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PubMed2003

Toothbrushing and gingival recession.

AIM: To review the hypothesis that toothbrushing leads to gingival recession. Gingival recession develops due to anatomical and pathological factors. The prevalence of recession is dependent on the age and characteristic of the population because it usually presents in individuals with periodontal disease or those who practise zealous or improper oral hygiene methods. Gingival trauma and gingival abrasion from toothbrushing is thought to progress directly to gingival recession. Case studies documenting recession from toothbrush trauma are speculative. Short-term studies suggest that gingival trauma and gingival abrasion may result from toothbrushing, but the direct relationship between traumatic home care and gingival recession is inconclusive. Long-term studies remain elusive or do not support the development of recession following toothbrushing. Nevertheless, tooth abrasion may be an integral part in the aetiology of recession. Toothbrush abrasion also may cause wear at the cemento-enamel junction resulting in the destruction of the supporting periodontium leading to recession.

Gingival Recession↗
PubMed1992

The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession.

This paper describes the occurrence and levels of gingival recession in 2 cohorts of individuals participating in parallel longitudinal studies in Norway (1969-1988) and Sri Lanka (1970-1990), covering the age range from 15 to 50 years. In the Norwegian cohort gingival recession had begun early in life. It occurred in greater than or equal to 60% of the 20 year-olds and was confined to the buccal surfaces. At 30, greater than or equal to 70% had recession, which still was found mainly on buccal surfaces. As the group approached 50 years of age, more than 90% had gingival recession; greater than or equal to 25% of the buccal surfaces were involved, greater than or equal to 15% of lingual, and 3 to 4% of the interproximal surfaces. In the Sri Lankan cohort greater than or equal to 30% exhibited gingival recession before the age of 20 years. By 30 years, 90% had recession on buccal, lingual, and interproximal surfaces; and at 40 years, 100% of the Sri Lankans had recession. As they approached 50 years, gingival recession occurred in greater than or equal to 70% of the buccal, greater than or equal to 50% of the lingual, and 40% of the interproximal surfaces. Based on the special features of the two cohorts, the working hypothesis is advanced that there is more than one type of gingival recession and probably several factors determining the initiation and development of these lesions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and dental calculus in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and extent of gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and dental calculus in United States adults, using data collected in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). METHODS: The study group consisted of 9,689 persons 30 to 90 years of age obtained by a stratified, multi-stage probability sampling method in 1988 to 1994. The weighted sample is representative of U.S. adults 30 years or older and represents approximately 105.8 million civilian, non-institutionalized Americans. Gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and dental calculus were assessed at the mesio-buccal and mid-buccal surfaces in 2 randomly selected quadrants, one maxillary and one mandibular. Data analysis accounted for the complex sampling design used. RESULTS: We estimate that 23.8 million persons have one or more tooth surfaces with > or = 3 mm gingival recession; 53.2 million have gingival bleeding; 97.1 million have calculus; and 58.3 million have subgingival calculus; and the corresponding percentages are 22.5%, 50.3%, 91.8%, and 55.1% of persons, respectively. The prevalence, extent, and severity of gingival recession increased with age, as did the prevalence of subgingival calculus and the extent of teeth with calculus and gingival bleeding. Males had significantly more gingival recession, gingival bleeding, subgingival calculus, and more teeth with total calculus than females. Of the 3 race/ethnic groups studied, non-Hispanic blacks had the highest prevalence and extent of gingival recession and dental calculus, whereas Mexican Americans had the highest prevalence and extent of gingival bleeding. Mexican Americans had similar prevalence and extent of gingival recession compared with non-Hispanic whites. Gingival recession was much more prevalent and also more severe at the buccal than the mesial surfaces of teeth. Gingival bleeding also was more prevalent at the buccal than mesial surfaces, whereas calculus was most often present at the mesial than buccal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Dental calculus, gingival bleeding, and gingival recession are common in the U.S. adult population. In addition to their unfavorable effect on esthetics and self-esteem, these conditions also are associated with destructive periodontal diseases and root caries. Appropriate measures to prevent or control these conditions are desirable, and this may also be effective in improving the oral health of the U.S. adult population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Enamel matrix derivative and coronal flaps to cover marginal tissue recessions.

