[Plant breeding of cannabis. Determination of cannabinoids by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].
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Cannabinoids↗
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Results for “Plant Breeding”
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Enrichment of food staples through plant breeding: a new strategy for fighting micronutrient malnutrition.
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Agriculture↗
Breeding strategies for biofortified staple plant foods to reduce micronutrient malnutrition globally.
One sustainable agricultural approach to reducing micronutrient malnutrition among people at highest risk (i.e., resource-poor women, infants and children) globally is to enrich major staple food crops (e.g., rice, wheat, maize, beans and cassava) with micronutrients through plant-breeding strategies. These target groups are dependent on these staples for their sustenance. Available research has demonstrated that micronutrient-enrichment traits are available within the genomes of these major staple food crops that could allow for substantial increases in the levels of Fe, Zn and provitamin A carotenoids (as well as other nutrients and health-promoting factors) without negatively impacting crop yield. Furthermore, Fe- and Zn-dense seeds can increase crop yields when sowed to soils deficient in these nutrients ensuring their adoption by farmers in these regions once they are developed. Importantly, micronutrient bioavailability issues must be addressed when using a plant-breeding approach to eliminating micronutrient malnutrition. The reduction of antinutrient substances that inhibit micronutrient bioavailability or the increase in substances that promote micronutrient bioavailability from staple plant foods are both options that could be pursued in breeding programs, although care needs to be taken not to compromise agronomic performance and sufficient attention paid to possible beneficial roles of compounds which reduce the bioavailability of trace minerals. The time has come to invest in agricultural technologies to find sustainable solutions to micronutrient malnutrition. Plant breeding is one such technology that should be adopted by the world's agricultural community and that should be supported by the world's nutrition and health communities.
Agriculture↗
The Rise of Plant Pan-Genomes: From Genome Variation to Predictive Breeding.
Plant pan-genomics is entering a new phase beyond genome variation discovery, requiring a shift from cataloguing genomic diversity toward understanding how variation generates biological function and breeding value. Here, we propose that the future of plant pan-genomics will be shaped by three conceptual transitions. First, structural variation (SV), presence-absence variation (PAV), and haplotype diversity should be interpreted not merely as genomic differences, but as regulatory components that influence gene networks, chromatin organization, and complex traits. Second, the expansion from species-level pan-genomes to genus-level super pan-genomes provides an evolutionary framework for uncovering adaptive genetic modules preserved in wild relatives and overlooked during domestication. Third, integrating pan-genomes with pan-omics, three-dimensional genome analyses, and artificial intelligence will enable the transformation of genomic variation into predictive models for crop improvement. We further propose that the ultimate value of pan-genomes lies not in generating increasingly complete genome collections, but in establishing a mechanistic bridge between genome diversity, biological function, and breeding decisions. This transition will move crop improvement from empirical selection toward rational genome design, where evolutionary diversity can be systematically interpreted, predicted, and engineered.
Journal Article↗
Models for navigating biological complexity in breeding improved crop plants.
Progress in breeding higher-yielding crop plants would be greatly accelerated if the phenotypic consequences of making changes to the genetic makeup of an organism could be reliably predicted. Developing a predictive capacity that scales from genotype to phenotype is impeded by biological complexities associated with genetic controls, environmental effects and interactions among plant growth and development processes. Plant modelling can help navigate a path through this complexity. Here we profile modelling approaches for complex traits at gene network, organ and whole plant levels. Each provides a means to link phenotypic consequence to changes in genomic regions via stable associations with model coefficients. A unifying feature of the models is the relatively coarse level of granularity they use to capture system dynamics. Much of the fine detail is not directly required. Robust coarse-grained models might be the tool needed to integrate phenotypic and molecular approaches to plant breeding.
Arabidopsis↗
Translating functional molecular knowledge into crop-breeding success.
