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PubMed1990

Differential diagnosis and pathophysiology of Cushing's syndrome and primary affective disorder.

Most patients with major depression have increased 24-hour urinary free cortisol and cortisol nonsuppression after dexamethasone administration, which are cornerstones of a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Similarly, Cushing's syndrome patients often suffer from major psychiatric syndromes, most often depression. These similarities between the two conditions sometimes make it difficult to differentiate them and have led some investigators to suggest they are two points on a spectrum of endocrinologic dysfunction. This article reviews the literature comparing Cushing's syndrome and primary affective disorder and presents two cases that illustrate just how closely these diseases may resemble one another.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2003

Knock-in of integrin beta 1D affects primary but not secondary myogenesis in mice.

Integrins are extracellular matrix receptors composed of alpha and beta subunits involved in cell adhesion, migration and signal transduction. The beta1 subunit has two isoforms, beta 1A ubiquitously expressed and beta 1D restricted to striated muscle. They are not functionally equivalent. Replacement of beta 1A by beta 1D (beta 1D knock-in) in the mouse leads to midgestation lethality on a 50% Ola/50% FVB background [Baudoin, C., Goumans, M. J., Mummery, C. and Sonnenberg, A. (1998). Genes Dev. 12, 1202-1216]. We crossed the beta 1D knock-in line into a less penetrant genetic background. This led to an attenuation of the midgestation lethality and revealed a second period of lethality around birth. Midgestation death was apparently not caused by failure in cell migration, but rather by abnormal placentation. The beta 1D knock-in embryos that survived midgestation developed until birth, but exhibited severely reduced skeletal muscle mass. Quantification of myotube numbers showed that substitution of beta 1A with beta 1D impairs primary myogenesis with no direct effect on secondary myogenesis. Furthermore, long-term primary myotube survival was affected in beta 1D knock-in embryos. Finally, overexpression of beta 1D in C2C12 cells impaired myotube formation while overexpression of beta 1A primarily affected myotube maturation. Together these results demonstrate for the first time distinct roles for beta1 integrins in primary versus secondary myogenesis and that the beta 1A and beta 1D variants are not functionally equivalent in this process.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Primary affective disorder, aggression, and criminality. A review and clinical study.

Aggressive and criminal behavior among patients with manic and depressive conditions has been in need of greater delineation, particularly since the advent of current pharmacotherapies. This report reviews the literature on aggression and criminality among bipolar and unipolar patients and the nature and occurrence of these conditions among criminal and unprosecuted offender populations, and presents a study of 100 consecutive prisoners (89 women, 11 men) referred for psychiatric evaluation. It is hypothesized that manic and depressive states are underdiagnosed in prison populations, particularly among female prisoners. A comparatively high incidence (10%) of primary affective disorder was found in this study; possible causes of the hypothesized underdiagnosis are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The erythrocyte lithium-plasma lithium ratio in patients with primary affective disorder.

Increasing attention has been given to the significance of intra-cellular concentrations of the lithium ion in patients treated with this drug. The erythrocyte has been the most common cell investigated because of its accessibility and certain similarities between the ion transport mechanisms of this cell and the neuron. Intraerythrocyte lithium is expressed as the ratio of lithium in the cell to the plasma lithium concentration (lithium ratio). The lithium ratio has been reported to be related to a number of clinical variables, including treatment response, clinical state, side-effects, toxicity, diagnosis, and electrophysiological effects. We have investigated the lithium ratio in a large series of patients with a primary affective disorder and in a smaller control group. We found a significantly higher mean lithium ratio in the bipolar diagnostic group than in the unipolar and control groups. There was a trend, not statistically significant, in the unipolar and bipolar groups for females to have higher lithium ratios than males. While not diagnostic, the lithium ratio appears to be another biological variable where bipolar patients, as a group, differ from normals and others with an affective disorder.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Factors affecting primary ionization in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) for LC/MS.

