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PubMed1981

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase in several population groups in Israel.

The genetic polymorphism of phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) found in red blood cells has been investigated in several population groups in Israel: Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews from Iraq, Yemen, Turkey, Iran, Balkan, North Africa and Arabs. The distribution of the PGP genes was not homogeneous (chi 2 = 40.545; d.f. = 20; p less than 0.005). The PGP2 gene frequency varied between 0.0185 in the Yemenite and 0.0688 in the Iranian Jews. PGP3 gene frequency ranged between 0.0062 in the Iranian and 0.0547 in the Moroccan Jews. Depsite this heterogeneity all the Israeli population groups showed some unifying characteristics which differentiated them from a random European population sample, namely higher frequencies of PGP1 gene (92-97% as opposed to 82% in th European sample) and lower frequencies of PGP2 gene (1.8-6.8% compared to 12.9% among Europeans).

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1975

Serological evidence for syphilis in different population groups in Rwanda.

The prevalence of serological syphilis, based on qualitative VDRL slide test was studied in different population groups in Rwanda. A positive VDRL was found in 0.7% of female students of a social school, in 2.2% of male and female premarital consultants, in 3.2% of prenatal consultants, in 6.5% of soldiers, and in 27.9% of prostitutes. As the first groups were not exposed to venereal disease, VDRL reactivity due to biological false positive reaction or to yaws antecedents is estimated at 0.5 to 2%. Accordingly, VDRL reactivity due to syphilis is estimated at 1 to 2% in prenatal consultants, 5 to 6% in soldiers and 25 to 26% in prostitutes. It is concluded that syphilis is not yet an important public health problem except in certain promiscuous population groups in towns, as soldiers, migrant workers and prostitutes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Educational issues in preparing community health nurses to use nursing diagnosis with population groups.

Recently there has been increased interest in the use of nursing diagnosis by community health nurses who work with population groups in community settings. The purpose of this article is to discuss educational issues important in the preparation of undergraduate students and practising community health nurses in the use of nursing diagnosis with population groups. The educational issues discussed emerged from the findings of a preliminary survey of undergraduate students and community health nurses and were related to: differences in the learning requirements of novice and expert practitioners; common errors in the use of nursing diagnosis; and the perceived benefits and barriers in using nursing diagnosis. There is a need to develop an educational strategy to address these concerns for both undergraduate students and community health nurses.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of denture stomatitis prevalence in 2 population groups.

PURPOSE: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to profile complete denture wearers in 2 different unmatched and nonrandomized population groups and compare any possible relationships between the prevalence of denture stomatitis and other factors involved in wearing complete dentures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Denture wearers who attended the clinics of the Dental School and Hospital, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (group A), and the Dental School, University of Athens, Greece (group B), were examined. The examination included a record of gender, age, years wearing a complete denture, number of dentures used, duration of current denture's usage, daily time period of denture wearing, and clinical examination of the maxillary denture-bearing mucosa. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Denture wearers of group A were older, more experienced in wearing complete dentures, and had used more sets of dentures. The majority of patients used dentures exhibiting decreased vertical dimension of occlusion and wore their dentures only in the daytime. Denture stomatitis prevalence was statistically significantly different between groups A and B (27% and 39.7%, respectively). In both groups, the denture stomatitis prevalence was greater in women. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the age of denture wearers, the number of dentures used, or the vertical dimension of occlusion. In group B, the denture stomatitis prevalence was significantly related to the years of denture-wearing experience and the current denture's usage. In both groups, continuous denture wearing was highly related to denture stomatitis prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study showed that 2 different population groups of denture wearers presented different complete denture wearing habits and denture stomatitis prevalence. Comparisons indicate that proper denture wearing habits decrease the prevalence of denture stomatitis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Blood lead levels and erythrocyte delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase activity of selected population groups in Helsinki.

