation, through mechanisms primarily involving the insulin-mediated overstimulation of ovarian steroidogenesis and decreased sex hormone-binding globulin blood concentrations. By these mechanisms, obesity may also favour resistance to clomiphene and gonadotrophin-induced ovulation and reduce outcomes of IVF/ICSI procedures. Due to the beneficial effects of weight loss, lifestyle intervention programmes should represent the first-line approach in the treatment of infertile obese women. Insulin-sensitizing agents may add further benefits, particularly if administered in combination with hypocaloric dieting. Therefore, individualized pharmacological support aimed at favouring weight loss and improving insulin resistance should be widely extended in clinical practice in obese infertile patients. This may be beneficial even during pregnancy, thereby permitting favourable physiological delivery and healthy babies.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contribution of heavy metals to the development of reproductive disorders].

In order to evaluate the role of heavy metals in the reproductive status, a complex hygienic evaluation of total daily entry of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in the organism, biomonitoring of metals in indicator biosubstrates, and epidemiological follow-up of the reproductive function were carried out in 6962 healthy women living in industrial cities of the Dnepropetrovsk region. Total daily entry of lead is 0.27 mg, that of cadmium 0.029 mg, which meets the WHO requirements. However the entry of copper and particularly zinc is 1.5-3 times below the physiological norm. Biomonitoring showed high concentrations of lead and cadmium in the body. Regular entry of abiotic metals even in low concentrations in the presence of deficiency of essential metals is fraught with risk of reproductive diseases, which was proven mathematically for all stages of the reproductive function: gestation, labor, and neonatal period.

Abortion, Threatened↗
PubMed2002

[Short pregnancy interval and reproductive disorders].

The cause of the 'borderline personality disorder' of Vincent van Gogh has been discussed in social-psychiatric terms related to so-called 'substitute children', born after the loss of a previous child. A biological-organic genesis, i.e. the very short birth interval of precisely one year between Van Gogh and his older brother appears to be a more plausible explanation. Personality disorders, which are part of the spectrum of schizophrenic disorders, seem to belong to the very broad 'continuum of reproductive casualties' and to be caused by non-optimal maturation of the oocyte during the postpartum restoration of the ovulatory pattern. This continuum occurs during each of the transitional stages of reproductive life in which the maturation of the oocyte is constrained and consists of chromosomal aberrations, (discordant) monozygotic twins, early and late foetal death, preterm births, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital abnormalities, perinatal and neonatal mortality, cot death, growth and mental defects, and finally, chronic or 'constitutional' diseases. Non-optimal maturation of the oocyte appears to be a risk factor for the reproductive casualties stated.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1991

Reproductive disorders in female rats infected with sialodacryoadenitis virus.

Effects of sialodacryoadenitis virus infection on the reproduction of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were studied. Estrous cycle was considerably out of order in about 40% of infected rats of both strains, starting on days 4 to 20 postinfection and persisting for 2 to 12 days. Of Wistar and SD dams infected on day 0 of gestation about 30% and 10% of the fetuses were found dead, while only 4 and 3% of non-infected dams. In severely diseased Wistar and SD dams infected on day 15 of gestation, the offspring showed death rates of 57% and 13%, respectively, because of inadequate nursing.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Reproductive disorders in female SHR rats infected with sialodacryoadenitis virus.

Effects of sialodacryoadenitis virus infection on the reproduction of female SHR rats were studied. The oestrous cycle was considerably perturbed in most infected rats, the perturbation was observed initially between Days 0 to 10 post infection and the effect persisted for 6 to 18 days. About half of the foetuses of dams infected on Day 0 of gestation were found dead while only 4% of the foetuses from non-infected dams were found dead. Five or six days after infection on Day 0 of gestation, some infected dams were shown to have metritis, and virus antigen was detectable within the endometrium as well as exudate cells. In dams infected on Day 5 or later of gestation and severely diseased, the offspring showed a low survival rate possibly because of inadequate nursing.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Epilepsy and reproductive disorders: the role of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone network.

Individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy have an increased incidence of reproductive dysfunction. The comorbidity may be due to the acute effects of the seizures, the chronic effects of the epilepsy, and/or the use of antiepileptic drugs on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone network and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This review provides a brief overview of evidence from experimental animal and clinical studies exploring the basis for epilepsy-associated reproductive abnormalities.

Animals↗