BACKGROUND: Correcting recession defects is one of the goals of periodontal therapy, and the efficacy and predictability of the various techniques are important considerations for both patients and clinicians. Several reports have examined the outcome of gingival recession treatment by means of coronally positioned flaps (CPF) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD). The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the use of EMD in association with CPF to cover localized gingival recessions compared to CPF alone. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with Miller Class I or II gingival recessions >2 mm were included. One recession from each patient was treated in the study. Two treatments were randomly assigned: coronally positioned flap with EMD (test) and coronally positioned flap alone (control). Clinical parameters measured at baseline and 1, 6, and 12 months included gingival index, plaque index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, vertical and horizontal recession, and width of keratinized gingiva. RESULTS: At 12 months, both treatment modalities showed significant root coverage, gain in clinical attachment, and gain in width of keratinized gingiva (P <0.05). Vertical recessions were reduced from 2.68 +/- 1.63 mm to 0.36 +/- 0.60 mm in the test group and from 2.31 +/- 1.52 mm to 0.90 +/- 0.95 mm in the control group. Horizontal recessions decreased from 4.27 +/- 2.06 mm to 0.77 +/- 0.87 mm in the test group and from 3.68 +/- 1.91 mm to 1.72 +/- 1.31 mm in the control group. Changes in keratinized gingiva went from 3.81 +/- 1.95 mm to 4.63 +/- 2.15 mm in the test group and from 3.31 +/- 1.81 mm to 3.27 +/- 1.80 mm in the control group. When both treatments were compared at 12 months, there was a significant difference in vertical tooth coverage and gain in keratinized gingiva in favor of the experimental group (P <0.05). The average percentage of root coverage for test and control groups was 88.6% and 62.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The coronally positioned flap alone or with EMD is an effective procedure to cover localized gingival recessions. The addition of EMD significantly improves the amount of root coverage.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The extent and correlates of gingival recession in non-institutionalised Thai elderly.

The purpose of this study was to describe the extent and distribution of gingival recession in Thai elderly. As part of a longitudinal geriatric oral health study, 453 community-dwelling dentate subjects, 51-92 years of age, were examined at baseline in 1999. All remaining teeth were measured on four periodontal sites to assess the amount of gingival recession. The percentage of sites with recession increased with age from 49.6% in 51-59 years of age to 72.0% in 70+ years of age (P < 0.001). Males exhibited greater levels of recession than females (P < 0.001). Regression analysis for the percentage of buccal sites with recession showed that recession was associated with age, gender, cervical abrasion, and amount of calculus (R2 = 0.15, P < 0.001). However, the regression model for the percentage of all sites with recession did not find an association between recession and cervical abrasion. Hence, it appears that gingival recession on different locations may involve different processes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Assessing physical activity during recess using accelerometry.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity guidelines recommend children should engage in 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) a day. School recess presents an opportunity for children to be physically active during the school day. Limited research has investigated children's activity levels during recess and its contribution to physical activity recommendations. Moreover, no target for physical activity during recess has been set. METHODS: One hundred sixteen boys and 112 girls (aged 5-10 years) from 23 schools had their physical activity during recess quantified using a uniaxial accelerometer during three recess breaks on one school day. The percentage of time spent engaged in moderate, high, and very high intensity activity was calculated using existing thresholds. RESULTS: Boys engaged in more moderate, high, and very high intensity activity than girls. On average, boys and girls spent 32.9% and 23% of recess engaged in physical activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Boys engaged in higher intensity activities than girls. The results suggest that recess can contribute 28 min for boys and 21.5 min for girls toward the accumulation of recommended daily physical activity. However, the physical activity intensities that children engaged in were low during recess. On average, children in this study did not achieve 50% of recess time in physical activity. Interventions for increasing the physical activity of children in the playground are warranted.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2006

