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PubMed2003

Transferability of SSR markers among wheat, rye, and triticale.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are a valuable tool for many purposes, such as mapping, fingerprinting, and breeding. However, they are only available in some economically important crops because of the high cost and labor intensity involved in their development. Comparative mapping reveals a high degree of colinearity between closely related species, which allows the exchange of markers between them. Our objective was to examine the transferability of SSR markers among wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), rye ( Secale cereale L.), and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). One hundred forty-eight wheat and 28 rye SSR markers were used to amplify genomic DNA extracted from five lines each of wheat, rye, and triticale. Transferability of wheat SSR markers to rye was 17%, whereas 25% of rye markers were amplifiable in wheat. In triticale, 58% and 39% transferability was achieved for wheat and rye markers, respectively. Wheat markers gave an average of 2.6, 2.7, and 2.4 polymorphic bands in wheat, rye, and triticale, respectively, while rye markers gave an average of 2.0 in rye and none in wheat and triticale. These transferable markers can now be exploited for further genetic and breeding studies in these species.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2004

Rye bran bread intake elevates urinary excretion of ferulic acid in humans, but does not affect the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation ex vivo.

BACKGROUND: Rye bread contributes an important part of the whole grain intake in the Scandinavian diet. Ferulic acid is the major phenolic compound in rye bran and is an antioxidant in vitro and may, therefore, contribute to cardioprotective effects of whole grain consumption. AIM OF THE STUDY: Firstly, to evaluate the bioavailability and potential antioxidative effects in humans of ferulic acid from rye. Secondly, to evaluate urine levels of ferulic acid as a possible biomarker of the ordinary dietary intake of ferulic acid. METHODS: We determined the urinary excretion of ferulic acid in 18 postmenopausal women after a dietary intake of rye bran or an inert wheat bran (control) in a crossover study (2 x 6 weeks with 4 weeks washout). The potential antioxidative effect of the rye bran intervention was investigated by measuring low-density lipoprotein (LDL) susceptibility to copper oxidation ex vivo. The subjects ingested rye bran enriched breads equivalent to approximately 10.2 mg ferulic acid per day. RESULTS: The urinary excretion of ferulic acid averaged approximately 4.8 mg per day during intervention with rye bran breads and approximately 1.9 mg per day on the control breads (P = 0.002). Rye bran intervention had no influence on lag time or propagation rate of the LDL oxidation ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that ferulic acid from rye bran is bioavailable and that the urinary concentration of ferulic acid reflects the dietary intake of this hydroxycinnamic acid. Within the period of intervention, the elevated ferulic acid did not produce a measurable antioxidative effect on the subjects' LDL. It is suggested that the determination of ferulic acid in urine is a useful biomarker to assess the intake of ferulic acid from a regular diet.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of lambda and YAC clones from defined regions of the rye genome.

A dispersed, rye-specific element has been used to isolate clones of rye origin from wheat plants containing only a single rye chromosome arm or segment. In this way a set of 23 YAC clones has been isolated from the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS). This technique was extended to isolate clones from a small region of 1RS that contains a large number of agronomically important genes. The targeted cloning method allowed the isolation of 26 classes of lambda clones representing about 5% of the region. Ten of the lambda clones could be mapped to segments within this region. A third example of the application of this technique involved the isolation of clones from a very small but fully functional rye chromosome, the midget chromosome. These clones have allowed the confirmation of the origin of the midget from 1RL, and may provide a tool for the isolation of structural elements of cereal chromosomes. This technique allows the identification of clone libraries for any rye chromosome or chromosome arm, since substitution, addition and translocation lines are available for all rye chromosomes. Furthermore, the technique allows isolation of clones derived from segments of the rye genome recombined into wheat. The method is technically simple and both lambda and YAC libraries can be constructed. Synteny between the genomes of the cereals allows region-specific libraries from rye to be used to target regions of the wheat and barley genomes.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMed2004

Alkylresorcinols as markers of whole grain wheat and rye in cereal products.

