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PubMed1988

Studies in REST. III. REST, arousability, and the nature of alcohol and substance abuse.

Recent literature on the diagnosis, differentiation, and identification of alcoholism, substance abuse, smoking, obesity, compulsive gambling, and sociopathy was reviewed. Research evidence suggests that these behavior disorders are associated with high levels of the trait of arousability. Highly arousable individuals often experience intense, easily aroused emotional reactions to stressful stimulation, and they are strongly predisposed toward alcohol and/or substance abuse. For these individuals, psychoactive chemicals have strongly reinforcing effects, since they alleviate unpleasant emotions associated with excessive arousal. Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) consistently lowers arousal to optimal, subjectively comfortable levels, without psychoactive chemicals. REST has demonstrated its effectiveness for alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, and obesity, all of which are associated with high arousability.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

Functional imaging: is the resting brain resting?

It is often assumed that the human brain only becomes active to support overt behaviour. A new study challenges this concept by showing that multiple neural circuits are engaged even at rest. We highlight two complementary hypotheses which seek to explain the function of this resting activity.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mediastinal foregut cyst containing an intramural adrenal cortical rest: a case report and review of supradiaphragmatic adrenal rests.

We present a case of a baby girl with a congenital cystic mediastinal mass which was excised at 20 months of age and was found to be a developmental foregut cyst of the gastroenteric type. Within the cyst wall was an adrenal cortical rest. Adrenal cortical rests arising above the diaphragm are exceedingly rare and previous cases are reviewed.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gdansk combined crown with occlusal rest. 1. Clinical and laboratory preparation of combined crown with occlusal rest on the basis of cast crown].

The combined crown used since many years in the Prosthetic Laboratory, Institute of Stomatology, Medical Academy in Gdańsk contains an occlusal rest basis of a cast crown (the metal part is of a gold alloy or chromium-nickel steel, with veneer of acrylateor Colorstat) provides, owing to a special preparation of the abutment tooth and laboratory procedure, full stabilization of the crown, protection of parodontium and good maintenance of the veneer which plays a cosmetic role in this type of crown. The combined crowns with occlusal rest are particularly suitable for supporting bridgeworks. They may be applied onto devitalized or live teeth since they require less extensive grinding of teeth.

Crowns↗
PubMed1993

Long-term variability and reproducibility of resting human muscle nerve sympathetic activity at rest, as reassessed after a decade.

Human muscle nerve sympathetic activity measured by microneurography during supine rest is known to vary considerably between healthy subjects, whereas in a given individual the level of muscle nerve sympathetic activity is stable over weeks and months. To further characterize long-term variability or reproducibility microneurographic recordings of muscle nerve sympathetic activity were performed in 15 healthy, normotensive subjects (mean age 51 years) who had undergone the same procedure between 10 and 14 years earlier (mean 12 years). The range of muscle nerve sympathetic activity was 9-59 in the first and 13-61 bursts/min in the second recording. Subjects maintained the level of muscle nerve sympathetic activity displayed previously, although with a slight but significant tendency to a higher outflow with increasing age. It is concluded that muscle nerve sympathetic activity is characterized by large inter-individual differences and strong intra-individual reproducibility over many years, with a tendency to increase with age. The age relationship is only in a minor part responsible for the variability, the cause of which remains unexplained. Because of the marked difference between individuals, strict normality criteria are difficult to define when comparing groups of subjects. There remains the risk of either obtaining spurious differences or obscuring a true abnormality. This is unlikely to apply when results in individual subjects are compared.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Intra- and interindividual variability of resting energy expenditure in healthy male subjects -- biological and methodological variability of resting energy expenditure.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the contribution of intra-individual variance of resting energy expenditure (REE) to interindividual variance in REE. REE was measured longitudinally in a sample of twenty-three healthy men using indirect calorimetry. Over a period of 2 months, two consecutive measurements were done in the whole group. In subgroups of seventeen and eleven subjects, three and four consecutive measurements were performed over a period of 6 months. Data analysis followed a standard protocol considering the last 15 min of each measurement period and alternatively an optimised protocol with strict inclusion criteria. Intra-individual variance in REE and body composition measurements (CV(intra)) as well as interindividual variance (CV(inter)) were calculated and compared with each other as well as with REE prediction from a population-specific formula. Mean CV(intra) for measured REE and fat-free mass (FFM) ranged from 5.0 to 5.6 % and from 1.3 to 1.6 %, respectively. CV(intra) did not change with the number of repeated measurements or the type of protocol (standard v. optimised protocol). CV(inter) for REE and REE adjusted for FFM (REE(adj)) ranged from 12.1 to 16.1 % and from 10.4 to 13.6 %, respectively. We calculated total error to be 8 %. Variance in body composition (CV(intra) FFM) explains 19 % of the variability in REE(adj), whereas the remaining 81 % is explained by the variability of the metabolic rate (CV(intra) REE). We conclude that CV(intra) of REE measurements was neither influenced by type of protocol for data analysis nor by the number of repeated measurements. About 20 % of the variance in REE(adj) is explained by variance in body composition.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

