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PubMed2000

Personality assessment of homeless adults as a tool for service planning.

The psychiatric status of homeless adults has been described primarily in terms of Axis I disorders. By adding a subset of the Personality Assessment Inventory, this study tests the feasibility and usefulness of a brief, self-administered questionnaire to obtain scores on several dimensions of personality. Cluster analysis sorted 112 tested subjects into four groups characterized by distinct profiles. Two of these were characterized by extreme scores on pathological dimensions of personality (borderline features, antisocial traits, and aggressivity) and differed primarily on the dimension of suicidality. The third reflected moderate levels of personality dysfunction and the fourth did not deviate from adult nonclinical norms. The validity of the clusters was supported by demographic, background, and diagnostic subgroup differences. Brief personality assessment can be a cost-effective approach to matching services with clinical needs of homeless adults by attending to interpersonal dimensions that will likely affect service provision.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Assessing personality disorders using a systematic clinical interview: evaluation of an alternative to structured interviews.

The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability and provide initial data bearing on the validity of a method of assessing personality disorders (PDs) that does not presume that patients can accurately self-report personality pathology. In a sample of 24 outpatients, two clinician-judges independently applied the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 2000), a 200-item Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology, to data from the Clinical Diagnostic Interview (Westen, 2002), a systematic clinical interview that mirrors and standardizes methods used by experienced clinicians to diagnose personality. In 16 of the 24 cases, the treating clinician also independently described the patient using the SWAP-200 Q-sort, based on longitudinal knowledge of the patient over the course of treatment, blind to the interview data. Interrater reliability was uniformly high, with median correlations between interviewers at r > .80. Interviewer-treating clinician correlations were also high, with median convergent validity coefficients at r > .80. Diagnostic overlap (discriminant validity) was moderate for dimensional DSM-IV diagnoses, reflecting extensive comorbidity among disorders, but minimal for empirically derived diagnoses identified in prior research. Treating clinicians' dimensional PD diagnoses using this method also strongly predicted interviewer-rated measures of adaptive functioning. The findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of an alternative to structured interviews for diagnosing personality pathology, and suggest that the way to improve validity of personality diagnosis may not be to minimize clinical inference but to quantify it using psychometric instruments.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Women's self-assessed personal health resources.

OBJECTIVE: To contribute to the development of a resource-oriented medical language by identifying self-assessed personal health resources in women. DESIGN: Key questions were developed to invite the patient to tell the general practitioner about such resources. Patients' answers were audiotaped and analysed qualitatively according to Giorgi's phenomenological approach. The theoretical frame of reference included salutogenesis, patient-centredness, and gender perspectives. SETTING: Two female general practitioners and their consultations. SUBJECTS: 37 consecutive female patients aged 24-85 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Common aspects of personal qualities and strategies considered by women as their health resources. RESULTS: The material unveiled health resources related to 1) internal strength mobilized by external strain, 2) interactive networks within and outside the family, 3) lifestyle practices, 4) physical and social activity, 5) acceptance and facilitation of the natural course of Disease, and 6) constitution. CONCLUSION: Female patients have explicit and intelligible ideas about their self-assessed personal health resources, which can be identified and mobilized by the general practitioner and form part of potentially empowering strategies in medical practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

The integration of empirically derived personality assessment data into a behavioral conceptualization and treatment plan. Rationale, guidelines, and caveats.

This article suggests that the appropriate integration of personality (trait) data with information gleaned from a traditional behavioral interview will enhance client-treatment matching. The achievement of this goal is predicated on the ability of behaviorists to challenge tightly held (mis)conceptions of the process of "personality" assessment and to apply empirical criteria when engaged in this integrative endeavor. To facilitate such integration, a rationale for the use of dispositionally based assessment data within a behavioral framework is presented. Guidelines are provided for the accurate measurement and integration of such data in addition to a review of caveats that should be considered if such an enterprise is ultimately to reach fruition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Clinical validation of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory.

The clinical validity of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI; F. M. Cheung, K. Leung, et al., 1996) was examined in 2 studies involving a group of 167 male prisoners in Hong Kong and a group of 339 psychiatric patients in China. Elevated scores on the clinical scales were obtained for the clinical samples. Logistic regression analyses confirmed that the CPAI scales were useful in differentiating between male prisoner and the Hong Kong male normative sample and between psychiatric patients and a random sample of normal adults in China. Multivariate analyses of variance results showed significant differences on the CPAI clinical scales and personality scales among subgroups of psychiatric patients with diagnoses of bipolar, schizophrenic, and neurotic disorders. The usefulness of an indigenous personality inventory is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Internal consistency reliability of the Personality Assessment Inventory with psychiatric inpatients.

Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) estimates and standard errors of measurement were determined for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) with a group of psychiatric inpatients (N = 111). Full-scale reliabilities were large and acceptable, averaging .82. Subscale reliabilities were lower, averaging .66. Reliability estimates for full scales and subscales were comparable to those reported for the clinical portion of the PAI standardization group. Of the 20 full scales examined, only 2 (Somatization and Paranoia) had reliabilities (.85 and .80, respectively) that were significantly lower than comparable values reported for the standardization group. Despite statistically significant differences, these values were still considered large and acceptable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Objective and projective personality assessment: the TEMAS and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, self-report of personality.

