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PubMed2001

Accumulation forms of Zn and Pb in Phaseolus vulgaris in the presence and absence of EDTA.

The internalized speciation of Zn and Pb in roots and leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris grown in zinc sulfate, zinc EDTA, lead nitrate, and lead EDTA solutions were studied by electron microscopy (Zn) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy (Zn and Pb). Zn was predominantly present as Zn phosphate dihydrate in the roots and leaves of the plant regardless of its form in solution. Pb was predominantly found in the leaves as cerussite (lead carbonate) when the plant was grown in Pb nitrate solution and as a mixture of PbEDTA and an undetermined species in contact with PbEDTA solution. Therefore, Phaseolus vulgaris is able to dissociate totally (Zn) or partly (Pb) the two metal-EDTA complexes from the nutrient solution and to bind these metals in other forms.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed2002

Functional properties of flours and protein isolates from Phaseolus lunatus and Canavalia ensiformis seeds.

The functional properties of flours and protein isolates from the legumes Phaseolus lunatus and Canavalia ensiformis were evaluated to determine their potential practical applications. The respective protein isolates were obtained from the flours by using isoelectric precipitation, with a protein content of 71.13% for the P. lunatus isolate (PPI) and 73.75% for the C. ensiformis isolate (CPI). Nitrogen solubility was good in both acid and alkaline pHs for isolates and Canavalia flour (CF), with values as high as 80%, but not for the Phaseolus flour (PF). The flours and protein isolates had good water-holding capacities, with values between 2.65 and 3.80 g/g sample. Oil-holding capacity was highest in PPI (4.59 g/g sample) and CF (3.15 g/g sample). Under alkaline pH, the PPI foaming capacity (147%) was higher than those for CPI and CF, though the flours produced greater foam. Emulsifying activities for the PF, CF, PPI, and CPI were similar (46.78-53.84%) for pH range 6-10. Emulsion stability (ES) was superior in the CF and the CPI, where values reached 100% at pH 7 and 8. Apparent viscosity was pH-dependent.

Emulsions↗
PubMed2003

Light and circadian regulation in the expression of LHY and Lhcb genes in Phaseolus vulgaris.

In order to understand some aspects of the circadian clock function in Phaseolus vulgaris, we analyzed the temporal transcript profile of Lhcb genes, typical clock reporters in plants, and that of PvLHY, an orthologue of Arabidopsis thaliana LHY which is a putative transcription factor of Lhcb genes. Under different light regimes, Lhcb and PvLHY exhibit a clear circadian pattern of expression. Moreover, the rhythm of Lhcb genes appears to be tightly coupled to that of PvLHY with the latter having a slightly earlier phase. This supports the idea that the oscillating capacity of PvLHY may be one of the causes of the rhythmic expression of Lhcb genes in bean. In addition to their circadian regulation, Lhcb and PvLHY are induced by light with similar and relatively slow induction kinetics. Moreover, this light induction is gated by the circadian oscillator: minimal responses occur at times around peaks of the pre-existing rhythm, while maximal ones occur at troughs of the pre-existing rhythm. This pattern of gating is opposite to that observed in Arabidopsis. The failure to block the light induction pathways at pre-existing troughs appears to have a detrimental effect to the subsequent circadian rhythmicity. Briefly, the overall regulation of PvLHY and Lhcb genes by light and the circadian clock reveals different strategies between Phaseolus and Arabidopsis in the adaptation to photoperiodic conditions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Boosting heterologous protein production in transgenic dicotyledonous seeds using Phaseolus vulgaris regulatory sequences.