The alkylresorcinol (AR) content of Swedish wheat grain samples, as well as of cereal ingredients and cereal foods containing wheat and rye, was determined. The average total AR content in Swedish wheat was 412 microg/g (ranging between 227 and 639 microg/g), which is lower than that in Swedish rye analyzed in a previous study. The relative composition of AR homologues was consistent for wheat samples and differed markedly from that of rye. Notably, the ratio of the homologues C17:0/C21:0 was approximately 0.1 in wheat and approximately 1.0 in rye, indicating that it can be used to distinguish between those two cereals. The AR content in cereal foods commonly consumed in Sweden varied widely, from nondetectable levels in white wheat flour and products not containing the outer parts of wheat and/or rye to >900 microg/g in some whole grain rye products. AR content in cereal foods was calculated from their recipes using average AR values for the cereal ingredients determined in this study. As there was a good correlation between calculated and analyzed AR levels in cereal foods (R2 = 0.91), it is possible to estimate the proportion of whole grain wheat and/or rye in a given cereal product on the basis of AR content and C17:0/C21:0 ratio. ARs appear to be good markers of whole grain wheat and rye in foods, and their analysis may be an objective way to identify foods rich in whole grain wheat and/or rye or brans thereof.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2003

Plasma enterolactone or intestinal Bifidobacterium levels do not explain adenoma formation in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice fed with two different types of rye-bran fractions.

The study was designed to evaluate whether two types of rye-bran fractions result in distinct bifidogenic effect or enterolactone production in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice and whether these parameters are associated with intestinal tumorigenesis in this animal model. The experimental diets were a non-fibre diet (control), a rye-bran diet, and diets containing either the soluble extract or the insoluble fraction prepared from rye bran. The main result on adenoma formation in these experiments was the observation that the soluble extract increased number (P=0.012) and size (P=0.008) of adenomas in the distal small intestine when compared with the non-fibre group. All rye-supplemented diets supported similarly the in vivo growth of Bifidobacterium (10(8)-10(9) colony forming units/g) in Min mice, whereas the non-fibre diet lowered intestinal Bifidobacterium below the level of detection. The results show that water solubility does not affect the bifidogenicity of rye bran. Mean plasma enterolactone concentration was highest in the rye-bran group (30.0 nmol/l; P=0.002), which along with the soluble-extract group (16.2 nmol/l; P=0.024) differed significantly from the non-fibre diet group (7.5 nmol/l). Thus, the mice fed with the rye bran were the best enterolactone producers. In conclusion, rye bran and rye fractions influence adenoma formation in Min mice to a varying degree but plasma enterolactone levels or the production of bifidogenic bacteria do not mediate the effect.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed2001

Identification of Bilby, a diverged centromeric Ty1-copia retrotransposon family from cereal rye (Secale cereale L.).

A diminutive rye chromosome (midget) in wheat was used as a model system to isolate a highly reiterated centromeric sequence from a rye chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) shows this sequence localized within all rye centromeres and no signal was detected on wheat chromosomes. DNA sequencing of the repetitive element has revealed the presence of some catalytic domains and signature motifs typical of retrotransposon genes and has been called the Bilby family, representing a diverged family of retrotransposon-like elements. Extensive DNA database searching revealed some sequence similarity to centromeric retrotransposons from wheat, barley, and centromeric repetitive sequences from rice. Very low levels of signal were observed when Bilby was used as a probe against barley, and no signal was detected with rice DNA during Southern hybridization. The abundance of Bilby in rye indicates that this family may have diverged from other distantly related centromeric retrotransposons or incorporated in the centromere but rapidly evolved in rye during speciation. The isolation of a rye retrotransposon also allowed the analysis of centromeric breakpoints in wheat-rye translocation lines. A quantitative analysis shows that the breakpoint in IDS.1RL and 1DL.1RS and recombinant lines containing proximal rye chromatin have a portion of the rye centromere that may contribute to the normal function of the centromeric region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

An optimized fluorescence in situ hybridization procedure for detecting rye chromosomes in wheat.

