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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

The insulin gene region and susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four races; new insights from Afro-Caribbean race-specific haplotypes.

The IDDM2 component of the genetic susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been mapped to chromosome 11p15.5. The exact identity of IDDM2 remains uncertain. It has been suggested that IDDM2 maps within the 5' VNTR (variable number tandem repeat) polymorphism upstream of the insulin gene (INS). This has not been confirmed and a contribution from other INS gene region polymorphisms cannot be excluded. We present INS region genotype data from four racial groups: the Japanese, Hong Kong Chinese, North Indian Asians and Afro-Caribbeans (two groups; one born and resident in the UK, one in Jamaica). These races have not been previously studied with the range of INS region polymorphisms included here. No INS polymorphism was associated with IDDM across all races. These data from this study thus do not identify any INS polymorphism as IDDM2. The Afro-Caribbean race showed a very different distribution of INS genotypes from the other races and novel race-specific INS haplotypes were identified. Analysis of these excluded a contribution to susceptibility to IDDM from the- 23HphI INS polymorphism. An Afro-Caribbean INS haplotype which differed only at the VNTR from the very protective INS haplotype (VPH) identified in white Caucasians was detected. Population analysis of this haplotype will allow direct assessment of the role of the VNTR in susceptibility to IDDM. In conclusion, the diverse Afro-Caribbean TH/INS/IGF2 haplotypes identified in this study will be valuable in mapping IDDM2 more precisely.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed1991

Effects of transport and racing on ionic changes in thoroughbred race horses.

1. Packed cell volume (PCV), blood glucose, total plasma proteins (TPP) and plasma electrolytes, osmolality, cortisol and aldosterone alterations produced by transport and racing, were investigated in race horses. 2. Plasma cortisol, sodium and blood glucose, found after transport, were higher, while aldosterone was lower than control levels. 3. After racing, PCV, blood glucose, TPP and plasma cortisol, sodium and osmolality were higher than control, while chloride diminished and aldosterone returned to control values. 4. These results demonstrate that transport and racing are different kinds of stressors, suggesting that the sympathetic system and hypophysis-suprarenal cortex axis have a dissimilar contribution to the physiological response.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1999

Participation rates in a case-control study: the impact of age, race, and race of interviewer.

PURPOSE: Despite concerns about declining participation rates in epidemiologic studies in recent years, relatively few papers have discussed obstacles to recruiting study participants or strategies for optimizing response rates. This report describes factors associated with nonparticipation in a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer and discusses ways to overcome barriers to participation. METHODS: Contact and cooperation rates were calculated for participants in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), stratified by case status, age, race, and race of interviewer. Demographic and breast cancer risk factor characteristics of partial and full responders also were compared. RESULTS: Contact rates and cooperation rates varied by case/control status and demographic characteristics. Contact rates were lower among controls, younger women, and black women. Cooperation rates were lower among controls, older women, and black cases. Cooperation rates were higher among both black and nonblack women when participants and interviewers were concordant on race. CONCLUSIONS: Obstacles to recruitment seem to differ among race and age subgroups, suggesting that recruitment strategies may need to be tailored to potential participants based upon demographic characteristics. Strategies have been implemented to improve response rates in this and other epidemiologic studies; however, additional research and innovation in this area are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Race as a visual feature: using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross-race recognition deficit.

One of the most familiar empirical phenomena associated with face recognition is the cross-race (CR) recognition deficit whereby people have difficulty recognizing members of a race different from their own. Most researchers assume that the CR deficit is caused by failure to generalize perceptual encoding expertise from same-race (SR) faces to CR faces. However, this explanation ignores critical differences in the social cognitions and feature coding priorities associated with SR and CR faces. On the basis of data from visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks, it appears that the deficit occurs because people emphasize visual information specifying race at the expense of individuating information when recognizing CR faces. In particular, it is possible to observe a paradoxical improvement in both detection and perceptual discrimination accuracy for CR faces that is limited to those who recognize them poorly. These findings support a new explanation for the CR recognition deficit based on feature coding differences between CR and SR faces, and appear incompatible with similarity-based models of face categories.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans.

Persistent and vexing health disadvantages accrue to African Americans despite decades of work to erase the effects of race discrimination in this country. Participating in these efforts, psychologists and other social scientists have hypothesized that African Americans' continuing experiences with racism and discrimination may lie at the root of the many well-documented race-based physical health disparities that affect this population. With newly emerging methodologies in both measurement of contextual factors and functional neuroscience, an opportunity now exists to cleave together a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which discrimination has harmful effects on health. In this article, we review emerging work that locates the cause of race-based health disparities in the external effects of the contextual social space on the internal world of brain functioning and physiologic response. These approaches reflect the growing interdisciplinary nature of psychology in general, and the field of race relations in particular.