Over the past decade, several high value proteins have been produced in different transgenic plant tissues such as leaves, tubers, and seeds. Despite recent advances, many heterologous proteins accumulate to low concentrations, and the optimization of expression cassettes to make in planta production and purification economically feasible remains critical. Here, the regulatory sequences of the seed storage protein gene arcelin 5-I (arc5-I) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were evaluated for producing heterologous proteins in dicotyledonous seeds. The murine single chain variable fragment (scFv) G4 (ref. 4) was chosen as model protein because of the current industrial interest in producing antibodies and derived fragments in crops. In transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seed stocks, the scFv under control of the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) accumulated to approximately 1% of total soluble protein (TSP). However, a set of seed storage promoter constructs boosted the scFv accumulation to exceptionally high concentrations, reaching no less than 36.5% of TSP in homozygous seeds. Even at these high concentrations, the scFv proteins had antigen-binding activity and affinity similar to those produced in Escherichia coli. The feasibility of heterologous protein production under control of arc5-I regulatory sequences was also demonstrated in Phaseolus acutifolius, a promising crop for large scale production.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Antioxidant effect of Phaseolus vulgaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The antioxidant effect of an aqueous extract of Phaseolus vulgaris pods, an indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine in India, was studied in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Oral administration of Phaseolus vulgaris pod extract (PPEt; 200 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days resulted in a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides. The extract also causes a significant increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and kidneys of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. These results clearly show the antioxidant property of PPEt. The effect of PPEt at 200 mg/kg body weight was more effective than glibenclamide.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular and phenotypic mapping of genes controlling seed coat pattern and color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exhibits a wide variety of seed coat patterns and colors. From a historical perspective, extensive genetic analyses have identified specific genes that control seed coat pattern (T, Z, L, J, Bip, and Ana) and color (P, C, R, J, D, G, B, V, and Rk). Many of these genes exhibit epistatic interactions with other genes, interactions that define the many seed coat patterns and colors observed within the species. To better understand these complex interactions, we began a molecular marker discovery program that previously identified random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to many of these genes. We report here the discovery of RAPD markers linked to three additional genes-C, G, and V. These markers, and five RAPD markers we previously discovered linked to other seed coat pattern and color genes, were converted into easily scorable sequence tagged site (STS) markers. We next placed these markers onto a common molecular map shared by the Phaseolus research community and demonstrated a generally wide distribution of the genes throughout the common bean genome. A few previously unrecognized linkages were discovered. The probable existence of multiple genes controlling growth habit in common bean is discussed. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of marker discovery in one population followed by accurate mapping of that marker onto a core, community-wide map.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2006

Rhizobium lusitanum sp. nov. a bacterium that nodulates Phaseolus vulgaris.

The species Phaseolus vulgaris is a promiscuous legume nodulated by several species of the family Rhizobiaceae. During a study of rhizobia nodulating this legume in Portugal, we isolated several strains that nodulate P. vulgaris effectively and also Macroptilium atropurpureum and Leucaena leucocephala, but they form ineffective nodules in Medicago sativa. According to phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strains from this study belong to the genus Rhizobium, with Rhizobium rhizogenes and Rhizobium tropici as the closest related species, with 99.9 and 99.2% similarity, respectively, between the type strains of these species and strain P1-7T. The nodD and nifH genes carried by strain P1-7T are phylogenetically related to those of other species nodulating Phaseolus. This strain does not carry virulence genes present in the type strain of R. rhizogenes, ATCC 11325T. Analysis of the recA and atpD genes confirms this phylogenetic arrangement, showing low similarity with respect to those of R. rhizogenes ATCC 11325T (91.9 and 94.1% similarity, respectively) and R. tropici IIB CIAT 899T (90.6% and 91.8% similarity, respectively). The intergenic spacer (ITS) of the strains from this study is phylogenetically divergent from those of R. rhizogenes ATCC 11235T and R. tropici CIAT 899T, with 85.9 and 82.8% similarity, respectively, with respect to strain P1-7T. The tRNA profile and two-primer random amplified polymorphic DNA pattern of strain P1-7T are also different from those of R. rhizogenes ATCC 11235T and R. tropici CIAT 899T. The strains isolated in this study can be also differentiated from R. rhizogenes and R. tropici by several phenotypic characteristics. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization showed means of 28 and 25% similarity between strain P1-7T and R. rhizogenes ATCC 11235T and R. tropici CIAT 899T, respectively. All these data showed that the strains isolated in this study belong to a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which we propose the name Rhizobium lusitanum sp. nov.; the type strain is P1-7T (=LMG 22705T=CECT 7016T).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Comparative bioinformatic analysis of genes expressed in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings.