The relationship of resting ventilation to mouth occlusion pressure. An index of resting respiratory function.

In order to examine the relationship of mouth occlusion pressure (MOP), an index of central inspiratory neuromuscular drive, to age and sex and to resting ventilation (VE), measurements were made in the seated posture in 84 healthy, normal subjects (38 men, 46 women; ages 18-72 years, mean +/- SD = 39.8 +/- 14.5 years) and in 79 patients with either airways obstruction (n = 63) or restrictive lung disease (n = 16). In the normal subjects, there was no significant relationship between age or sex and MOP (expressed as P0.1), which is the mouth pressure developed against a complete occlusion at 0.1 s after the beginning of inspiration, and dP/dtmax, the maximal rate of rise of this pressure; mean +/- SD for P0.1 = 0.75 +/- 0.32 cmH2O, and dP/dtmax = 19.41 +/- 10.10 cmH2O/s. Similarly, there was no significant relationship between age or sex and VE/P0.1 or VE/dP/dtmax. In 99 percent of normal subjects (83 of 84), VE/P0.1 was greater than 8.0 L/min/cmH2O, whereas in only 1 of the 79 patients was the value greater than 7.9 L/min/cmH2O. While the mean values of P0.1 and dP/dtmax were significantly different between normal subjects and patients, there was considerable overlap, whereas the ratio VE/P0.1 or VE/dP/dtmax provided excellent differentiation between normal subjects and patients with lung disease. This index, which is easily measured and requires minimal patient cooperation, provides valuable information in the clinical assessment of ventilatory drive and lung mechanics.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity in men during bed rest and on orthostasis after bed rest.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in autonomic function are commonly seen during and after spaceflight, and its ground-based analog, 6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR). They may include peripheral vascular regulation, but vasomotor sympathetic efferent nerve discharges to peripheral vasculatures have not been examined. The aim of our study was to examine changes in vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity during HDBR and under orthostasis after HDBR. METHODS: We performed 6 d of HDBR on six male subjects, and measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) together with plasma norepinephrine concentrations in the supine position before HDBR and in 6 degrees head-down position on the sixth day (HDBR6) of HDBR. We also measured MSNA in head-up tilt (HUT) test before and after HDBR. RESULTS: On HDBR6, MSNA burst rate was the same (17+/-4 bursts x min(-1)) as that in supine position before HDBR (15+/-2 bursts min(-1)), but plasma norepinephrine concentrations were decreased to 1.14+/-0.10 pmol x ml(-1) compared with the supine value before HDBR (1.56+/-0.20 pmol x ml(-1), p<0.05). After HDBR, supine MSNA burst rate significantly increased by 58% to 24+/-4 bursts x min(-1). MSNA increment in response to HUT was similar between before (34+/-3 bursts min(-1) x sin HUT(-1)) and after (40+/-6 bursts x min(-1) x sin HUT(-1)) HDBR. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that: a) the relationship between MSNA and plasma norepinephrine concentrations was altered on the sixth day during HDBR; b) the vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity was enhanced after HDBR; and c) the augmentation of vasomotor sympathetic outflow to muscles under orthostasis was preserved after HDBR.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Ligation of CD5 on resting B cells, but not on resting T cells, results in apoptosis.