Allostasis↗
PubMed1991

Race or class or race and class: growing mortality differentials in the United States.

Recent statistics on increasing differences in mortality rates between blacks and whites in the United States are causing a great deal of concern. The reduction of this gap is an important national goal. Yet mortality differentials cannot be explained solely by race. We must also look at class, as do all Western nations other than the United States, when compiling health statistics. In the United States, how people live, get sick, and die depends not only on their race, sex, and age, but also on their class, whether measured by level of education, income, or occupation. Class differentials in mortality and morbidity are greater than race differentials. By focusing our attention on race differentials alone, we will not be able to understand why the health indicators of minorities in the United States are deteriorating.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Merging race models and adaptive networks: a parallel race network.

This article presents a generalization of race models involving multiple channels. The major contribution of this article is the implementation of a learning rule that enables networks based on such a parallel race model to learn stimulus-response associations. This model is called a parallel race network. Surprisingly, with a two-layer architecture, a parallel race network learns the XOR problem without the benefit of hidden units. The model described here can be seen as a reduction-of-information system (Haider & Frensch, 1996). An emergent property of this model is seriality: In some conditions, responses are performed with a fixed order, although the system is parallel. The mere existence of this supervised network demonstrates that networks can perform cognitive processes without the weighted sum metric that characterizes strength-based networks.

Association↗
PubMed1997

Race, self-disclosure, and "forbidden talk": race and ethnicity in contemporary clinical practice.

In this paper I attempt to extend the psychoanalytic conversation about race and ethnicity by discussing the intersubjectivity of race and racial difference. I present clinical material from an interracial treatment in which disclosures about race played an important role in deepening the clinical process. The resulting interactions permitted the patient to admit more of herself into the treatment space. I suggest that contemporary psychoanalytic formulations and multicultural perspectives from outside of psychoanalysis can together create more meaningful conceptualizations which take into account the lived realities of race and the ways in which these may be shaped by individual psychology.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Acquaintance rape: the effect of race of defendant and race of victim on white juror decisions.

Racial bias appears to lead jurors in trials of stranger rape to convict Black defendants more readily and to sentence them more harshly than White defendants. It was hypothesized that jurors in an acquaintance rape case would demonstrate a different pattern of bias, based not only on the race of the defendant but also on the racial nature of the defendant-victim relationship. White American undergraduates read a trial transcript that established defendant-victim familiarity and sexual contact but was ambiguous about the victim's consent. Race of defendant and of victim (Black or White) were varied on a 2 x 2 design. The participants were asked to rate the guilt of the defendant and to recommend a sentence. Both Black and White defendants were rated as more guilty when the victim's race differed from their own.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of three hours race walk on energy cost, cardiorespiratory parameters and stride duration in elite race walkers.

The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in energy cost of walking (C), ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (RF), heart rate (HR), expiratory ratio (RER), blood lactate concentration (LA), body mass (W) and stride duration (SD) after a 3 hour race walk at competition pace in elite race walkers. Subjects were tested during 2 submaximal treadmill tests at 12.2 +/- 0.5 km.h(-1) (74.7% VO2max speed) before and after a 3 hour overground walk. Significant increases (p < 0.05) were found in C, HR and significant decreases were found in RER, W, VE whereas no changes were observed in LA or SD (means and intra-subject variability). However, a wide range of individual coefficients of variation were observed for C, VE, RF, HR, SD, W. These results suggest that in well trained walkers the energy cost of walking increases with exercise duration but that walkers are able to maintain the same stride duration after the test when treadmill speed is controlled. Furthermore, some individuals appear to be more sensitive to fatigue. Discussion set out a possible effect of substrate utilisation changes, thermoregulation or a decrease in mechanical efficiency for maintaining the race walk gait apart from the effect of fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing.