The levels of lead in the blood of the adult general population in Helsinki were determined during the period May 1972-June 1973. The possibility of occupational exposure to lead was scrupulously excluded.As control groups rural population groups were sampled in the commune of Pertunmaa and the communes of Haapajärvi and Pyhäjärvi. The concentrations of air-suspended particulate lead were studied during 1 year in Helsinki and Pertunmaa; the population groups were sampled from the geographical vicinity of the sampling sites. Care was taken to ensure the accuracy and precision of the analytical methods at experienced laboratories. The annual mean concentration of lead in air in Helsinki ranged from 0.43 to 1.32 mug/m3. The corresponding mean at the rural sampling site (Pertunmaa) was 0.025 mug/m3. From an international standpoint, the Pb-B levels were low. The highest mean Pb-B value in groups of the general population occurred in the rural male group (12.3 mug/100 ml); and the lowest, in the female respondents of the Pertunmaa survey (7.9 mug/100 ml). A group comprising 86 male streetsweepers from Helsinki displayed a Pb-B mean value of 13.3 mug/100 ml, and 28 traffic-directing policemen displayed a mean of 13.5 mug/100 ml, a finding indicating a slight increase in lead absorption. No effect on the Pb-B levels of traffic alone was detectalbe within the general population; thus no statistically significant differences were found between downtown and rural or suburban Pb-B levels. The observation that the Pohjois-Haaga suburbanites disclosed higher Pb-B levels. The observation that the Pohjois-Haaga suburbanites disclosed higher Pb-B levels than did other suburbanites indicates that factors other than traffic should be borne in mind in the assessment of the effect of traffic on lead absorption. The delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) assay proved useful and reliable in the discrimination between separate groups whose Pb-B levels differed to a small but measurable extent. The negative correlation between Pb-B and ALAD activity was found to prevail at a statistically significant level still at Pb-B levels of 10 mug/100 ml or lower.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Minimal sharing of Y-chromosome STR haplotypes among five endogamous population groups from western and southwestern India.

We attempt to address the issue of genetic variation and the pattern of male gene flow among and between five Indian population groups of two different geographic and linguistic affiliations using Y-chromosome markers. We studied 221 males at three Y-chromosome biallelic loci and 184 males for the five Y-chromosome STRs. We observed 111 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on Y-chromosome STRs showed that the variation observed between the population groups belonging to two major regions (western and southwestern India) was 0.17%, which was significantly lower than the level of genetic variance among the five populations (0.59%) considered as a single group. Combined haplotype analysis of the five STRs and the biallelic locus 92R7 revealed minimal sharing of haplotypes among these five ethnic groups, irrespective of the similar origin of the linguistic and geographic affiliations; this minimal sharing indicates restricted male gene flow. As a consequence, most of the haplotypes were population specific. Network analysis showed that the haplotypes, which were shared between the populations, seem to have originated from different mutational pathways at different loci. Biallelic markers showed that all five ethnic groups have a similar ancestral origin despite their geographic and linguistic diversity.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed1992

[Objective and subjective health status of selected population groups in the former district of Halle].

In recent years the scientific work of the Institute of Social Medicine of the University Martin Luther Halle-Wittenberg, concentrated on investigating the complete registration of the state of health of selected groups of the population in interaction with the corresponding living conditions. The main indicators consisted of the opinion of the physician (physician's appraisal of health) and of the people/patient (self-appraisal of health). These reflect two main aspects of the state of health. During the study period 1986-1989 a total of 3,794 probationers (working population of selected firms, apprentices, students) were examined. Additionally, in connection with other targets (study of hypertension, study of the family doctor, study of the pulmonary function), further groups of the population were consulted to evaluate its state of health confirming the trends of the main examination. The results show specific characteristics of groups and also regionally and possible environmentally influenced differences of the state of health. They supply starting points for improving medical care and for on-target improvement advancement of health.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Frequencies of HLA-A2 alleles in five U.S. population groups. Predominance Of A*02011 and identification of HLA-A*0231.