To rapidly and cost-effectively generate gene expression data, we developed an annotated unigene database of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In this study, 3 cDNA libraries were constructed from the bean breeding line SEL1308, 1 from young leaf and 2 from seedlings inoculated or not inoculated with the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara, which causes anthracnose in common bean. To this date, 5255 single-pass sequences have been included in the database after selection based on sequence quality. These ESTs were trimmed and clustered using the computer programs Phred and CAP3 to form a unigene collection of 3126 unique sequences. Within clusters, 318 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 68 insertions-deletions (indels) were found, indicating the presence of paralogous gene families in our database. Each unigene sequence was analyzed for possible function using their similarity to known genes represented in the GenBank database and classified into 14 categories. Only 314 unigenes showed significant similarities to Phaseolus genomic sequences and P. vulgaris ESTs, which indicates that 90% (2818 unigenes) of our database represent newly discovered common bean genes. In addition, 12% (387 unigenes) were shown to be specific to common bean. This study represents a first step towards the discovery of novel genes in beans and a valuable source of molecular markers for expressed gene tagging and mapping.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2004

The seed coat of Phaseolus vulgaris interferes with the development of the cowpea weevil [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)].

We have confirmed here that the seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) do not support development of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a pest of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] seeds. Analysis of the testa (seed coat) of the bean suggested that neither thickness nor the levels of compounds such as tannic acid, tannins, or HCN are important for the resistance. On the other hand, we have found that phaseolin (vicilin-like 7S storage globulin), detected in the testa by Western blotting and N-terminal amino acid sequencing, is detrimental to the development of C. maculatus. As for the case of other previously studied legume seeds (Canavalia ensiformis and Phaseolus lunatus) we suggest that the presence of vicilin-like proteins in the testa of P. vulgaris may have had a significant role in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to the seeds of leguminous plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Incorporation of prime and tailing starches of Canavalia ensiformis L. and Phaseolus lunatus L. in cookies].

Incorporation into cookies of prime and tailing starches isolated from Phaseolus lunatus and Canavalia ensiformis seeds was carried out and compared with those elaborated with conventional corn starch (Maizena), which were sensory evaluated and assessed for total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents. Sensory evaluation was carried out using an incomplete block design by a non-trained panel of judges. The analysis of variance indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05), in the level of acceptation, among the different formulations; cookies elaborated with prime starches were preferred. Cookies elaborated with the tailing starches and the control cookie had similar acceptance. The cookies prepared with tailing starches presented TDF, IDF and SDF contents of 9.3, 4.86 and 4.87%, respectively for C. ensiformis and of 9.85, 8.75 and 1.10%, for P. lunatus. These contents were higher than those found in other cookies. The use of prime and tailing starches of Canavalia ensiformis and Phaseolus lunatus may represent an effective alternative in manufacturing of fiber-rich bakery products.

Canavalia↗
PubMed2004

[Use of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna sinensis in a fermented dairy drink].

The objective of this work was to develop a new kind fermented dairy drink, partially substituted with clear varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris (caraota) and Vigna sinensis (frijol). The formulation of fermented dairy drinks included sterile extracts of caraota and frijol, as partial substitutes which replaced milk: 10, 20 and 30%. The mixtures were inoculated with 2% of a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophillus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. and were incubated at 42 degrees C for 7 hours. Mango and guava jams were used as flavorings at 20%. On the basis of the sensorial evaluation the mixtures 10% frijol-mango, 10% frijol-guava, 30% caraota-mango and 20% caraota-guava were selected. In the selected fermented dairy drinks, the levels of protein, soluble and insoluble fiber, available and resistant starches were increased and the protein digestibility was 81%. The technical feasibility of partial substitution of milk with extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris or Vigna sinensis. For the elaboration of a fermented dairy drink similar to the liquid yogurt kind was demonstrated.

Cultured Milk Products↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of two Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin genes closely linked on the chromosome.