In situ hybridization with an interspersed repeat clone from rye, pSc119, was shown to be useful for detecting rye chromosomes introduced into wheat. However, since pSc119 also shows strong hybridization to a few sites in certain wheat chromosomes, small rye chromosome segments added to wheat may be difficult to detect. In this study, detection of rye chromosomes present in triticale and triticale X wheat hybrids was accomplished with the use of a subfragment from pSc119 (pSc119.1) whose sequence is dispersed throughout the rye chromosomes and only weakly cross-hybridizes to a few telomeric and centromeric regions of wheat. The in situ hybridization conditions were optimized to readily distinguish rye chromosomes from wheat chromosomes without the need for intensive analysis of hybridization patterns. Rye chromosomes were readily detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fluorescence detection provided increased sensitivity over enzymatic detection and allowed signals to be amplified with repeated use of biotinylated anti-avidin antibody and avidin-FITC. Detection of rye chromatin was further optimized by doubling the probe concentration. Finally, double exposure photography of the same cell with two different filters provided another means to further increase the contrast between rye and wheat chromosomes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Chromosome pairing in tetraploid rye with monosomic-substitution wheat chromosomes.

In tetraploid rye with single-substitution wheat chromosomes - 1A, 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 3B, 5B, 7B - chromosome pairing was analysed at metaphase I in PMCs with the C-banding method. The frequency of univalents of chromosome 1A was considerably higher than that of the other four wheat chromosomes of genome A (6A, 5A, 7A and 2A). Among chromosomes of genome B, the lowest mean frequency of univalents was observed for chromosome 5B. In monosomic lines, wheat chromosomes 1A, 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A and 5B paired with rye homoeologues most often in rod bivalents and in chain quadrivalents (also including 3B). The 47% pairing of 5B-5R chromosomes indicate that the rye genomes block the suppressor Ph1 gene activity. In monosomic plants with chromosomes 5A, 2A, 6A, 7A and 5B, a low frequency of rye univalents was observed. It was also found that the wheat chromosomes influenced the pairing of rye genome chromosomes, as well as the frequency of ring and rod bivalents and tri- and quadrivalents. However, the highest number of terminal chiasmata per chromosome occurred in the presence of chromosomes 5A and 2A, and the lowest - in the presence of chromosomes 3B and 7B. In the presence of chromosome 5B, the highest frequency of bivalents was observed. The results of the present study show that the rye genome is closer related to the wheat genome A of than to genome B. The high pairing of wheat-rye chromosomes, which occurs in tetraploid rye with substitution wheat chromosomes, indicates that there is a high probability of incorporating wheat chromosome segments into rye chromosomes.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed1996

Relationship between the levels of wheat-rye metaphase I chromosomal pairing and recombination revealed by GISH.

The metaphase I and anaphase I stages of meiosis of wheat x rye hybrids carrying the ph1b mutation were analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization. This technique allows distinction between three different types of wheat-rye associations in metaphase I configurations as well as detection of wheat-rye recombinant chromosomes in anaphase I cells. The frequency of associations between wheat and rye chromosomes greatly exceeded the level of wheat-rye recombination found in the three hybrids examined. Extremely distal associations, which account for about 50% of the total wheat-rye metaphase I chromosomal pairing, can explain such a discrepancy between metaphase I and anaphase I data. It is further discussed whether these associations reflect very distally located chiasmata or nonchiasmatic pairing. The sizes of the segments exchanged in wheat-rye recombinant chromosomes provide cytological evidence that wheat-rye recombination is restricted to the distal chromosomal regions.

Anaphase↗
PubMed2002

Functionality of endogenous folates from rye and orange juice using human in vivo model.

