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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effect of sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts on the oxidative stability of peanut oil.

The antioxidant activities of sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at various concentrations were tested in natural peanut oil stored at 65 degrees C for 35 days. The concentrations (weight/volume) of extracts added into oil were 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%, and those of BHA were 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%. Antioxidant effect was determined by the measurement of peroxide value. After 7 days of storage, BHA and extracts of sumach were active in varying degrees against autoxidation of peanut oil, compared with the control test (P <.01). The sumach extracts generally inhibited the formation of hydroperoxide, as did BHA. After 28 days of storage, antioxidant effects of extracts were significantly decreased when compared with BHA. The decrease in the antioxidant activity of extracts might have resulted from the decrease of polyphenolic constituents. The results showed that high concentrations can enhance the potency of the antioxidant effect of sumach extract.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

The effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and lactic acid on decontamination and shelf life of raw broiler wings.

In an attempt to improve the bacteriological quality and refrigerated shelf life of broiler meat, 10-min surface wash treatments with sterile distilled water (DW), 8% (wt/vol) water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits (WES), and 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid (LA) were compared by using a broiler wing model. The aerobic plate counts (log10 cfu/g) of psychrotrophs, mesophilic aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and presumptive fecal coliforms on the samples were determined. Immediately after a 10-min decontaminaton, the mean count of all the bacterial groups was determined to be 3.9, 2.6, and 1.7 (log10 cfu/g) for DW, WES, and LA, respectively. Because the postdecontamination population level of psychrotrophs, mesophiles, and Enterobacteriaceae were low in the LA-treated group compared to the WES group, an equity between the 2 groups in the point of view of the 3 bacterial groups existed at d 10 of cold storage (3 +/- 1 degrees C). Shelf life was 7 and 14 d for wings treated with DW and WES, respectively, whereas the LA-treated wings did not spoil after 14 d of cold storage (3 +/- 1 degrees C). Nevertheless, an undesirable pale color and an acidulous odor occurred in the LA-treated wings. In contrast, a good color appeared on the WES-treated wings, which was also superior to the color of the DW-treated wings. Such advantages of WES may be important for poultry processors and for consumers. However, the immediate decontamination and refrigerated shelf life extension potential of WES should be intensively studied in antimicrobial interventions in poultry processing plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Three cases of severe Rhus dermatitis in an English primary school.

We report three paediatric cases of severe allergic contact dermatitis caused by a Japanese lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua), which is a rare specimen plant in the UK. The diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis produced by plants that are not indigenous to a particular country is more likely to be delayed, as well as mistaken for cellulitis.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Crown development in a pioneer tree, Rhus trichocarpa, in relation to the structure and growth of individual branches.

Based on an allometric reconstruction, the structure and biomass-allocation patterns of branches and current-year shoots were investigated in branches of various heights in the pioneer tree Rhus trichocarpa, to evaluate how crown development is achieved and limited in association with height. Path analysis was conducted to explore the effects of light availability, basal height and size of individual branches on branch structure and growth. Branch angle was affected by basal height, whereas branch mass was influenced primarily by light availability. This result suggests that branch structure is strongly constrained by basal height, and that trees mediate such constraints under different light environments. Previous-year leaf area and light availability showed positive effects on current-year stem mass. In contrast, branch basal height and mass negatively affected current-year stem mass. Moreover, the length of stems of a given diameter decreased with increasing branch height. Therefore the cost of biomass investment for a unit growth in length is greater for branches of larger size and at upper positions. Vertical growth rate in length decreased with increasing height. Height-dependent changes in stem allometry and angle influenced the reduction in vertical growth rate to a similar degree.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