A lambda 1059 library of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'Tendergreen' DNA was screened with a cloned lectin-like cDNA. Among the phages selected was clone lambda B10 containing two complete lectin genes in the same orientation approximately 4 kb apart. The DNA sequences of the lectin genes and their flanking regions have been determined and their transcriptional initiation sites were located by S1 nuclease mapping. On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequences and compositions and the mol. wts. of their encoded glycoproteins, the genes, dlec1 and dlec2, are predicted to encode erythro- and leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinins (PHA-E and PHA-L), respectively. The mRNA coding regions of dlec1 and dlec2 are 90% homologous, suggesting an origin involving duplication of an ancestral gene. Both lectin genes are intronless and have at least two ATG codons in a short (11-14 bp) 5'-untranslated region. Most of their 5'-untranslated regions consist of alternating pyrimidines and purines (RY repeats). Upstream sequences are also highly conserved between dlec1 and dlec2, including stretches of nine or more alternating R and Y residues. RY repeats of such length are not found within the protein coding portion of dlec1, dlec2 or a Phaseolus lectinlike gene previously described. Overlapping double (dlec1) or triple (dlec2) polyadenylation addition signals are found and there is an unusually high degree of homology (84%) between their 3'-untranslated regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of a cDNA encoding a proline-rich 14 kDa protein in developing cortical cells of the roots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings.

A cDNA clone, corresponding to mRNAs preferentially expressed in the roots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings, was isolated. This clone contains a 381 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 13.5 kDa, designated PVR5 (Phaseolus vulgaris root 5). The amino acid sequence of this clone is rich in proline (13.5%) and leucine (12.7%) and shares significant amino acid sequence homology with root-specific and proline-rich proteins from monocots (maize and rice), and proline-rich proteins from dicots (carrot, oilseed rape, and Madagascar periwinkle). The precise biological roles of these polypeptides are unknown. PVR5 mRNA accumulation is developmentally regulated within the root, with high levels at the root apex and declining levels at distances further from the root tip. In situ hybridization shows that PVR5 mRNA specifically accumulates in the cortical ground meristem in which maximal cell division occurs. Southern blot analysis suggests that genomic DNA corresponding to PVR5 cDNA is encoded by a single gene or a small gene family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Induction of nodule primordia on Phaseolus and Acacia by lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nodulation signals from broad-host-range Rhizobium strain GRH2.

Rhizobium wild-type strain GRH2 was originally isolated from the tree, Acacia cyanophylla, and has a broad host-range which includes herbaceous legumes, such as Phaseolus and Trifolium species. Here we show that strains of Rhizobium sp. GRH2, into which heterologous nodD alleles have been introduced, produce a large diversity of both sulphated and non-sulphated lipo-chitin oligosaccharides (LCOs). Most of the molecular species contain an N-methyl group on the reducing-terminal N-acetyl-glucosamine. The LCOs vary in the nature of the fatty acyl chain and in the length of the chitin backbone. The majority of the LCOs have an oligosaccharide chain length of five GlcNAc residues, but a few are oligomers having six GlcNAc units. LCOs purified from GRH2 are able to induce root hair formation and deformation on Acacia cyanophylla and A. melanoxylon plants. We show that an N-vaccenoyl-chitopentaose bearing an N-methyl group is able to induce nodule primordia on Phaseolus vulgaris, A. cyanophylla, and A. melanoxylon, indicating that for these plants an N-methyl modification is sufficient for nodule primordia induction.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed1996

Coordination of protein and mRNA abundances of stromal enzymes and mRNA abundances of the Clp protease subunits during senescence of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) leaves.