The CD5 molecule is expressed by a B cell subset. We have demonstrated that resting B cells do not proliferate in response to CD5 ligation, whereas cells preactivated with anti-IgM and IL-2 do so. Here, we specifically studied the effects of anti-CD5 and anti-IgM on apoptosis of CD5+ B cells. Both ligation of CD5 or of surface IgM (sIgM) resulted in apoptosis. This started earlier following ligation of CD5 than with sIgM, and both responses were time dependent. CD5-induced apoptosis was independent of the epitope recognized or the way the antibody was presented to the B cells. CD5+ B cells were more sensitive to IgM-induced apoptosis than CD5 B cells. Engagement of CD5 or CD3 expressed by T cells failed to induce apoptosis. Our data indicate differences in the function of CD5 molecules on tonsillar B cells, compared with blood T cells and suggest that cross-linking CD5 on B cell activates specific pathways responsible for apoptosis.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2004

World Health Organization equations have shortcomings for predicting resting energy expenditure in persons from a modern, affluent population: generation of a new reference standard from a retrospective analysis of a German database of resting energy expenditure.

BACKGROUND: Reference standards for resting energy expenditure (REE) are widely used. Current standards are based on measurements made in the first part of the past century in various races and locations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the World Health Organization (WHO) equations from 1985 in healthy subjects living in a modern, affluent society in Germany and to generate a new formula for predicting REE. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of data on REE and body composition obtained from 2528 subjects aged 5-91 y in 7 different centers between 1985 and 2002. RESULTS: Mean REE varied between 5.63 and 8.07 MJ/d in males and between 5.35 and 6.46 MJ/d in females. WHO prediction equations systematically overestimated REE at low REE values but underestimated REE at high REE values. There were significant and independent effects of sex, age, body mass or fat-free mass, and fat mass on REE. Multivariate regression analysis explained up to 75% of the variance in REE. Two prediction formulas including weight, sex, and age or fat-free mass, fat mass, sex, and age, respectively, were generated in a subpopulation and cross-validated in another subpopulation. Significant deviations were still observed for underweight and normal-weight subjects. REE prediction formulas for specific body mass index groups reduced the deviations. The normative data for REE from the Institute of Medicine underestimated our data by 0.3 MJ/d. CONCLUSIONS: REE prediction by WHO formulas systematically over- and underestimates REE. REE prediction from a weight group-specific formula is recommended in underweight subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Resting B cells as tolerogens in vivo but only for minor histocompatibility antigens: evidence for activation of resting B cells in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Small, resting B cells (rB cells) express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules but not the putative costimulatory molecules, B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86); they are classified as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells. rB cells have been shown to be capable of anergizing T cells in vitro and inducing the prolonged survival of skin grafts mismatched for a single minor histocompatibility (miH) antigen, H-Y. The aim of this study was to investigate ability of rB cells to induce unresponsiveness to multiple miH and MHC antigens. METHODS: Mice were pretreated with 1 x 10(7) donor rB cells 14 days before transplantation of cardiac grafts mismatched for either a single or multiple miH and/or MHC antigens in vivo. RESULTS: rB cells induced indefinite prolongation of cardiac grafts mismatched for H-Y antigen (C57BL/10 male to female). Moreover, 50% of grafts mismatched for multiple miH antigens (C3H to CBA) were accepted indefinitely in recipients treated with donor rB cells. In marked contrast, when grafts were mismatched for either a single MHC class I antigen, Kb (CBK to CBA), or multiple MHC and miH antigens (C57BL/10 to C3H), pretreatment with rB cells did not prolong graft survival. To investigate why rB cells were ineffective tolerogens for grafts mismatched for MHC antigens, we examined the fate of the cells in vivo. We demonstrate that, after intravenous injection of rB cells, expression of B7-2 was induced within 24 hr. