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PubMed2001

Does history end with postmodernism? Toward an ultramodern family therapy.

Although the end of history has often been announced, human thought continues to renew itself, always incorporating, in each of its stages, important aspects of what has come before. In this sense, neither family therapy in general, nor its more particular postmodern orientations, have led to a radical break with the past. Neither can they claim to have reached a comfortable, definitive position. The subjectivist turn that introduced postmodernism into the systemic model has enriched it with important theoretical and practical elements, such as the critique of a therapist's supposed objectivity, circular and reflexive questioning, or the technique of externalization. This article proposes to take the renewal of systemic family therapy farther by addressing still unresolved issues, such as the role of the individual in relational systems, the place of emotions, or the construction of a relational psychopathology. The term "ultramodern family therapy" is proposed until such time as there is agreement upon a better one.

Family Therapy↗

PubMed2006

Practicing as a postmodern supervisor.

In this article, aspects of postmodern supervision are explored that highlight the blurring of boundaries that occurs between the multiple roles performed by supervisors. An approach to supervision is detailed that shows how a supervisor who navigates between roles can assist supervisees in constructing identities congruent with the stories they tell about themselves as successful therapists. Six of the many possible roles that supervisors play are illustrated through dialogue taken from a group supervision session. In the last part of this article, concepts that inform a postmodern approach to supervision, borrowed from the literature on narrative and constructionist therapy, are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2005

Gender on the modern-postmodern and classical-relational divide: untangling history and epistemology.

This essay considers the historical periodization and epistemology of psychoanalytic thinking about gender. Overlapping historically with feminism itself, psychoanalytic thinking about gender has two periods of efflorescence, the 1920s and 1930s, and the contemporary period beginning in the 1970s. Two divides have characterized our gender thinking, the modern-postmodern and the classical-relational. From the early theorizing of the 1920s and 1930s until around the early 1990s, most psychoanalytic thinking about gender should be considered modernist, as it draws on traditional views of scientific evidence and holds more universalistic and dichotomized conceptions of men and women. In the contemporary period, although postmodernism tends to be associated with relational psychoanalysts and modernist thinking with classical analysts, the divisions overlap. The author argues that considering any psychoanalytic theory as "premodern" is misleading: from its inception, psychoanalysis formed part of modernism.

Female↗

PubMed2006

The dilemma of contemporary psychoanalysis: toward a "knowing" post-postmodernism.

It is in the best interest of psychoanalysis that new schools of thought (earlier examples of which are the classical, Kleinian, and self psychological perspectives) evolve. Generating a new school of thought, however, is almost impossible in this postmodern era. The postmodern paradigm in psychoanalysis (intersubjectivity, dialectical constructivism, two-person psychology) does not strive to generate a "true" theory of mind that claims to fit reality, nor does it claim to be another school of thought. The creators of the classical, interpersonal, self psychological, ego psychological, Kleinian, Bionian, Fairbairnian, Winnicottian, and other schools cannot be postmodernists, for they all believed that their theories corresponded to reality and were therefore true. A shortage of analysts who "know the truth" today will make it extremely difficult for new schools of thought to arise in psychoanalysis, or for new and compelling theories and descriptions of the human psyche to be constructed. What is required is for pluralistic psychoanalytic institutions to empower analysts who are actively involved in the pursuit of new ideas and theories in psychoanalysis.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Toward a postmodern realism for psychoanalysis.

The current status of psychoanalysis is explored in the light of the postmodern critique of forms of knowledge. Analysts have tended to respond by redefining psychoanalysis in the language of the exact sciences or by finding a language that includes both (Kuhn, Rorty), thereby falling either into a reductive "scientism" or the fallacies of the "strong program" in postmodern thought. However, psychoanalytic theories do not meet the probative requirements of science. Neither is the serious problem of competing theories and interpretations adequately addressed by hermeneutics. Philosophical realism (Putnam 1981, 1988) offers some helpful ways to look at this problem. Following Lacan, we define psychoanalysis as a clinical discipline which has as its unique object of study the human subject, an indeterminate and language dependent entity. Concepts and rules specific to our field make an internal realism of psychoanalytic inquiry possible. An extended case vignette accompanies this philosophical discussion.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Postmodernism and its application to the field of occupational therapy.