BACKGROUND: Cereals contribute about a quarter of the daily folate intake from a typical diet in several European countries. However, studies on bioavailability of endogenous folates, in particular of cereal sources, are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to study how well natural folates from rye (different rye breads and muesli made of malted rye) and orange juice function in improving folate status of human volunteers compared to a diet containing folic acid fortified wheat bread. METHODS: Healthy human volunteers aged 20-66 y took part in a four-week intervention trial in which bread, breakfast cereal and juice were provided. The study had a parallel design with two groups, 1) rye and orange juice group (33 volunteers) and 2) fortified wheat bread and apple juice group (31 volunteers). The test foods provided on average 184 microg and 188 microg folate per day in rye and wheat groups, respectively. Test foods were consumed as part of the subjects' normal diet. RESULTS: In both groups statistically significant increases in serum and red cell folates were observed after the intervention period. The serum folate increased 26 % and 31 %, and red cell folate levels increased 17 % and 15 % in rye and orange juice and wheat and apple juice groups, respectively. The effects did not differ between the rye and wheat groups. Increases in serum and red cell folate were more profound among subjects with low starting folate levels. Decrease in the plasma homocysteine concentrations was observed only in the highest tertile of both groups but not in the group means. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous folates incorporated into a healthy diet, even in moderate amounts, is an efficient way to improve folate status among healthy adults. Folates from different rye products and orange juice showed good bioavailability that was similar to folic acid from fortified white bread.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Chromosomal location of 46 new RAPD markers in rye (Secale cereale L.).

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to locate RAPD markers using disomic wheat-rye addition lines in order to develop a set of molecular markers distributed on the seven rye chromosomes. We carried out RAPD amplifications on genomic DNA of wheat 'Chinese Spring' (CS), rye 'Imperial' (I), the amphiploid wheat-rye and the seven disomic wheat-rye addition lines (1R-7R) using 140 different 10-mer oligonucleotides. Forty six new RAPD markers were located on the seven rye chromosomes and all the disomic wheat-rye addition lines were identified on the basis of their amplification patterns. The number of RAPD bands located on 1R, 2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R and 7R chromosomes were 5, 8, 11, 8, 8, 10 and 6, respectively. The seven wheat-rye addition lines can be distinguished using only the following three 10-mer oligonucleotides: OPA16, OPF19 and GEN3-605, the other RAPD primers being useful for this purpose. The use of these RAPDs as a source of molecular markers that could be linked to interesting genes or other important agronomic traits is discussed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1994

Effects of rye bran, oat bran and soya-bean fibre on bile composition, gallstone formation, gall-bladder morphology and serum cholesterol in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

The effects of rye bran, oat bran and soya-bean fibre on serum lipids, bile composition and gallstone formation were studied in male Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The control groups received fibre-free stone-provoking (O1 diet) or non-stone-provoking (O2 diet) diets. The serum cholesterol levels were lower for all groups fed on the diets supplemented with the dietary fibre sources compared with the control groups. The total content of bile acids in bile was higher in groups given rye-bran diets compared with the corresponding controls. The proportion of cholic acid was higher and that of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid lower in the groups given rye-bran-, oat-bran- or soya-bean-fibre-supplemented diets, compared with the corresponding controls. The secondary:primary bile acid ratio was lower in the group given the rye-bran-supplemented O1 diet. The lithocholic:deoxycholic acid ratio was lower in the groups given rye-bran-, oat-bran- or soya-bean-fibre-supplemented diets than in the corresponding controls. A lower frequency of gallstones was observed only for the group receiving the rye-bran-supplemented O1 diet while the lithogenic index was lower in the groups given the rye-bran-supplemented O2 diet. A decreased epithelial volume density of the gall-bladder and an increased smooth muscular volume density were observed in animals given oat-bran- and rye-bran-supplemented O1 diets, whereas for the soya-bean-fibre-supplemented O1 diet, only the smooth muscular volume density was increased.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Whole-grain rye bread consumption by women correlates with plasma alkylresorcinols and increases their concentration compared with low-fiber wheat bread.