MR arthrography in the differential diagnosis of type II superior labral anteroposterior lesion and sublabral recess.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to assess the utility of five MR arthrographic findings in differentiating type II superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) lesion from superior sublabral recess. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MR arthrograms of 55 patients (57 cases) with either type II SLAP lesion (34 cases) or superior sublabral recess (23 cases) who underwent arthroscopic surgery and MR arthrography were retrospectively reviewed. Two independent reviewers searched for the extension, direction, and shape of high signal intensity in the superior labrum on MR arthrograms. In addition, the presence of concomitant anterosuperior labral tear and anteroposterior extension of high signal intensity on axial images was evaluated. The frequencies of these findings in cases of type II SLAP lesion and sublabral recess were evaluated, and the statistical significance of each finding in differentiation of the two groups was assessed. RESULTS: Extension of high signal intensity behind the biceps anchor that extended beneath the labrum on fat-saturated oblique coronal T1-weighted images was found in 33 (97%) of the cases of type II SLAP lesion and 21 (91%) of the cases of sublabral recess. Laterally curved high signal intensity was found in 17 (50%) of the cases of type II SLAP lesion but in only four (17%) of the cases of sublabral recess. Globular or irregular shape of the superior labrum was present in 22 (65%) of the cases of type II SLAP lesion and in 10 (43%) of the cases of sublabral recess. Concomitant anterosuperior labral tear was seen in 14 (41%) of the cases of type II SLAP lesion but in only two (8.7%) of the cases of sublabral recess. Anteroposterior extension of high signal intensity in the superior labrum on fat-saturated axial T1-weighted images was detected in 33 cases of type II SLAP lesion (97%) and in 14 cases of sublabral recess (61%). CONCLUSION: Although the MR arthrographic findings were similar for type II SLAP lesion and sublabral recess, laterally curved high signal intensity on oblique coronal images, concomitant anterosuperior labral tear, and anteroposterior extension of high signal intensity on axial images were helpful findings in the diagnosis of type II SLAP lesion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Simulated graft recession in endoscopic ACL reconstruction: influence on graft strain.

Eight fresh cadaveric knee specimens underwent arthroscopic-assisted ACL reconstruction to examine the influence of femoral graft recession on graft strain pattern. Length changes between tibial origin and femoral insertion (simulating graft strain or isometry pattern) were measured throughout knee motion (0 degrees-90 degrees) with a simulated ACL construct. Measurements were taken at the "endo" position (replicating the normal endoscopic position) and in progressive 1.5-mm increments proximally within the femoral tunnel (mimicking femoral graft recession). After recession up to a maximum of 15 mm, a block was placed anterior to the "recessed" graft construct (simulating placement of bone graft anterior to the recessed graft) and strain patterns were remeasured. Graft strain patterns were altered with as little as 1.5 mm recession in two of eight specimens. Compared to the "endo" position, all specimens showed a statistically significant decrease in strain by 3 mm of graft recession (P<.001 for 7 of 8, and P=.0138 for 1 of 8). A direct relationship exists between graft placement and ACL strain patterns, with more proximal graft "recession" adversely influencing normal graft strain. Bone graft placement anterior to the recessed graft restores strain patterns to those seen at the normal "endoscopic" position.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Outcome of a surgical treatment protocol for late consecutive exotropia following bilateral medial rectus recession for esotropia.

PURPOSE: To describe a specific protocol for the surgical treatment of Late Consecutive Exotropia (LCXT) following bilateral medial rectus (MR) recessions, and to report the results of surgery, performed according to this protocol, in a series of 119 children followed 6 months to 15 years after surgery for consecutive exotropia. METHOD: The senior author (JLM) performed a retrospective chart review of 15 years of his experience following a specific protocol for the surgical treatment of LCXT. In individual cases, following this protocol led to recessions of the overacting inferior oblique (IO) with anterior transposition if dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) was also present, weakening of the overacting superior oblique (SO) with simultaneous 10 mm recessions of the superior rectus (SR) with 3 mm of nasal transposition (to ameliorate DVD which might be aggravated by SO tenotomies), graded recessions of one lateral rectus (LR) 7.0 to 8.5 mm if the distance deviation was equal to or less than 23 prism diopters (PD) of XT, and advancement of one previously recessed MR to the insertion if the distance deviation was equal to or greater than 24 PD XT. RESULTS: "Success" was defined as 8 PD ET to 6 PD XT, with both distance and near fixation. Among 14 patients receiving SR recessions, SO tenotomies, and recession of one LR, 12 of the 14 were "successes" at 6 months postop' and 10 of 14 at an average of 3 years postop'. Among 26 receiving advancement of one MR, "successes" were 23 of 26 at 6 months postop' and 20/26 at two years after surgery. Among 22 receiving IO recession with anterior transposition if DVD was present, "successes" were 18 of 22 at 6 months and 12 of 22 at 3.6 years. Among 57 receiving only recession of one LR, 53 of 57 were "successes" at 6 months postop' and 45 of 57 at 4 years postop'. The overall "success" rate for this protocol for these 119 patients was 89% at 6 months and 74% at 2 to 4 years postop'. Treatment of simultaneous IO overaction and LCXT was associated with the highest long term "failure" rate in this protocol. CONCLUSION: This specific surgical protocol for treatment of late consecutive exotropia is reasonably safe and effective and comparable to the few other reported protocols of various surgical treatments for consecutive exotropia.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dominant cataract and recessive specific locus mutations in offspring of X-irradiated male mice.