AIM: To describe and enumerate conditions that interrupted training and racing in a population of Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. METHODS: A longitudinal study design was used to collect data on horses training under the care of 20 licensed racehorse trainers from venues in the mid to lower regions of the North Island between October 1997 and July 2000. Incidence rates were reported for first and second occurrences for different categories of musculoskeletal injury (MSI), and first occurrences of upper and lower respiratory tract disease, using training days as time-at-risk. The proportion of horses that retired or died due to MSI, respiratory tract or miscellaneous conditions was used to estimate risk of exit for each type of event. Duration of training preparation, starts per 100 training days, and proportion of starts that ended in first, second or third place, were calculated for horses at risk for first MSI, and all subsequent MSIs. In training preparations that had at least one start and that ended in MSI, the cumulative percentage of MSIs by day of diagnosis was reported for 0-21 days after the last start in the preparation. RESULTS: Horses (n=1,571) were followed during 3,333 training preparations and 392,290 training days. Events associated with the end of a training preparation or spell period included MSI (n=834), respiratory event (RE; n=165), miscellaneous event (ME; n=58), and voluntary retirements (n=360). Causes of MSI included lameness (n=400), shin soreness (n=207), tendon and ligament conditions (n=98), injury or laceration (n=56), fractures (n=55), and back disorders (n=18). MSIs involved the limbs in 97% of cases, and the lower limbs up to the carpus or hock in the fore- and hindlimbs, respectively, in 81% of cases. Most (93%) lower limb conditions involved a forelimb while 70% of MSIs that involved structures above the carpus or hock involved a hindlimb. Incidence rates (IRs) are reported for each age group for first and second occurrences of MSI, and first occurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract disease. The risk of MSI was higher in horses that had incurred one previous MSI (RR 1.4, 95% CI=1.2-1.7; p<0.001) than in horses without any previous MSI. The proportion of horses that exited due to death or retirement varied with the type of injury, and the highest proportion was associated with recurrent fractures, and tendon and ligament injuries (46.2 and 44.4%, respectively). The overall IR of horses exiting the study due to retirement or death increased with increasing age, and was higher in females than males for horses aged 2, 3, 4, and > or =5 years. A reduction in the number of starts per 100 training days was observed in horses aged > or =5 years when returning to training after an initial MSI (p=0.004). Male horses of all age groups and females younger than 4 years had shorter median training preparations (p<0.05) when returning to training after an initial MSI compared with preparations at risk for a first occurrence of MSI. Between 27 and 62% of cases of MSI that occurred in training preparations after at least one start were reported on the day of the last start, and the remainder were reported in the days to weeks following the last start of that preparation. CONCLUSION: Incidence rates, and proportions of affected horses that retired or died as a result of injury or disorder varied with type of injury and age of horse. Horses returning to training after an initial MSI were at higher risk of subsequent MSIs and showed changes in duration of training preparations, but little change in starts per 100 training days or probability of placing in each start. MSIs in racing horses were less likely to be reported on the day of a race than at other times in the training preparation for all ages except 2-year-olds.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Race and information processing in criminal trials: does the defendant's race affect how the facts are evaluated?

Two studies examined whether a criminal defendant's race influences Whites' sensitivity to legally relevant information. In Study 1, prosecution case strength ratings and guilt likelihood ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the defendant's alibi when he was Black than when he was White, if the experimental task was designed to elicit low processing motivation. Under high motivation, participants were equally sensitive to alibi strength, regardless of defendant race. In Study 2, the alibi strength manipulation was replaced with a manipulation of the effectiveness of the district attorney's cross-examination. As predicted, defense case strength ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the prosecutor's cross-examination with a Black defendant than with a White defendant-under low motivation. Under high motivation, sensitivity did not depend on defendant race. These results suggest that a Black defendant can elicit greater sensitivity to legally relevant information than will a White defendant.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Human races and hemato-sero-anthropology. Origin of Chilean natives and natives from Easter Island in the context of human races].

Geographical hematology of Bernard and Ruffie, or Hemato-sero-anthropology, intends to establish relationships between hereditary genetic characters of the blood and human races. Blood groups, haptoglobins, abnormal hemoglobin and other biological traits such as color vision are related to the origin of human races, their geographical distribution, history, settlements, drifts, invasions, customs, religious beliefs, cult to ancestors, dead modifications, culture, language, writing, sculpture, painting and pottery. Our investigations are aimed to locale Chilean natives and natives from Easter Island in the context of human races.

Blood↗
PubMed2004

Race and jurors' receptivity to mitigation in capital cases: the effect of jurors', defendants', and victims' race in combination.

This paper examines the variation in receptivity to mitigation evidence by capital jurors as it varies by the race of the juror, defendant, and victim individually and in combination. Attitudinal and racial characteristics from 865 respondents in the Capital Jury Project were used in the analysis. Using a generalized form of multiple regression, the respondent's receptivity to mitigation evidence was predicted and changes in receptivity were calculated as the race of the main trial participants (juror, defendant, and victim) were varied. Statistical controls were put in place for gender of respondent; respondent's perception of the dangerousness of the defendant, heinousness of the crime, and view of the defense attorney; respondent's formation of a premature sentencing decision; and whether the trial took place in a southern state jurisdiction. Results indicate that Black jurors in cases where a Black is charged with killing a White victim are chiefly responsible for the observed variance in receptivity to mitigation.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1975

Teacher race, student race, and the Behavior Problem Checklist.