The chalcone butein from Rhus verniciflua Stokes inhibits clonogenic growth of human breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalone), a plant polyphenol, is a major biologically active component of the stems of Rhus verniciflua Stokes. It has long been used as a food additive in Korea and as an herbal medicine throughout Asia. Recently, butein has been shown to suppress the functions of fibroblasts. Because fibroblasts are believed to play an important role in promoting the growth of breast cancer cells, we investigated the ability of butein to inhibit the clonogenic growth of small numbers of breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS: We first measured the clonogenic growth of small numbers of the UACC-812 human breast cancer cell line co-cultured on monolayers of serum-activated, human fibroblasts in the presence of butein (2 microg/mL) or various other modulators of fibroblast function (troglitazone-1 microg/mL; GW9662-1 microM; meloxican-1 microM; and 3,4 dehydroproline-10 microg/mL). In a subsequent experiment, we measured the dose-response effect on the clonogenic growth of UACC-812 breast cancer cells by pre-incubating the fibroblasts with varying concentrations of butein (10 microg/ml-1.25 microg/mL). Finally, we measured the clonogenic growth of primary breast cancer cells obtained from 5 clinical specimens with normal fibroblasts and with fibroblasts that had been pre-treated with a fixed dose of butein (2.5 microg/mL). RESULTS: Of the five modulators of fibroblast function that we tested, butein was by far the most potent inhibitor of clonogenic growth of UACC-812 breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. Pre-treatment of fibroblasts with concentrations of butein as low as 2.5 microg/mL nearly abolished subsequent clonogenic growth of UACC-812 breast cancer cells co-cultured with the fibroblasts. A similar dose of butein had no effect on the clonogenic growth of breast cancer cells cultured in the absence of fibroblasts. Significantly, clonogenic growth of the primary breast cancer cells was also significantly reduced or abolished when the tumor cells were co-cultured with fibroblasts that had been pre-treated with a fixed dose of butein. CONCLUSION: We conclude that fibroblasts pre-treated with non-toxic doses of butein (a natural herbal compound) no longer support the clonogenic growth of small numbers of primary breast cancer cells seeded into co-cultures. These results suggest that interference with the interaction between fibroblasts and breast cancer cells by the natural herbal compound, butein, should be further investigated as a novel experimental approach for possibly suppressing the growth of micrometastases of breast cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Rhus verniciflua stokes extract: radical scavenging activities and protective effects on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of Rhus verniciflua stokes (RVS) on the radical scavenging activities and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in macrophage 264.7 cells. An 80% ethanol extract of RVS was purified by ion exchange chromatography (IEC). Purified RVS extract contained a high amount of phenolics (55.5 g/100 g of extract) and flavonoids (5.9 g/100 g of extract) and its antioxidant activities, such as DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, was higher than the unpurified RVS extract. Purified RVS extract significantly reduced intracellular ROS formation caused by H2O2. Purified RVS extract also prevented the cell death of macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced by H2O2. Interestingly, co-treated purified RVS extract effectively reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation, and attenuated catalase depletion at concentration of 100 microg/ml (p<0.05). Study using PDA-HPLC analyses have found that the purified RVS extract contains six major low molecular compounds as p-coumaric acid, fustin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, sulfuretin, butein and kaempferol. These results indicate that purified RVS extract, tested in this study, could contribute to the antioxidant activities and inhibition of intracellular ROS level.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2007

Glycoprotein isolated from Rhus verniciflua Stokes inhibits inflammation-related protein and nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) has traditionally been used for medical purpose, such as healing of inflammatory diseases in South Korea. Glycoprotein (36 kDa) was isolated from RVS fruit, purified and used to evaluate the inhibitory effect on inflammatory-related proteins and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 ng/ml)-stimulated RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell line). Our results were showed that RVS glycoprotein has a strong antioxidative activity against lipid peroxyl radicals in cell-free system, and inhibits NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To elucidate the inhibitory effect of RVS glycoprotein on activities of inflammatory-related proteins, we firstly evaluated the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression of intracellular protein kinase C (PKC), nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and activator protein-1 (AP-1). The results in the present study showed that RVS glycoprotein (200 microg/ml) inhibits ROS production and PKCalpha translocation, and down-regulates the expression of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Such upstream signals consequently inhibited the levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. Therefore, we speculate that RVS glycoprotein inhibits the inflammatory-related protein and can act as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of the plant glycoprotein (36 kDa) from Rhus verniciflua stokes fruit in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice.

We investigated the hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects on male ICR mice of a glycoprotein isolated from Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) fruit. The administration of the RVS glycoprotein (100 mg/kg) for two weeks resulted in a significant decrease in such plasma lipid levels as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The levels of TC, TG and LDL in the hyperlipidemic model were significantly increased, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was considerably decreased. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly elevated, whereas the production of nitric oxide (NO) was diminished. Moreover, the administration of the RVS glycoprotein prior to inducing hyperlipidemic mice suppressed the increase in the plasma lipid levels (TC, TG and LDL), and decrease in the HDL level in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Furthermore, the RVS glycoprotein significantly inhibited the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and the levels of TBARS in the hyperlipidemic mice. In addition, the activities of detoxicant enzymes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were gradually augmented after a supplement with the RVS glycoprotein. The results suggest that the RVS glycoprotein would be effective in preventing an increase in the plasma lipid levels and in improving the antioxidant levels. This protein might be useful as a therapeutic agent.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tyrosinase inhibitors from galls of Rhus javanica leaves and their effects on insects.