Direct DNA sequencing was used to determine the frequency of alleles within the HLA-A2 family in five US population groups. The most frequently detected HLA-A2 allele in all groups was HLA-A*02011. Caucasian and Native American populations appear to be the most homogeneous exhibiting 95.7% and 94.3% A*02011, respectively. Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander populations were the most allelicly diverse populations with 9 and 7 different HLA-A2 alleles present, respectively, but the majority of the populations were HLA-A*02011. African-Americans were also diverse, not in the number of alleles seen, but in the percentage of non-A*02011 alleles in the population. HLA-A*0202 (25.8%) and A*0205 (12.9%) were present in a large percentage of African-Americans. Only 13 of the 31 known HLA-A2 alleles were observed in the study. The allelic distributions reflected statistically significant differences among population groups.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1984

[Early detection of stomach cancer in a high-risk population group--a 5-year prospective study].

In two population groups a 5-year-study including X-ray examination, endoscopy and biopsy was performed taking into account high risk factors, which do allow early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. One group was a control group as far as the gastrointestinal tract was concerned, the other group was a high risk group. In the control group no tumor was found throughout the period of 5 years, in the high risk group however three early carcinoma of the stomach and one borderline lesion were detected. These results show, that regular control of high risk patients allows early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

Distribution of alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in two Dutch population groups.

The alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes of two Dutch population groups (consisting of 672 and 802 individuals) were determined by the isoelectric focusing technique, which due to its recent development, has been used for the first time in large-scale phenotyping. As in other population studies on the alpha1-antitrypsin phenotype distribution, Pi M is the most frequently occurring allele. The two investigated groups exhibit remarkable differences, both to other studied groups as well as to each other. The most interesting results are probably the high frequencies of the alleles Pi- and of the recently discovered Pi MN. Comparison with phenotype studies carried out in other populations is also presented.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow.

Four binary polymorphisms and four multiallelic short tandem repeat (STR) loci from the nonrecombining region of the human Y-chromosome were typed in different Indian population groups from Uttar Pradeh (UP), Bihar (BI), Punjab (PUNJ), and Bengal (WB) speaking the Indo-Aryan dialects and from South India (SI) with the root in the Dravidian language. We identified four major haplogroups [(P) 1+, (C and F) 2+, (R1a) 3, (K) 26+] and 114 combinations of Y-STR haplotypes. Analyses of the haplogroups indicated no single origin from any lineage but a result of a conglomeration of different lineages from time to time. The phylogenetic analyses indicate a high degree of population admixture and a greater genetic proximity for the studied population groups when compared with other world populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1980

Mercury levels in food and its intake in high-risk population groups.

The mercury levels in many diet samples collected in 5 groups of normal Italian adult population were measured and compared to those referred to an area well known for its high environmental mercury content. In the same subjects, the hair and blood concentration of mercury was evaluated and related to the dietary intake. In fact, the somatic and cytogenetic effects due to the mercury contamination are mainly correlated with the blood and hair content of mercury. Significant cytogenetic effects were detected in a group of subjects exposed to elemental mercury vapor, thus showing an average mercury concentration in the blood of about 45 micrograms/ml. On the basis of the mercury content in the diet and in the blood of both the Italian population groups and the population group of the high mercury area, it can be argued that significant somatic and cytogenetic effects are undetectable at those mercury exposures, thus confirming that a daily intake of 10-40 micrograms mercury can be considered as an acceptable level for the normal population as suggested by WHO.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in three population groups in the Republic of Mali.

Three different adult population groups in Mali were screened for diabetes mellitus by means of a post-prandial blood glucose determination. The prevalence of diabetes for the entire population sampled was found to be 1-4%. Diabetes mellitus was strongly suspected in an additional 8-4%. The prevalence of elevated post-prandial blood glucose levels was found to be the lowest (5-1%) among a group of Bambara farmers who live an active rural life and whose total daily caloric intake is less than 1,000 on the average, only half of it provided by carbohydrates.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast cancer in Israel. Histopathologic types in the different population groups.