Male mice were X-irradiated with 3.0 + 3.0 Gy or 5.1 + 5.1 Gy (fractionation interval 24 h). The offspring were screened for dominant cataract and recessive specific locus mutations. In the 3.0 + 3.0-Gy spermatogonial treatment group, 3 dominant cataract mutations were confirmed in 15 551 offspring examined and 29 specific locus mutations were recovered in 18 139 offspring. In the post-spermatogonial treatment group, 1 dominant cataract mutation was obtained in 1120 offspring and 1 recessive specific locus mutation was recovered in 1127 offspring. The induced mutation rate per locus, per gamete, per Gy calculated for recessive specific locus mutations is 2.0 X 10(-5) in post-spermatogonial stages and 3.7 X 10(-5) in spermatogonia. For dominant cataract mutations, assuming 30 loci, the induced mutation rate is 5.0 X 10(-6) in the post-spermatogonial stages and 1.1 X 10(-6) in spermatogonia. In the 5.1 + 5.1-Gy spermatogonial treatment group, 3 dominant cataract mutations were obtained in 11 205 offspring, whereas in 13 201 offspring 27 recessive specific locus mutations were detected in the spermatogonial group. In the post-spermatogonial treatment group no dominant cataract mutation was observed in 425 offspring and 2 recessive specific locus mutations were detected in 445 offspring. The induced mutation rate per locus, gamete and Gy in spermatogonia for recessive specific locus mutations is 2.8 X 10(-5) and for dominant cataract mutations 0.9 X 10(-6). In post-spermatogonial stages, the mutation rate for recessive specific locus alleles is 6.2 X 10(-5). In the concurrent untreated control group, in 11 036 offspring no dominant cataract mutation and in 23 518 offspring no recessive specific locus mutation was observed. Litter size and the number of carriers at weaning have been determined in the confirmation crosses of the obtained dominant cataract mutants as indicators of viability and penetrance effects. Two mutants had a statistically significantly reduced litter size and one mutant had a statistically significantly reduced penetrance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical features of dominant and recessive interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiencies.

BACKGROUND: Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNgammaR1) deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency with allelic dominant and recessive mutations characterised clinically by severe infections with mycobacteria. We aimed to compare the clinical features of recessive and dominant IFNgammaR1 deficiencies. METHODS: We obtained data from a large cohort of patients worldwide. We assessed these people by medical histories, records, and genetic and immunological studies. Data were abstracted onto a standard form. FINDINGS: We identified 22 patients with recessive complete IFNgammaR1 deficiency and 38 with dominant partial deficiency. BCG and environmental mycobacteria were the most frequent pathogens. In recessive patients, 17 (77%) had environmental mycobacterial disease and all nine BCG-vaccinated patients had BCG disease. In dominant patients, 30 (79%) had environmental mycobacterial disease and 11 (73%) of 15 BCG-vaccinated patients had BCG disease. Compared with dominant patients, those with recessive deficiency were younger at onset of first environmental mycobacterial disease (mean 3.1 years [SD 2.5] vs 13.4 years [14.3], p=0.001), had more mycobacterial disease episodes (19 vs 8 per 100 person-years of observation, p=0.0001), had more severe mycobacterial disease (mean number of organs infected by Mycobacterium avium complex 4.1 [SD 0.8] vs 2.0 [1.1], p=0.004), had shorter mean disease-free intervals (1.6 years [SD 1.4] vs 7.2 years [7.6], p<0.0001), and lower Kaplan-Meier survival probability (p<0.0001). M avium complex osteomyelitis was more frequent in dominant than in recessive patients (22/28 [79%] vs 1/8 [13%], p=0.002), and this disorder without other organ involvement arose only in dominant patients (9/28 [32%]). Disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria was present in more recessive than dominant patients (7/22 [32%] vs 1/38 [3%], p=0.002). INTERPRETATION: Recessive complete and dominant partial IFNgammaR1 deficiencies have related clinical phenotypes, but are distinguishable by age at onset, dissemination, and clinical course of mycobacterial diseases. A strong correlation exists between IFNGR1 genotype, cellular responsiveness to interferon gamma, and clinical disease features.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2001