As a defense mechanism of the leaves of Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae) against the aphid Melaphis chinensis (Aphididae) attack, tannic acid is rapidly accumulated and forms galls along the midrib of the leaves resulting in a unique natural medicine Gallae Rhois. Tannic acid was found to inhibit the oxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) catalyzed by tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) with an IC50 of 22 microM. The aphid would detoxify the ingested toxic tannic acid to relatively nontoxic gallic acid, whereas the non-adapted pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella larvae are sensitive to the ingested tannic acid.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of cell cycle progression via p27Kip1 upregulation and apoptosis induction by an ethanol extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes in AGS gastric cancer cells.

Botanical preparations are widely used by patient with cancer in Korea, Japan and China. Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) has traditionally been used as a medicinal ingredient for the therapy of stomach and uterine cancer. In this study, we showed that exposure to an ethanol extract of RVS (50 microg/ml) resulted in a synergistic inhibitory effect on cell growth in AGS cells. Growth inhibition was related with the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The extract induces G1-cell cycle arrest through the regulation of cyclins, the induction of p27Kip1, and decrease the CDK2 kinase activity. The upregulated p27Kip1 level is caused by protein stability increment by the reduction of Skp2, a key molecule related with p27Kip1 ubiquitination and degradation, and de novo protein synthesis. RVS extract induces apoptosis through the expression of Bax, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and activation of caspase-3. RVS extract induces G1-cell cycle arrest via accumulation of p27Kip1 controlled by Skp2 reduction and apoptosis passing through an intrinsic pathway in human gastric cancer cells but not in normal cells, therefore we suggest that this extract could be a candidate medicine or compound for the development of novel class of anti-cancer drugs.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1995

Room temperature ESR spectra of Rhus vernicifera laccase and derivatives.

Although both the type 1 and type 2 coppers of Rhus vernicifera laccase are fully ESR detectable at 77 K, only 30% of the type 2 copper are in the cupric form at room temperature. The residual 70% of the type 2 copper was easily transformed into the ESR detectable form by irradiating the resting enzyme with microwave of 200 mW. The enzyme activity did not change by the irradiation with high-powered microwave, indicating that the type 2 copper can be in both the ESR detectable and ESR undetectable forms in solution. The room temperature ESR spectra of the type 2 copper-depleted laccase and of the azide-bound type 3 copper signals were also measured at room temperature and compared with those at 77 K.

Copper↗
PubMed1998

Observation of Cu-N3- stretching and N3- asymmetric stretching bands for mono-azide adduct of Rhus vernicifera laccase.

Mono-azide adduct of Rhus vernicifera laccase, a multicopper oxidase containing one type-1 (blue) copper, one type-2 (non-blue normal) copper, and a pair of type-3 (binuclear and EPR silent) coppers, of which type-2 and type-3 coppers constitute a trinuclear site, was investigated with resonance Raman (RR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies as a step toward elucidation of the structure and function of the trinuclear site. The Cu-N3- stretching (vCu-N3-) RR band was observed for azide-bound multicopper oxidases for the first time. The vCu-N3- band was located at 400 cm-1 for mono-14N3- laccase, which shifted to 396 cm-1 with the 15N14N14N3- analog. The N3- asymmetric stretching (v(N3-)asym) band was observed by FT-IR spectroscopy at 2035 cm-1 for mono-14N3- laccase and at 2025 cm-1 for the 15N14N14N3- analog. The vCu-N3- and v(N3-)asym frequencies and their 15N14N14N- isotope shifts for azido laccase correspond well with those of metazido hemocyanin, indicating that both derivatives should have a similar binding geometry of azide.

Azides↗
PubMed1976

Oxidation and reduction of copper ions in catalytic reactions of Rhus laccase.