This article presents both the general concept of postmodernism and its reflection in a wide array of fields of interest. In particular, the paper reviews the postmodernist perspective as it appears in healthcare and medicine. This leads to a postmodernist analysis of the profession of occupational therapy, the main conclusion being that occupational therapy combines elements of modernism and postmodernism. This gives occupational therapy clinicians the luxury of enjoying the best of both worlds.

Culture↗

PubMed2004

Postmodern social work in interdisciplinary contexts: making space on both sides of the table.

This paper describes a university-based, maternal child health, interdisciplinary training project designed to assist health professionals in working with neurodevelopmentally at-risk children and their families. It discusses a role for social work educators and practitioners that brings to the table varied, conceptual questions that are intertwined with more traditional social work intervention in a postmodern approach to interdisciplinary teaming. A case example illustrates the integration of these two approaches and the inquiries that social work can initiate to facilitate "making space" both between the team and family and between members of the team in a dynamic, postmodern, interdisciplinary context.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Bertha Harris's Lover: lesbian and postmodern.

This article argues that the 1976 novel (reprinted in 1993) Lover by Bertha Harris, though receiving little critical attention in the past, can be considered an exemplary novel within discussions of both postmodern fiction and lesbian (or queer) theory. The article analyzes in particular the novel's self-consciousness as manifested by characters who cross-dress and who are artists (including the writer of the novel we are reading). The article calls for Harris to be added to the group of writers such as Wittig, Anzaldúa, Lorde, and Winterson, who are discussed within the context of a postmodern lesbian narrative.

Famous Persons↗

PubMed1997

On what basis hope? Modern progress and postmodern possibilities.

Modern and postmodern versions of hope as they apply to services for persons labeled as having mental retardation were examined. Proponents of modernism construct hope as relying on an ever-improving science to accurately comprehend mental retardation and other disabilities and the effectiveness of professional interventions. This myth of scientific progress is traced in various forms through American intellectual history to the development of special education as interventionist social science. Advocates of postmodernism cast doubt upon the grand narrative of modernism and critique modern social science as perpetuating stigmatized "mentally retarded" identities through the exercise of power. A rhetorical analysis of the current controversy over facilitated communication demonstrates the utilization of the language of modern science for its power effects in special education discourse.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2004

The "postmodern" heresy in special education: a sociological analysis.

The special education profession has witnessed a recent struggle between researchers who defend a positivistic approach to knowledge and practice and "postmodern" special educators who challenge that approach. In this analysis I utilize a sociological theory of heresy to examine the conflict between postmodern heresy and positivist orthodoxy. I also investigate the cultural model of the special education profession, a discursive definition of ideology and heresy, characteristics of heresy in an organization, and the presence of deep contradiction within agreement between orthodoxy and heresy. I conclude with an examination of the limitations of heresy theory and the democratic challenge facing the multiparadigmatic field of special education.

Education, Special↗

PubMed2003

[The sanitary question in the modernity-postmodernity debate].

This work analyzes the sanitary question in the modernity-postmodernity debate. Such analyses are performed form a philosophical position that states the crisis of Modernity and questions the ideological twist that to itself propitiates postmodernity, shutting out questioning views or visions. It propitiates an alternative view of politics, thinking of it from the potency plane and giving a role to the subject in the decision of producing transformations.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1999

Empowering the aged--a postmodern approach.

With the growth of the elderly population, the theme of empowerment and its actual negotiation will emerge as an issue of great importance. The aged are vulnerable in many ways and occupy still relatively limited social roles with restricted access to social goods. They are often undermined in their desire for self-determination. It is suggested that by introducing a postmodern approach in helping this group, the basic principles of social work can be enriched. Empowerment that includes opportunities for growth, mastery, significance, and meaning can be substantially increased. This article outlines the rationale for this approach and discusses the process of collaboration, the therapeutic relationship, and intervention strategies. While this article is limited to the elderly, the appreciation of the postmodern approach has implications for people in need for other populations as well.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Arriving at the postmodern medical consultation.