Gingival recession-its significance and management.

OBJECTIVES: To review the prevalence and current concepts of the mechanisms and aetiology of gingival recession and present the principles of assessment and management of the patient with gingival recession. DATA AND SOURCES: The literature was searched for review and original research papers relating prevalence, mechanisms, aetiology, assessment, and treatment of gingival recession using Medline and manual tracing of references cited in key papers otherwise not elicited. STUDY SELECTION: Studies with gingival recession as focus and pertinent to key aspects of review. RESULTS: Gingival recession is a common condition and its extent and prevalence increase with age. Many factors including trauma and periodontal disease have a role in its aetiology. The patient may develop signs and symptoms including pain from exposed dentine, root caries and aesthetic concerns. Management of gingival recession requires thorough patient assessment, identification of aetiological factors, and recording and monitoring of the extent and severity of the condition. Treatment should be directed at prevention of further progression and the control of symptoms and disease. The patient's aesthetic concerns should be appreciated. Surgical treatment of recession may be indicated to cover exposed root surfaces. Many surgical techniques have been described with varied reported clinical effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Gingival recession should be thoroughly assessed and evaluated in order to offer the most suitable management.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?

In this investigation we sought to assess the effect of orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents with respect to the possible development of gingival recession. Ninety-eight children with a mean +/- SD start-of-treatment age of 12.8 +/- 1.4 years, treated with the Herbst appliance, were surveyed, for a total of 392 lower incisors. Lateral head films, dental casts and intraoral photographs were analyzed with respect to the degree of orthodontic proclination, crown height, and gingival recession. In all subjects, Herbst treatment resulted in varying degrees of lower-incisor proclination (mean = 8.9 degrees, range = 0.5 degrees to 19.5 degrees). In 380 of the surveyed teeth (97%), either no recession developed or preexisting recession remained unchanged during Herbst therapy. In only 12 teeth (3%) did recession develop or preexisting recession deteriorate during treatment. No interrelation was found between the amount of incisor proclination and the development of gingival recession. In conclusion, orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents seems not to result in gingival recession.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Gingival recession in smokers and non-smokers with minimal periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Smoking is a major risk factor for destructive periodontal disease. There is limited information with regard to effects of smoking in subjects with minimal periodontal destruction. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the development of gingival recession in young adult smokers and non-smokers. METHODS: 61 systemically healthy young adults, 19 to 30 years of age completed the final examination. 30 volunteers smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day, whereas 31 subjects were non-smokers. Clinical periodontal conditions were assessed 4x within a time period of 6 months. Site-specific analyses considering the correlated structure of data were performed. RESULTS: At the outset, 50% of subjects presented with gingival recession at 1 or more sites. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of gingival recession between non-smokers and smokers. Severe recession in excess of 2 mm affected about 23% non-smokers but only 7% smokers. Some further gingival recession developed during the 6-month observation period. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk for recession development appeared not to be influenced by smoking status after adjusting for periodontal probing depth, recession at baseline, tooth brushing frequency, gender, jaw, tooth type and site. CONCLUSIONS: Present data did not support the hypothesis that smokers are at an increased risk for the development of gingival recession.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: argument against an autosomal recessive form clinically indistinguishable from X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome)