Our objective was to determine the coordination of transcript and/or protein abundances of stromal enzymes during leaf senescence. First trifolioliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants were sampled beginning at the time of full leaf expansion; at this same time, half of the plants were switched to a nutrient solution lacking N. Total RNA and soluble protein abundances decreased after full leaf expansion whereas chlorophyll abundance remained constant; N stress enhanced the decline in these traits. Abundances of ribulose-1,5-bisposphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39), Rubisco activase and phosphoribulokinase (Ru5P kinase; EC 2.7.1.19) decreased after full leaf expansion in a coordinated manner for both treatments. In contrast, adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPGlc) pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) abundance was relatively constant during natural senescence but did decline similar to the other enzymes under N stress. Northern analyses indicated that transcript abundances for all enzymes declined markedly on a fresh-weight basis just after full leaf expansion. This rapid decline was particularly strong for the Rubisco small subunit (rbcS) transcript. The decline was enhanced by N stress for rbcS and Rubisco activase (rca), but not for Ru5P kinase (prk) and ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase (agp). Transcripts of the Clp protease subunits clpC and clpP declined in abundance just after full leaf expansion, similar to the other mRNA species. When Northern blots were analyzed using equal RNA loads, rbcS transcripts still declined markedly just after full leaf expansion whereas rca and clpC transcripts increased over time. The results indicated that senescence was initiated near the time of full leaf expansion, was accelerated by N stress, and was characterized by large decline in transcripts of stromal enzymes. The decreased mRNA abundances were in general associated with steadily declining stromal protein abundances, with ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase being the notable exception. Transcript analyses for the Clp subunits supported a recent report (Shanklin et al., 1995, Plant Cell 7: 1713-1722) indicating that the Clp protease subunits were constitutive throughout development and suggested that ClpC and ClpP do not function as a senescence-specific proteolytic system in Phaseolus.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1984

Comparative study on the amino acids composition in three local Phaseolus vulgaris seeds varieties.

The overall amino acid composition of the three varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds were similar. All had a relative deficiency in the sulphur-containing amino acids, moreover, there was a negative correlation between sulphur amino acid content and the percentage of seed proteins. The lysine content of the Phaseolus seeds was relatively high, the amount ranged from 8.05 to 8.63 g/16 g N. Tryptophan was slightly higher for Giza variety than the others. The highest levels of free amino acids were recorded for Contender variety and Swissblan one. Cystine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were absent from the extracts of the three varieties.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Comparative study of the chemical composition of wild and cultivated beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).

Five wild Phaseolus vulgaris beans were compared with five cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris beans in proximate composition, total (true) protein, amino acid composition, and toxic and antinutritional factors. The wild beans contained more protein (25.5% vs. 21.7%), ash (5.15 vs. 4.15%), crude fiber (7.08% vs. 5.04%) compared to cultivated beans while the former contained less fat (0.56 vs. 0.89%) and carbohydrates (61.64 vs. 68.05%). Sulfur amino acids were found to be limiting in both groups of bean as expected; however, the cultivated beans had a higher content of the limiting amino acids. Therefore, the cultivated beans showed a better amino acid profile than the wild beans. Toxic factors were not found in either type of bean; the determinations included saponins, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides. The antinutritional factors investigated were hemagglutinins (lectins) and trypsin inhibitors. The wild beans presented a higher content of trypsin inhibitors (28 TUI per mg) and lectins (9.6) than the cultivated beans did (21 TUI per mg and 7 respectively). From the chemical point of view, domestication seems to be positive; however, the better protein nutritive quality of the cultivated beans should be further confirmed by biological assays.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

Intestinal absorption of D-galactose in the presence of extracts from Phaseolus vulgaris hulls.

The relatively low nutritional value of protein from legume seeds has been attributed to the occurrence of some antinutritional factors and the poor content in sulphur aminoacids, which leads to undesirable physiological and biochemical alterations. However, the intimate nature of these processes remains unclear. In order to evaluate the influence of naturally occurring substances of legume constituents on nutrient utilization, the intestinal absorption of D-galactose in the presence of aqueous or alcoholic extracts, obtained from Phaseolus vulgaris hulls, has been measured by use of the in vivo successive absorption technique. Aqueous extracts inhibited significantly (p less than 0.01) the uptake of D-galactose at different times of exposure, while no changes in sugar transport were observed with the alcoholic solutions. Polyamide treatment (a polyphenolic complexing agent) of the aqueous extracts decreased its ability to inhibit sugar uptake. Kinetic studies showed that the aqueous fractions modify Vmax values for D-galactose absorption and also KT data. This inhibition appeared to be reversible after short periods of exposure, affecting mainly the active component of transport. Therefore, it can be suggested that some substances, contained in aqueous extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris reduce sugar absorption. Furthermore, our studies seem to indicate that polyphenols are, at least partly, involved in this phenomenon.

Animals↗