Historical plant breeding, which optimizes phenotypes through selective crossing guided by phenotypic evaluation and molecular markers, is limited by evolutionary constraints that hinder rapid crop improvement. A new paradigm, precision breeding, circumvents these limitations by targeting genetic variants through functional molecular knowledge. To generate this knowledge at scale, sequence-based deep learning leverages high-quality genome sequence data to predict variant effects at base-pair resolution. When linked to agronomically important traits, these predictions enable breeders to prioritize variants for precision selection or editing. Although it is still in the early stages of development, we foresee three key applications for this approach: introgressing genes from distant breeding pools, purging deleterious mutations and designing new plant ideotypes. Looking ahead, refined computational models will facilitate targeted editing and the systematic redesign of complex physiological processes to address emerging breeding goals under shifting environmental conditions.
Crops, Agricultural↗
[Breeding transgenic plants with safe or no selective markers].
The bio-safety of selective markers in transgenic plants has been a hot spot in the field of plant genetic engineering. To solve the problem of selective markers in the transgenic plants, two means of producing transgenic plants have been developed. One is the utilization of bio-safe positive selective markers which are genes mainly related to metabolism of auxins and carbohydrates. The other is the establishment of transformation systems allowing marker genes to be eliminated from the transgenic plants, which include co-ransformation, double T-DNA border vectors, site-specific recombination and transposition. All these approaches of plant genetic engineering will benefit breeding transgenic plants with bio-safety.
English Abstract↗
[Development and prospect of plant mutation breeding induced by aviation and spaceflight in China].
Since 1987, about fifty species, three hundred varieties of crops have been sent in recoverable satellites or high altitude balloon (HAB). The selected lines include a high-yield, disease-resist, and hybrid-vigorous rice line, a recovered line of Japonica rice restoring sterility of Indica rice, a new green pepper strain which grows fruits over 500 g, a disease-resist, high-quality tomato line, a big-pod rape line, a big-fruit white lotus line and a big-bulb lily. The special conditions in the outer space can induce a variety of mutations in the plants and their progeny, which provides a new way for the plant breeding.
Agriculture↗
Developments in biotechnological research in Austria.
Austria is a small European country with a small number of universities and biotechnological industries, but with great efforts in the implementation of environmental consciousness and corresponding legal standards. This review attempts to describe the biotechnological landscape of Austria, thereby focusing on the highlights in research by industry, universities, and research laboratories, as published during 1990 to early 1995. These will include microbial metabolite (organic acids, antibiotics) and biopolymer (polyhydroxibutyrate, S-layers) production; enzyme (cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases) technology and biocatalysis; environmental biotechnology; plant breeding and plant protection; mammalian cell products; fermenter design; and bioprocess engineering.
Academies and Institutes↗
[Genetic control of dwarfism in hexaploid triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.)].
The genetic control of plant height has been studied in hexaploid forms of triticale (2n = 42) with genomic structure AABBRR. Thirty-four specimens from the world collection of triticale at the Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Breeding with plant heights from 70 to 180 cm have been used in the study. The hybrid analysis of the first, second, and third generations, as well as backcross offsprings, has demonstrated that the given trait is characterized by different modes of inheritance: dominance of dwarfism, dominance of tallness, and intermediate inheritance. It has been found that triticale cultivars of middle and large height differ from short ones in alleles of one or two major genes.
Alleles↗
A review of brood-site pollination mutualism: plants providing breeding sites for their pollinators.
In this paper, I review pollination systems in which plants provide breeding sites as a reward for pollination. I divide the pollinators into three groups based upon ovipositing sites and the larval food of insects. The first group consists of ovule parasites found in only five plant lineages, e.g., the fig wasps and yucca moths, pollination systems in which pollinator specificity is very high. The second group is pollen parasitism, primarily by thrips (Thysanoptera), but specificity of the pollinators is low. In the third group, pollinator larvae (Coleoptera and Diptera) develop in decomposed flowers and inflorescences of plants and these adaptations evolved repeatedly via different pathways in various plant taxa. Pollinator specificity varies, and shifts in pollinators may occur between related or unrelated insects.
Journal Article↗
[A technology with multiple applications].