The sensitivity of dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) for LC/MS is generally reduced at higher solvent flow rates. Theory suggests that quenching of excited-state precursors to the dopant ions, via collisions with vaporized solvent molecules, may be one mechanism responsible for this trend. To ascertain if the primary rate of ionization is affected by quenching, experiments were performed utilizing an ionization detector to determine the primary ion current generated by irradiating vaporized mixtures of toluene dopant and methanol solvent. The results indicate that no loss of primary ion current occurs as the solvent flow is increased, provided the dopant-to-solvent ratio is held constant. Additional primary ion current can always be generated by increasing the dopant flow rate and/or the lamp power. Thus, quenching of excited-state precursors to the dopant ions, leading to a reduction in the primary rate of ionization, is not the mechanism responsible for the observed loss of sensitivity at higher liquid solvent flow rates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Differentiation of primary affective illness from situational, symptomatic, and secondary depressions.

Analysis of family history and antidepressant drug response variables of 100 "neurotic" depressives followed up prospectively over three to four years disclosed that primary depressions (unipolar and bipolar) could be distinguished from nonprimary cases by (1) the early occurrence of "pharmacological-hypomania;" (2) family history of bipolar illness; (3) family history for affective disorder in two or three consecutive generations, especially when "loaded." Although each of these variables alone occurred in only one fifth to one third of the primary group, they individually displayed better than 95% specificity for it. Thus, the confidence with which the diagnosis of primary affective illness could be made in the presence of any of these variables ranged from 88% to 100%. These findings argue for considering such nonsymptomatological variables for their potential in strengthening the phenomenologic diagnostic criteria for depressive illness.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Lactate-induced panic in primary affective disorder.

Intravenous sodium lactate was given to seven patients with primary depression and secondary panic attacks and 26 patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks. The two groups had similar rates of panic response. These results challenge the diagnostic specificity of lactate-induced panic.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Multiple personality and primary affective disorder.

This report describes a young woman who met research criteria for both primary depression and multiple personality. Abnormal dexamethasone suppression test results supported the former diagnosis and returned to normal during electroconvulsive therapy in anticipation of depressive symptom resolution. This suggests that multiple personality may occur as an epiphenomenon of affective disorder or of other illnesses.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Factors affecting primary care physicians' perceptions of health system reform in Israel: professional autonomy versus organizational affiliation.

This paper examines primary care physicians' perceptions of a National Health Insurance Law that introduced managed competition into Israel's health care system, and the factors affecting their perceptions. Between April and July 1997, we conducted a mail survey of primary care physicians employed by Israel's four health plans (which are managed care organizations). Eight hundred questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 86%. The findings indicate that, overall most physicians support the components of the National Health Insurance Law with statistically significant differences among physicians by health plan. Multivariate analysis revealed that, contrary to theoretical expectations, a perceived decrease in professional autonomy and in the status of the profession following reform did not significantly affect attitudes toward national health insurance. These findings highlight the need for additional empirical studies to further examine theoretical contentions about the implications of infringing on the professional autonomy and the dominant status of physicians. The principal and most interesting finding of this study was the independent effect of health plan affiliation on physicians' attitudes toward each of the five components of the National Health Insurance Law, after controlling for background characteristics, for the reform's perceived effect on the physicians' autonomy and status in the health plan, and for the reform's perceived effect on the level of health plan services and the health plan's financial situation. We found that physicians' perceptions tended to conform to the formal position of their health plan, suggesting the need to analyze the attitudes of physicians in their organizational context, rather than treating them as members of a uniform professional community.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Grooves affect primary bone marrow but not osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell cultures.

To elucidate the influence of microtextures on bone cell performance, primary adult rat bone marrow cells (RBMC) and osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on tissue culture pretreated plates to which grooves at different density were applied. RBMC cells were found to be significantly affected by grooves in the substratum in contrast to osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, taking culture morphology, total cell number, cell mass, and cell activity (MTT-dehydrogenase), parameter for differentiation of osteoblast progenitor cells into (pre-)osteoblasts (alkalinephosphatase activity, ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity as indices. TRAP is located in lysosomes and secretory granules mainly although not solely in osteoclasts. By applying grooves to and/or by chemical treatment of unpretreated pure polysterene plates it could be concluded that the effects on RBMC cells were evoked not only by the presence of grooves but also by the surface chemistry of the grooved and ungrooved surface areas.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2001

Beyond the Winokur concept of depression spectrum disease: which types of alcoholism are related to primary affective illness?