The analysis of the medical consultation is characterised by mainly prescriptive attempts to recommend 'best practice'. As the role of the individual in society has gained prominence, the power relationships in medical practice have had to change to reflect the increasing recognition of autonomy and self-determination. Medical discourse is at a junction, having to relinquish authoritarianism and grapple with the concept of sharing information and decisions in an area where complex and uncertain data exist, albeit often without full disclosure. The writing of Foucault and Lyotard and the concept of postmodernism fit well with the idea that the consultation between doctors and patients is increasingly becoming a contested space that occupies multiple voices, such as that of the media, the pharmaceutical industry, government-led guidelines and that of the profession. Creating the circumstances and the means for creating an effective dialogue in the postmodern consultation is the prime task for physicians.

Decision Making↗

PubMed2003

[Towards integrative postmodern individualized medicine in terms of hierarchic emergence].

The paper discusses the possibility and necessity for establishing a postmodern individualized medicine in terms of hierarchic emergence, a basic concept of contemporary system science. Through analysis of the strong and weak points of modern individualized medicine, personalized medicine and genomic medicine, the author found that Chinese traditional individualized medicine has its strong points in implementing whole (holistic) emergence and weak points in lower hierarchic emergence compared with the other three modern medical disciplines. Thus the author concluded that there are possibility and necessity to integrate the strong points of these medical systems for establishing a holistic and deepgoing patient-centered postmodern individualized medicine.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

'Bataille's boys': postmodernity, Fascists and football fans.

In his analysis of football hooliganism, Anthony King claims to reveal the historical, conceptual scheme young, male supporters draw upon. This 'masculine vision', he states, is similar to that held by the Freikorps. Both groups are said to adhere to modernist notions of masculinity, sexuality and nationhood, reinforced by rituals which maintain boundaries between these 'proper' males and deviant 'others'. Occasionally, football hooligans breach these boundaries in acts of postmodern transgression. King also claims that fans link sex and violence in their imaginations. In this response I examine King's critique of his fellow theorists; challenge his 'Freikorps-Fans' analogy; demonstrate the problem he has in establishing the sex-violence link and question the relevance of his concept of postmodernity.

Attitude↗

PubMed2000

Some implications of postmodernism for nursing theory, research, and practice.

This paper explores ways in which some aspects of postmodernist thought impact upon nursing theory and research. The focus is on postmodernist accounts of epistemology and language, in particular notions such as multiple truths, uncertain and provisional knowledge, and claims as to the purposes of knowledge development. Common themes of postmodernism are articulated, including antifoundationalism, the dissonance between competing discourses, and the rejection of "grand theories." The paper concludes with a short set of suggestions for a postmodern approach to nursing practice.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗

PubMed1997

Post-communism: postmodernity or modernity revisited?

Coinciding with the popularity of postmodern theory, the fall of communism appeared to offer further evidence of the exhaustion of modernity. Such analysis is grounded in a view that the Soviet system was the epitome of modernity. An alternative approach regards post-communism as opening new terrains of struggle for modernity. Thus Habermas and others suggest that post-communist societies are rejoining the trajectory of western modernity whose problems they now recapitulate. This alternative view implies that Soviet systems were something other than 'modern', although their nature is not always clearly defined. However, even if post-communist societies do encounter problems of modernity, they do so in new circumstances where modernist notions of social development have become problematic. This article argues that, contrary to those who regard modernization or postmodernization as irresistible trends, core post-communist societies are likely to develop along an alternative path to that of western modernity. This is tentatively described as 'neo-mercantilist'.

Communism↗

PubMed1998

Autonomy, discourse, and power: a postmodern reflection on principlism and bioethics.

In recent years there has been an increasing critique of the philosophically based reasoning in bioethics which is known as principlism. This article seeks to make a postmodern contribution to this emerging debate by using notions of power and discourse to highlight the limits and superficiality of this abstract, rationalistic mode of reflection. The focus of the discussion will be on the principle of autonomy. Recent doctoral research on a hospice organization (Karuna Hospice Service) will be used to contextualize the debate to end-of life ethical dilemmas. The conclusion will be reached that the discursive richness of this organization's notion of autonomy or choice, which incorporates a holistic respect for the individual and the active creation of alternatives, can provide important insights to our understanding of autonomy in bioethics. The concern is raised that if autonomy is reified as a principle outside of the context of discourse, it may only complement the hegemonic power of biomedicine.

Bioethics↗