1) It was demonstrated by colorimetric as well as EPR measurements that the native (aerobic, resting state) Rhus vernicifera laccase contains both Cu2+ and Cu+ (total Cu content was 4.0 gram atoms/mole). The ratio of Cu2+ to total Cu in laccase varied (42-90%) in samples of latex collected from various districts. The absorption maximum at 615 nm was proportional to the content of total Cu in the enzyme sample. Laccase activity was found to almost parallel the content of the Cu2+ form. The oxidized minus reduced difference absorbance of the enzyme at 330 nm shoulder was proportional to the amount of Cu2+. 2) Steady state level of oxidation of laccase copper during the laccase copper catalytic action, the rates of reduction by substrates and the oxidation by O2 were determined by following absorbance changes at 615 and 330 nm by the stopped flow method. 3) All the results from titrimetric and kinetic experiments were consistent with the laccase model previously proposed by Makino and Ogura in which a laccase molecule contains 1 Cu(615) and 3 Cu(330). Our expanded model states that a laccase sample originally contains active as well as inactive enzymes. In the active enzyme, Cu ions are reactive to O2 but in the inactive enzyme, Cu can be oxidized only by oxidizing agents such as H2O2 or ferricyanide, or by a slow intermolecular electron transfer from Cu(615) to the active enzyme. In both species of enzyme rapid reduction of Cu2+ ions by substrate takes place. In comparative studies of the reactivities of Cu ions in various copper proteins, we would like to suggest that oxidatic activity of a copper protein is due to the Cu+ form of the enzyme ions with O2.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1999

Cytotoxicity of urushiols isolated from sap of Korean lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera Stokes).

Cytotoxicities of four urushiols, congeners isolated from the sap of Korean lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera Stokes), to 29 human cancer cell lines originated from 9 organs were evaluated. Their values of 50% growth inhibition were below 4 microg/ml, and showed cell line specific cytotoxicity. The present result is the first report on the cytotoxicity of urushiols suggesting that they would have an anticancer activity to human cancer cells.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1976

Kinetic studies of Rhus vernicifera laccase. Evidence for multi-electron transfer and an oxygen intermediate in the reoxidation reaction.

1. The reoxidation of reduced Rhus vernicifera laccase (monophenol,dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) by molecular oxygen has been studied by optical absorption and EPR methods. 2. The reoxidation by oxygen of the type 1 Cu+ and the two-electron acceptor is characterized by a second-order rate constant of about 5-10(6) M-1-s-1. 3. The appearance of an optical intermediate (with an absorbance maximum around 360 nm) parallels the reoxidation of type 1 Cu+ and the two-electron acceptor. It disappears in a first-order reaction with a half-time of 20 s. A similar intermediate is formed during normal turnover. 4. The type 2 Cu+ appears to be reoxidized in an intramolecular reaction with a half-time of about 20 s, suggesting a correlation between the reoxidation of this site and the disappearance of the optical intermediate. 5. The results suggest that three electrons are rapidly transferred to oxygen leading to the formation of an enzyme-bound oxygen intermediate.

Catechol Oxidase↗
PubMed1978

Steady-state kinetics of laccasse from Rhus vernicifera.

The steady-state kinetics of laccasse (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) from the lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera is investigated using the respirograph method to produce Lineweaver-Burk plots of oxygen consumption rate against oxygen concentration. A ping-pong mechanisms is established. The kinetic constants obtained according to the model is in close agreement with the corresponding values obtained from earlier studies on the transient reactions between the reduced enzyme and oxygen (Andréasson, L.E., Brändén, R. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 438, 370--379) and between the oxidized enzyme and reducing substrates (Andréasson, L.E. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 579--597).

Catechol Oxidase↗
PubMed1983

The 1H-NMR relaxation of Rhus laccase: assignment to different types of copper.

1H-NMR relaxation measurements of Rhus laccase showed that a portion of the relaxivity was specifically abolished by less than stoichiometric EDTA. Another portion of relaxivity was removed by addition of N3(-) to the EDTA saturated enzyme. This treatment or selective removal of the Type 2 Cu left a large residual paramagnetic relaxivity (1700 M-1s-1) which was assigned to the Type 1 Cu. It is concluded that only a portion of the laccase relaxivity can be assigned to the Type 1 Cu and that this copper type does not behave homogeneously: the two fractions have different relaxivity, 5200 and less than or equal to 2400 M-1s-1 respectively.

Chemical Phenomena↗