Plant breeding has been a human practice for some thousands of years. However, this process of domestication has made plants more vulnerable to pests and diseases. Classic plant breeding has allowed the genetic manipulation of plants through crossings with a resulting increase in crop productivity. Recently, the recombinant DNA technology has increased the possibilities of integration of exogenous genes to the plant genome, resulting in the production of transgenic plants. Despite the great debate on this issue, such plants represent to date a promising avenue for plant breeding. There are many examples of gene transference strategies which have been successful in promoting resistance to herbicides, viruses, fungi, bacteria and insects, or in producing an increase in food quality. In addition to biotechnological applications, transgenic plants have made a significant contribution to the study of gene functioning, such as the analysis of genic expression regulation and the study of protein functions codified by distinct plant genes.
Agriculture↗
Linkage analysis of quantitative trait loci in multiple line crosses.
Simple line crosses, for example, backcross and F2, are commonly used in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL). However, these simple crosses are rarely used alone in commercial plant breeding; rather, crosses involving multiple inbred lines or several simple crosses but connected by shared inbred lines may be common in plant breeding. Mapping QTL using crosses of multiple lines is more relevant to plant breeding. Unfortunately, current statistical methods and computer programs of QTL mapping are all designed for simple line crosses or multiple line crosses but under a regular mating system. It is not straightforward to extend the existing methods to handle multiple line crosses under irregular and complicated mating designs. The major hurdle comes from irregular inbreeding, multiple generations, and multiple alleles. In this study, we develop a Bayesian method implemented via the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for mapping QTL using complicated multiple line crosses. With the MCMC algorithm, we are able to draw a complete path of the gene flow from founder alleles to their descendents via a recursive process. This has greatly simplified the problem caused by irregular mating and inbreeding in the mapping population. Adopting the reversible jump MCMC algorithm, we are able to simultaneously search for multiple QTL along the genome. We can even infer the posterior distribution of the number of QTL, one of the most important parameters in QTL study. Application of the new MCMC based QTL mapping procedure is demonstrated using two different mating designs. Design I involves two inbred lines and their derived F1, F2, and BC populations. Design II is a half-diallel cross involving three inbred lines. The two designs appear different, but can be handled with the same robust computer program.
Algorithms↗
Novel genes for disease-resistance breeding.
Plant disease control is entering an exciting period during which transgenic plants showing improved resistance to pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects are being developed. This review summarizes the first successful attempts to engineer fungal resistance in crops, and highlights two promising approaches. Biotechnology provides the promise of new integrated disease management strategies that combine modern fungicides and transgenic crops to provide effective disease control for modern agriculture.
Biotechnology↗
[Combinations of liquid chromatography methods for the breeding of high alkaloid-containing poppies].
An analytical strategy for the determination of alkaloid content of poppy capsules was developed for the efficient plant breeding. The first step of the strategy is a screening by circular multilayer (ML) overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) with large number (28 samples/chromatoplate) of samples under UV (254 and 366 nm) light. The next step is a TLC separation with densitometric evaluation for quantitative determination of the selected samples (ca. 50% of all samples). These results are confirmed by ionpair reversed-phase (RP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the most interesting (20% of all samples) poppy capsules. If the difference of the two applied quantitative methods is higher than 10% the investigations have to be repeated by new mobile phase systems with different solvent strength and selectivity factor values to eliminate the disturbing effect of the minor compounds which appear during the plant breeding. On the basis of the analytical results two new populations were formed, one of them ("MAMOR") has high morphine (approximately 20 mg/g) content, the other one ("TEMAX") is characterized by ability of tebain (approximately 16 mg/g) accumulation. The two new poppy sorts are verification for the effectiveness of the combination of different separation techniques (OPLC, TLC, HPLC) and UV detection modes (off-line and on-line) for medicinal plant breeding.
Alkaloids↗
Observations on anopheline breeding in relation to aquatic plants in different breeding habitats of Kheda (Gujarat).