The ratings of 458 fourth- and fifth-grade boys were investigated to determine whether or not scores on the Behavior Problem Checklist vary systematically with teacher or student race. Analyses of the data for conduct problems, inadequacy-immaturity, and socialized delinquency indicated that white teachers demonstrate a strong tendency to rate black children as more deviant and white children as less deviant when contrasted with the ratings of black teachers. The ratings of black teachers were found not to vary with student race. No differences among any of the variables were found with regard to personality problems. Possible explanations for the results are discussed, along with implications for the use of the Behavior Problem Checklist in the field.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

Racialized science seeks to explain human population differences in health, intelligence, education, and wealth as the consequence of immutable, biologically based differences between "racial" groups. Recent advances in the sequencing of the human genome and in an understanding of biological correlates of behavior have fueled racialized science, despite evidence that racial groups are not genetically discrete, reliably measured, or scientifically meaningful. Yet even these counterarguments often fail to take into account the origin and history of the idea of race. This article reviews the origins of the concept of race, placing the contemporary discussion of racial differences in an anthropological and historical context.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1999

Contact zones between chromosomal races of Mus musculus domesticus. 1. Temporal analysis of a hybrid zone between the CD chromosomal race (2n=22) and populations with the standard karyotype.

A temporal analysis of a hybrid zone between chromosomal races of Mus musculus domesticus was performed to evaluate its dynamics over a 20-year period. The transect chosen was one previously analysed by Spirito et al. (1980) across the hycbrid zone between the chromosomal race CD 2n=22 (central Italy) and the surrounding populations with standard karyotype (2n=40). The results show that 20 years of hybridization have not had any significant effect on the position of this hybrid zone, nor on the location of its extreme margin, except for one site for which passive transport of mice may have been important. The absence of a significant shift of the tension zone excludes a possible imbalance between the two cytotypes; a fitness superiority of one homozygote greater than 0.01 would have produced an appreciable shift of the zone. The internal chromosomal structure of the zone shows a constant gradual increase in metacentric chromosome frequency towards the localities nearest the area inhabited by the 22-CD homozygote population. This contrasts with the previously reported data which indicated an irregular trend, particularly evident for the Rb(3.8), Rb(5.17) and Rb(6.13) chromosomes. For each Rb metacentric, we observed greater values of FST in the past sample than in the present one. These differences reveal a tendency towards the homogenization of adjacent populations, perhaps because of greater migration between adjacent demes resulting from increased commercial traffic. The Mantel test was performed for both temporal samples. A positive correlation between the geographical and chromosomal differentiation was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Preferential occurrence of diazotrophic endophytes, Azoarcus spp., in wild rice species and land races of Oryza sativa in comparison with modern races.

Several diazotrophic species of Azoarcus spp. occur as endophytes in the pioneer plant Kallar grass. The purpose of this study was to screen Asian wild rice and cultivated Oryza sativa varieties for natural association with these endophytes. Populations of culturable diazotrophs in surface-sterilized roots were characterized by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and Azoarcus species were identified by genomic fingerprints. A. indigens and Azoarcus sp. group C were detected only rarely, whereas Azoarcus sp. group D occurred frequently in samples of flooded plants: in 75% of wild rice, 80% of land races of O. sativa from Nepal and 33% of modern cultivars from Nepal and Italy. The putatively endophytic populations of diazotrophs differed with the rice genotype. The diversity of cultured diazotrophs was significantly lower in wild rice species than in modern cultivars. In Oryza officinalis (from Nepal) and O. minuta (from the Philippines), Azoarcus sp. group D were the predominant diazotrophic putative endophytes in roots. In contrast, their number was significantly lower in modern cultivars of O. sativa, whereas numbers and diversity of other diazotrophs, such as Azospirillum spp., Klebsiella sp., Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Burkholderia sp. and Azorhizobium caulinodans, were increased. In land races of O. sativa, the diazotrophic diversity was equally high; however, Azoarcus sp. was found in high apparent numbers. Similar differences in populations were also observed in a culture-independent approach comparing a wild rice (O. officinalis) and a modern-type O. sativa plant: in clone libraries of root-associated nitrogenase (nifH) gene fragments, the diazotrophic diversity was lower in the wild rice species. New lineages of nifH genes were detected, e.g. one deeply branching cluster within the anf (iron) nitrogenases. Our studies demonstrate that the natural host range of Azoarcus spp. extends to rice, wild rice species and old varieties being preferred over modern cultivars.

Asia↗