The histological sections of 1,605 cases of breast cancer in Israeli women were examined to determine the frequency of the various histological subtypes inthe different population groups. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the most common type in all groups. Circumscribed and medullary carcinoma were relatively less frequent among women born in North Africa than among immigrants from Europe or Asia. Invasive lobular carcinoma was very rare among women born in Asia. The findings are compared with those in other countries and discussed in relation to survival patterns in the different population groups in Israel.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of nursing diagnosis with population groups.

The authors report findings of a study done to examine the use of nursing diagnosis by community health nurses (n = 15) and students (n = 20) who worked with population groups. Results of the analysis of the open-ended questionnaires and student assignments indicate that many of the diagnoses, both wellness and deficit, could be classified in relation to the concepts present in published classification systems. Issues raised by the study about the use of nursing diagnosis with population groups include: incorporating wellness diagnoses in the NANDA Taxonomy, identifying when a group diagnosis is appropriate, determining whether to give priority to a behavioral or an environmental focus, and selecting the level of abstraction.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1995

Increasing multiple myeloma mortality rates in the elderly: demonstration of increasing dependency with increasing age upon age group population size.

Multiple myeloma mortality rates in the elderly are increasing. Using published United States mortality data, annual age-specific multiple myeloma mortality rates from 1968 to 1989 were determined for age groups over age 60 and compared to corresponding annual age group population sizes. Rising multiple myeloma mortality rates among the elderly in the United States from 1968 to 1989 were increasingly dependent, with increasing age, upon increasing age group population size. This finding suggests that differential survival, and its effect upon the surviving gene pool in an aging population, may account for observed increasing multiple myeloma mortality rates in recent successive elderly cohorts. A similar conclusion regarding increasing multiple myeloma mortality rates in the elderly has been derived using the Strehler-Mildvan modification of the Gompertz relationship.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Genetic structure in four West African population groups.

BACKGROUND: Africa contains the most genetically divergent group of continental populations and several studies have reported that African populations show a high degree of population stratification. In this regard, it is important to investigate the potential for population genetic structure or stratification in genetic epidemiology studies involving multiple African populations. The presences of genetic sub-structure, if not properly accounted for, have been reported to lead to spurious association between a putative risk allele and a disease. Within the context of the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) Study (a genetic epidemiologic study of type 2 diabetes mellitus in West Africa), we have investigated population structure or stratification in four ethnic groups in two countries (Akan and Gaa-Adangbe from Ghana, Yoruba and Igbo from Nigeria) using data from 372 autosomal microsatellite loci typed in 493 unrelated persons (986 chromosomes). RESULTS: There was no significant population genetic structure in the overall sample. The smallest probability is associated with an inferred cluster of 1 and little of the posterior probability is associated with a higher number of inferred clusters. The distribution of members of the sample to inferred clusters is consistent with this finding; roughly the same proportion of individuals from each group is assigned to each cluster with little variation between the ethnic groups. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the between-population component of genetic variance is less than 0.1% in contrast to 99.91% for the within population component. Pair-wise genetic distances between the four ethnic groups were also very similar. Nonetheless, the small between-population genetic variance was sufficient to distinguish the two Ghanaian groups from the two Nigerian groups. CONCLUSION: There was little evidence for significant population substructure in the four major West African ethnic groups represented in the AADM study sample. Ethnicity apparently did not introduce differential allele frequencies that may affect analysis and interpretation of linkage and association studies. These findings, although not entirely surprising given the geographical proximity of these groups, provide important insights into the genetic relationships between the ethnic groups studied and confirm previous results that showed close genetic relationship between most studied West African groups.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1989

[Characteristics of population groups applying for the services of cost-accounting polyclinics as a factor in the planning of paid services (data of the cost-accounting polyclinics of Moscow)].

Socioeconomic characteristics of population groups and causes of their applications for aid into cost-accounting consultative and diagnostic general polyclinics are described. The obtained results reveal that the existing system of tariffs for the services provided by paid polyclinics ensures their accessibility to all population groups irrespective of their income. Further development of the network of cost-accounting polyclinics makes it necessary to analyze the relation and character of medical care provided by the territorial polyclinical network and cost-accounting polyclinics.

Adult↗