Whole-grain rye and wheat products are rich in lignans, the precursors of enterolactone (ENL) and alkylresorcinols (ARs), which are phenolic lipids. In this crossover trial, we examined the effect of whole-grain rye bread compared with low-fiber wheat bread on plasma AR levels. Women (n = 39) aged 59 +/- 0.94 y (mean +/- SEM) were advised to consume rye (214 +/- 7.1 g/d) or wheat (178 +/- 6.5 g/d) bread (20% of total daily energy intake) in random order for 8 wk. The test periods were separated by an 8-wk washout period. ARs with different homologues and ENL were measured in plasma collected at the beginning (habitual diet) and end of the test bread periods. AR concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) after the rye bread (352 +/- 24.7 nmol/L) and habitual diet (97.7 +/- 12.1 and 88.3 +/- 8.7 nmol/L) periods than after the wheat bread period (36.6 +/- 4.2 nmol/L). Plasma AR concentrations were correlated with intake of rye bread (r = 0.34, P = 0.037), and with insoluble fiber from the whole diet during the rye (r = 0.39, P = 0.013) and wheat (r = 0.32, P = 0.047) bread periods. The plasma AR 17:0/21:0 ratio differed after the rye (0.84 +/- 0.04) and wheat (0.53 +/- 0.08) bread diet periods (P < 0.001). These data strongly suggest that plasma ARs could be used as specific biomarkers for whole-grain rye intake, and their homologue pattern could be used as an indicator of the bread type consumed.

Bread↗
PubMed2001

Competition for water between walnut seedlings (Juglans regia) and rye grass (Lolium perenne) assessed by carbon isotope discrimination and delta18O enrichment.

Container-grown walnut seedlings (Juglans regia L.) were subjected to competition with rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and to a 2-week soil drying cycle. One and 2 weeks after the beginning of the drought treatment, H2 18O (delta approximately equals +100%) was added to the bottom layer of soil in the plant containers to create a vertical H2 18O gradient. Rye grass competition reduced aboveground and belowground biomass of the walnut seedlings by 60%, whereas drought had no effect. The presence of rye grass reduced the dry weight of walnut roots in the upper soil layer and caused a 50% reduction in lateral root length. Rye grass competition combined with the drought treatment reduced walnut leaf CO2 assimilation rate (A) and leaf conductance (gw) by 20 and 39%, respectively. Transpiration rates in rye grass, both at the leaf level and at the plant or tiller level, were higher than in walnut seedlings. Leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/gw) of walnut seedlings increased in response to drought and no differences were observed between the single-species and mixed-species treatments, as confirmed by leaf carbon isotope discrimination measurements. Measurement of delta18O in soil and in plant xylem sap indicated that the presence of rye grass did not affect the vertical profile of soil water uptake by walnut seedlings. Walnut seedlings and rye grass withdrew water from the top and middle soil layers in well-watered conditions, whereas during the drought treatment, walnut seedlings obtained water from all soil layers, but rye grass took up water from the bottom soil layer only.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1982

Structural Changes in Thylakoid Proteins during Cold Acclimation and Freezing of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma).

Thylakoids were isolated from nonhardened and cold-hardened winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma), and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sulfhydryl reagents. Electrophoresis of cold-hardened rye thylakoid proteins revealed the presence of a 35 kilodalton polypeptide and the absence of a 51 kilodalton polypeptide found in nonhardened rye thylakoid proteins. The 35 kilodalton band could be induced by adding beta-mercaptoethanol to nonhardened rye thylakoid proteins, whereas the 51 kilodalton band could be formed by adding cupric phenanthroline to these same proteins. Sulfhydryl group titration showed that cold-hardened rye thylakoid proteins contained more free sulfhydryls than nonhardened rye proteins. Although amino acid analysis of thylakoid proteins revealed quantitative differences in several amino acid residues, the polarity of thylakoid proteins did not change during cold acclimation. No significant changes in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of thylakoid proteins appeared when either nonhardened or cold-hardened plants were frozen in vivo or in vitro. However, thylakoid proteins did aggregate when frozen in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol. Although thylakoid proteins isolated from cold-hardened rye contained more reduced thiols, a general state of reduction did not act as a cryoprotectant. It is hypothesized that conformational changes of specific proteins may be important for low temperature growth of rye.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Resistance to low temperature photoinhibition is not associated with isolated thylakoid membranes of winter rye.