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a well-described, X-linked recessive disorder characterized by hypohidrosis, hypodontia, and hypotrichosis in males. Reports of similarly affected females have suggested autosomal recessive inheritance in some families. The evidence for two clinically identical but genetically distinct disorders is not convincing, however. In two families with X-linked recessive inheritance of HED, the condition was severe in females. A critical review of previously reported cases of presumed autosomal recessive HED suggests that an autosomal recessive form of the condition identical to the X-linked HED may not exist. All sporadic instances of females with classic HED should be considered to be X-linked recessive, and counseling for X-linked recessive inheritance as well as autosomal recessive inheritance should be given.

Anodontia↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence and distribution of gingival recession in subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the development/progression of attachment loss and gingival recession at buccal tooth surfaces in a population sample with a high standard of oral hygiene. An additional aim was to study the relationship between attachment loss and gingival recession. The subject sample examined comprised 225 regular dental care attendants at 12 community dental clinics in Sweden. All subjects were subjected to a baseline examination in 1977-78 and were re-examined after 5 years and 12 years. The clinical examinations involved assessment of plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, probing attachment loss and gingival recession. A full-mouth set of intraoral radiographs was obtained at each examination and used for determination of the height of periodontal bone support. The results of the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses performed showed that in subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene (i) buccal gingival recession was a frequent finding, (ii) the proportion of subjects with recession increased with age, (iii) the prevalence as well as the incidence of recessions within the dentition showed different patterns depending on age, (iv) sites with recession showed susceptibility for additional apical displacement of the gingival margin and (v) loss of approximal periodontal support was associated with gingival recession at the buccal surface.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Gingival recession and its association with calculus in subjects deprived of prophylactic dental care.

This paper describes the prevalence and severity of gingival recession in Tanzanian adults covering the age range from 20 to 64 years. In addition, it attempts to assess the relationship between the degree of gingival recession and the presence and amount of calculus. In the 20-34 years age group recession occurred in > or = 32% of the buccal, > or = 25% of the lingual, and > or = 13% of the approximal surfaces. These %s increased to > or = 64%, > or = 52%, and > or = 48%, respectively, in the 45-64 years age group. In the 20-34 years age group, lingual surfaces of mandibular incisors and canines followed by buccal surfaces of these teeth were the sites most severely affected with gingival recession. With increasing age, all sites became gradually more severely affected, particularly the buccal and lingual surfaces of the maxillary first molar. The lingual surfaces of mandibular incisors exhibited on an average 1.3 mm, 2.4 mm and 3.2 mm recession in the 20-34 years, 35-44 years and 45-64 years age group, respectively. Most of the correlation coefficients between gingival recession and calculus at the individual tooth surface in three age groups were statistically significant. The highest correlation coefficients (0.50-0.67) were found in the youngest (20-34 years) age group at the lingual surfaces of the mandibular incisors, canine and first premolar and at the buccal surfaces of the mandibular incisors. Based on these findings, the working hypothesis is advanced that longstanding calculus is an important determinant in the onset of gingival recession at sites exhibiting pronounced recession at a young age in populations deprived of prophylactic dental care.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Gingival recession in schoolchildren at 7, 12 and 17 years of age in Espoo, Finland.

The present study was undertaken in response to a growing concern among clinicians about an increase in gingival recession among children and adolescents. Groups of 50 boys and 50 girls aged respectively 7, 12, and 17 yr were examined at Espoo Health Centre in 1983. Gingival recession was measured on the facial and lingual aspects of all permanent teeth. Whenever the gingival margin was located on root cementum, the distance from the gingival margin to the enamel border was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. Recession was categorized as "slight" (0.5 or 1 mm) or "extensive" (1.5-3.5 mm). The prevalence of gingival recession was 5% at 7 yr, 39% at 12 yr, and 74% at 17 yr of age. More girls than boys had recession in the two youngest age groups. At 17 yr recession was equally common in both sexes and both "slight" and "extensive" recession was most often recorded on facial surfaces of first molars, premolars and canines. The alarmingly high prevalence of gingival recession at young age warrants further study of both the reasons and the consequences of early cementum exposure.

Adolescent↗