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that rB cells may be less effective at inducing specific unresponsiveness to MHC antigens because of their rapid activation in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Donor resting B cells induce indefinite prolongation of fully allogeneic cardiac grafts when delivered with anti-immunoglobulin-D monoclonal antibody: evidence for tolerogenicity of donor resting B cells in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Resting B (rB) cells have been shown to induce T-cell anergy in vitro and to prolong the survival of skin and cardiac grafts mismatched for minor histocompatibility antigens. However, rB cells were unable to modulate the rejection response when grafts mismatched for major histocompatibility complex antigens were transplanted. We reasoned that donor antigens, which presented via the indirect pathway by recipient antigen-presenting cells, in particular B cells, might influence the ability of rB cells to induce unresponsiveness. To explore this hypothesis, we used an anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)-D monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for recipient B cells to deplete these cells, thereby decreasing the potential for indirect presentation in vivo. METHODS: CBA mice were pretreated with 1 x 10(7) donor rB or activated B (aB) cells 7 days before transplantation of a C57BL/10 cardiac graft in the absence or presence of anti-IgD mAb. RESULTS: Naive CBA mice rejected C57BL/10 grafts acutely (median survival time [MST]=8 days). Pretreatment with rB cells alone resulted in a modest prolongation of graft survival (MST=11.5 days). In marked contrast, when rB cells were delivered with anti-IgD mAb, indefinite graft prolongation (MST>100 days) was observed in all recipients. Interestingly, aB cells produced only a small prolongation of graft survival when delivered with anti-IgD mAb (MST=15 days). Recipients treated with anti-IgD mAb alone rejected C57BL/10 cardiac allografts acutely (MST=8 days). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that depletion of recipient B cells in vivo can augment the ability of donor rB cells to induce indefinite prolongation of fully allogeneic cardiac grafts. Thus, IgD+ B cells in the recipient may influence the development of unresponsiveness in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sex hormone suppression reduces resting energy expenditure and {beta}-adrenergic support of resting energy expenditure.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) decreases with aging and may decrease in women as a result of the menopause, potentially contributing to weight gain. REE has been observed to fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, suggesting regulation by sex hormones. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of suppressing estrogen and progesterone on REE. Fourteen premenopausal women, 29 +/- 5 yr old (mean +/- sd), were studied in the midluteal menstrual phase (ML) and after 6 d of GnRH antagonist therapy (GnRHant) administered in the follicular menstrual phase. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry in the morning after a 12-h fast and again during beta-adrenergic blockade to determine sympathetic nervous system (SNS) support of REE. Treatment with GnRHant significantly decreased REE (1405 +/- 42 vs. 1334 +/- 36 kcal/d, mean +/- se, ML vs. GnRHant; P = 0.002). Additionally, SNS blockade tended to alter REE more during ML than during GnRHant (-19 +/- 10 vs. 5 +/- 11 kcal/d; P = 0.14). Suppression of sex hormones to postmenopausal levels by GnRHant reduced REE in young healthy women. These findings suggest that the withdrawal of estrogen and/or progesterone attenuates REE, possibly through a SNS-mediated mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effects of clomiphene citrate and progesterone on resting and proliferative cell-populations in resting and proliferative cell-populations in mouse uterine epithelium.

Resting cells (GO cells) of the uterine surface epithelium in castrated mice began to synthesize DNA with high synchrony from 10 hr after the injection of 50 ng of estradiol-17beta with or without 5.5 mug of clomiphene citrate. Highly synchronized DNA synthesis in GO cells elicited with estradiol was delayed approximately 5 hr when the simultaneous administration of 0.5 mg of progesterone was given. In GO cells of castrated mice which received 5.5 mug of clomiphene or 55 mug of clomiphene plus 50 ng of estradiol, DNA synthesis with partial synchrony began 15 hr after the injection. The effects of estradiol were completely suppressed by the administration of 55 mug of clomiphene. It is suggested that the inhibitory action of clomiphene may be due to the competitive blocking of estrogen binding, while progesterone suppresses the estrogen-induced DNA synthesis of the surface epithelium and transfers them to the GO cell-compartment.

Animals↗