In vivo measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence indicate that cold-hardened winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Musketeer) develops a resistance to low temperature-induced photoinhibition compared with nonhardened rye. After 7.2 hours at 5 degrees C and 1550 micromoles per square meter per second, the ratio of variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence was depressed by only 23% in cold-hardened rye compared with 46% in nonhardened rye. We have tested the hypothesis that the principal site of this resistance to photoinhibition resides at the level of rye thylakoid membranes. Thylakoids were isolated from cold-hardened and nonhardened rye and exposed to high irradiance (1000-2600 micromoles per square meter per second) at either 5 or 20 degrees C. The photoinhibitory response measured by room temperature fluorescence induction, photosystem II electron transport, photoacoustic spectroscopy, or [(14)C]atrazine binding indicates that the differential resistance to low temperature-induced photoinhibition in vivo is not observed in isolated thylakoids. Similar results were obtained whether isolated rye thylakoids were photoinhibited or thylakoids were isolated from rye leaves preexposed to a photoinhibitory treatment. Thus, we conclude that increased resistance to low temperature-induced photoinhibition is not a property of thylakoid membranes but is associated with a higher level of cellular organization.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Rye flour induces a stronger early bronchial response than wheat flour in occupational asthma.

BACKGROUND: Our aims were to compare the doses of wheat and rye flour that induce early bronchial responses in occupationally exposed asthmatic subjects and to assess the effects of the dose of inhaled flour, the duration of exposure and the dose rate. METHODS: Ten patients underwent tests with lactose, wheat flour and rye flour. We compared the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) observed during the challenge with flour and with lactose. We also calculated the amount of flour that was instantaneously active. RESULTS: Seven subjects had significantly decreased FEV(1) values following exposure to wheat and rye flour and two subjects only did so for rye flour. The provocative dose (PD, dose required to reduce FEV(1) by 15%) of rye was lower than that of wheat flour (geometric mean; PD(15) rye: 95 microg; wheat: 368 microg). The calculated doses of rye and wheat flour were better correlated with the change in FEV(1) than were the cumulative doses. CONCLUSION: The bronchial response was greater with rye than with wheat flour. The response was related to the dose of allergen inhaled and to the dose rate.

Asthma↗
PubMed1997

Effect of rye A and B chromosomes on meiotic association of Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum (4x) chromosomes in intergeneric hybrids.

Chromosome association at metaphase I was studied in PMCs of eight H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (4x) x rye hybrids. Differences in the levels of association separated six hybrids with 2n = 23 including 14 Hordeum, 7 rye A and 2 rye B chromosomes into two groups of three plants each, a "low association" group with means of 0.03III + 4.43II (1.55 rings + 2.88 rods) + 5.10I and 6.03 chiasmata/cell, and a "high association" group with means of 0.01IV + 0.03III + 6.40II (3.55 rings + 2.85 rods) + 1.13I and 10.04 chiasmata/cell. The low number of plants studied prevents a safe estimate of the number of genes involved, but the significant difference between groups suggests the presence in the rye genome of two major genes, or two genotypes, for control of meiotic chromosome association. In two additional hybrids with 2n = 25, one of each above-mentioned group, the presence of two extra rye B chromosomes raised chiasma frequencies by ca 1.5, indicating a promoting effect on chromosome association. The level of Hordeum chromosome association in the "high association" group and the observation of up to 7 Hordeum ring bivalents in some cells agree with an autoploid origin of H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (4x). Hordeum and rye chromosomes formed a few heterogenomic bi- and trivalents. Most rye A chromosomes formed univalents, but 2.7% were included in associations. Rye B chromosomes generally formed rod bivalents. The use of genome analysis in its traditional sense is discussed.

Chromosomes↗