Water bodies infested with aquatic vegetations may pose problems in mosquito control through bio-environmental methods. Paucity of information pertaining to association of mosquito breeding with aquatic vegetation was the basis for present investigation. The mosquito breeding sites infested with solitary/dominating plant community viz., Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Hydrilla verticillata, Nymphea neuchali, Trapa bispinosa, Lemna paucicostata, Trachelomonas spp., Azolla pinnata, Algae spp. and Cynodon dactylon were selected for the study. The investigation revealed that breeding of eleven anopheline species was associated with Eichhornia in different habitats followed by Hydrilla, algae and Cynodon (8 each), Ipomoea and Trapa (6), Lemna. and Nymphea (5), Azolla and Trachelomonas (4). An. subpictus was associated with all types of vegetation. An. annularis, An. nigerrimus and An. barbirostris were associated with nine plant species. An. culicifacies, the principal malaria vector was found breeding in association with seven aquatic plants and showed strong association with Cynodon, Hydrilla and algae. The species diversity in habitats infested with Hydrilla, algae and Cynodon seems to be most favourable for the breeding of An. culicifacies. It is suggested that thinning or removal of such vegetations at regular interval may help to reduce vector population and enhance the efficacy of biological control agents particularly the larvivorous fishes in such habitats.
Animals↗
Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a multi-trophic context.
So far, genetic engineering of plants in the context of insect pest control has involved insertion of genes that code for toxins, and may be characterized as the incorporation of biopesticides into classical plant breeding. In the context of pesticide usage in pest control, natural enemies of herbivores have received increasing attention, because carnivorous arthropods are an important component of insect pest control. However, in plant breeding programmes, natural enemies of herbivores have largely been ignored, although there are many examples that show that plant breeding affects the effectiveness of biological control. Negative influences of modified plant characteristics on carnivorous arthropods may induce population growth of new, even more harmful pest species that had no pest status prior to the pesticide treatment. Sustainable pest management will only be possible when negative effects on non-target, beneficial arthropods are minimized. In this review, we summarize the effects of insect-resistant crops and insect-resistant transgenic crops, especially Bt crops, from a food web perspective. As food web components, we distinguish target herbivores, non-target herbivores, pollinators, parasitoids and predators. Below-ground organisms such as Collembola, nematodes and earthworms should also be included in risk assessment studies, but have received little attention. The toxins produced in Bt plants retain their toxicity when bound to the soil, so accumulation of these toxins is likely to occur. Earthworms ingest the bound toxins but are not affected by them. However, earthworms may function as intermediaries through which the toxins are passed on to other trophic levels. In studies where effects of insect-resistant (Bt) plants on natural enemies were considered, positive, negative and no effects have been found. So far, most studies have concentrated on natural enemies of target herbivores. However, Bt toxins are structurally rearranged when they bind to midgut receptors, so that they are likely to lose their toxicity inside target herbivores. What happens to the toxins in non-target herbivores, and whether these herbivores may act as intermediaries through which the toxins may be passed on to the natural enemies, remains to be studied.
Animals↗
[Carcass disposal in Hungary (author's transl)].
In Hungary more than half of the entire livestock is kept in industrial breeding plants i.e. under mass breeding conditions. So long as the industrial capacity of the plants remains insufficient to process the volume of carcasses, the animal breeding plants are compelled to find their own solutions for the disposal and/or rendering of the carcasses and waste. On some state farms the carcasses are processed into so-called meat-mash which must be utilised as fodder within 48 hours after the death of the animal. High-quality meat-meal can only be obtained from fresh carcasses. Carcasses are processed for reasons of economy, but the methods of carcass disposal are subject to stringent requirements imposed by the public health service, veterinary hygiene inspectorates and by the environment protection authorities. The carcasses or slaughter-house waste destined for processing must not contain any pathogens likely to be injurious to man or animal or to threaten the health of the persons concerned with the carcass processing. For this reason the carcasses must be kept in boilers for 2 to 4 hours at a pressure of 4 atü. The formulation of the factory rules and the technology of processing must make due allowance for these stipulations.
Abattoirs↗