BACKGROUND: This study explored the familial relationship between alcoholism and depression. The familial prevalence of major depression and alcoholism among alcoholic probands and controls was examined. METHOD: Alcoholic patients were classified on the basis of absence or presence of major depression preceding or following alcohol dependence. Research Diagnosis Criteria (RDC) family history method was performed on 62 males and 49 females with alcohol dependence, on 50 healthy controls and on first degree relatives from all subjects. RESULTS: Female alcoholics had most commonly primary depression (74%) and alcoholic men had predominantly pure alcoholism (55%) and alcoholism with secondary depression (29%). Subjects with comorbid alcoholism and depression had earlier onset of alcohol dependence. The first degree relatives of probands with primary depression and secondary alcoholism had greater risk of alcoholism compared with the relatives of probands with alcoholism and secondary depression and with the relatives of pure alcoholics. In families of probands with primary depression and secondary alcoholism, increased prevalence of depression was observed. LIMITATION: The study has a relatively small population and only family history method to collect familial data of alcoholism and depression was used. CONCLUSION: Our results support Winokur's depressive spectrum hypothesis from another perspective. In our sample, male and female probands with primary depression and secondary alcoholism had the highest familial prevalence of both alcoholism and depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cell surface sialic acids do not affect primary CD22 interactions with CD45 and surface IgM nor the rate of constitutive CD22 endocytosis.

CD22/Siglec-2 is a B cell-specific molecule modulating surface IgM (sIgM) signaling via cytosolic tyrosine-based motifs. CD22 recognizes alpha2-6-linked sialic acids (Sias) via an amino-terminal Ig-like domain. This Sia-binding site is typically masked by unknown sialylated ligands on the same cell surface, an interaction required for optimal signaling function. We studied the effect of cell surface Sias on specific interactions of CD22 with other molecules and on its turnover via endocytosis. A novel approach for simultaneous biotinylation and cross-linking showed that CD22 associates with CD45 and sIgM at much higher levels than reported in prior studies, possibly involving cell surface multimers of CD22. Sia removal or mutation of a CD22 arginine residue required for Sia recognition did not affect these associations even in human:mouse heterologous systems, indicating that they are primarily determined by evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interactions. Thus masking of the Sia-binding site of CD22 involves many cell surface sialoglycoproteins, without requiring specific ligand(s) and/or is mediated by secondary interactions with Sias on CD45 and sIgM. Abrogating Sia interactions also does not affect constitutive CD22 endocytosis. Sia removal does enhance the much faster rate of anti-CD22 antibody-triggered endocytosis, as well as killing by an anti-CD22 immunotoxin. In contrast to the unstimulated state, sIgM cross-linking inhibits both antibody-induced endocytosis and immunotoxin killing. Thus the signal- modulating activity of CD22 Sia recognition cannot be explained by mediation of primary interactions with specific molecules, nor by effects on constitutive endocytosis. The effects on antibody-mediated endocytosis could be of relevance to immunotoxin treatment of lymphomas.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1975

Psychiatric illness in fathers of men with bipolar primary affective disorder.

A systematic interview regarding family history was administered to 48 men with bipolar affective illness who were attending a lithium clinic. Several families were found in which both the patient and father had affective disorders, but the mother and maternal second-degree relatives were well. Of 30 men who had histories of hospitalization for mania, three had fathers with affective disorder (all bipolar). Of 18 men who had depression and hypomania, one father had unipolar depressive disorder. The hypothesis that bipolar manic-depressive illness may be transmitted by a single dominant genetic factor on the X chromosome is discussed in relation to these ill father-ill son pairs.

Affective Symptoms↗