The TEMAS and Self-report of Personality of the Behavior Assessment System for Children were administered to 71 youngsters aged 8 to 13 years. Preliminary data suggest that, although the two measures assess several similarly named constructs, the data are complementary. This appears to reflect the fact that the TEMAS Personality Functions measure children's skills in coping with emotionally laden situations, whereas the Behavior Assessment System for Children measures the emotion or skill in question independent of situational context.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The Personality Assessment Inventory in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

This study examined the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in 95 individuals who had suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants were recruited from a rehabilitation hospital (n=60) and a military hospital (n=35); despite differences in demographics and injury characteristics groups did not differ on any of the clinical scales and were thus combined. In the combined group, the highest mean clinical scale elevations were on Somatic Complaints, Depression, and Borderline Features and the most common configural profiles, based on cluster analysis, were Cluster 1 (no prominent elevations), Cluster 6 (social isolation and confused thinking), and Cluster 2 (depression and withdrawal). Factor analysis indicated a robust three-factor solution that accounted for 74.86 percent of the variance and was similar to findings from the psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations in the standardization sample. The above findings are compared with the previous literature on psychopathology in TBI, particularly in regards to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), as well as previous psychometric research on the PAI.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparability and reliability of techniques to assess personal future extension.

The diversity of existing procedures for assessing personal future time perspective requires that we establish whether the techniques used to operationalize even any one dimension are in fact comparable. A sample of 83 older women (mean age = 74.1 years) responded to a questionnaire containing four different techniques commonly employed for determining personal future extension--how far into the future a person is thinking: (a) open-ended thinking and planning; (b) line-marking; (c) line-drawing; and, (d) life-event listing. Results showed a pattern of correlations suggesting only borderline comparability. Same-session retesting of (a), (b), and (c) revealed relatively high correlations, with the exception of open-ended future planning. Based on these data, caution is advised when selecting a procedure to assess future extension.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Psychometric adequacy and comparability of the short and full forms of the Personality Assessment Inventory.

The 160-item short form of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) was developed for situations in which respondents complete only the 1st half of the test. The present study evaluates the adequacy and comparability of the full and short forms of the PAI in terms of a wide range of psychometric characteristics. In all, 421 participants completed the full form as part of a neuropsychological evaluation. Results indicated slightly lower internal consistency reliability of the short compared with the full form. Group-level agreement of short and full form scales ranged from adequate to excellent. However, within-subject agreement was somewhat more variable. Low levels of within-subject agreement were strongly associated with elevated validity scale scores. The factor structures of the full and short forms showed high congruence for a 3-factor solution. These findings suggest that many scales of the short form have adequate comparability with their respective full form scales. However, low levels of reliability across less impaired ranges of the latent trait, diminished content coverage, and altered validity detection may limit the utility of some of the short form scales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Refining the measurement of axis II: a Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology.

The measurement of personality disorders (PDs) has proven to be a difficult enterprise. This article describes two initial studies of the validity and reliability of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP), a Q-sort procedure that quantifies clinical judgment, which may be useful both for assessing personality pathology and for empirically refining Axis II categories and diagnostic criteria. In the first study, 153 clinicians from a random national sample used a version of the Q-sort to describe either a prototype or actual patient with either a borderline, antisocial, histrionic, or narcissistic personality disorder. Correlations between aggregated prototype and actual patient profiles provided evidence for convergent and discriminant validity, and a cluster-analytic procedure (Q-factor analysis) produced revised criteria for the four disorders that minimized the problem of comorbidity. In Study 2, a pilot sample of patients were interviewed using a clinical research interview that mirrors the way clinicians assess personality and PDs. The study yielded promising results with respect to the possibility of obtaining reliable Q-sort descriptions based on an interview that resembles a clinical interview rather than the direct-question format used in current Axis II structured interviews. It also produced strong correlations between Q-sort descriptions made by interview and those made independently by the treating clinician, further supporting the validity of the instrument. The findings suggest the potential utility of the SWAP as a measure of PDs and as a method for empirically refining Axis II categories and criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The local clinical scientist, evidence-based practice, and personality assessment.

The local clinical scientist model was devised for clinical practitioners including those engaged in personality assessment. It emphasizes the importance of local data, the consideration of each clinical encounter as a mini-research project, and the incorporation of existing research data where relevant. It is consistent with, but goes beyond, evidence-based practice. There is a need to guard against the operation of cognitive heuristics for the model to be applied effectively.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed1993

Psychophysiological and MMPI personality assessment of headaches: an integrative approach.

Multiple psychophysiological measures and personality assessment techniques were combined to facilitate the diagnosis of headache type and improve upon existing methodology. Twenty-four migraine, 24 chronic tension headache patients, and 24 normal age- and gender-matched controls were assessed with bilateral measures of frontalis and occipitalis EMG and blood volume pulse. All subjects completed the MMPI. Results suggest that headache subjects could be differentiated on baseline heart rates and MMPI scales 1,2,3, and 7. Only one physiological measure served as an index of psychological distress, suggesting issues of an interaction between psychophysiological and personality variables, as well as the chronicity of the headache.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Syndromal versus contextualized personality assessment: differentiating environmental and dispositional determinants of boys' aggression.

Two studies examined how "syndromal" approaches to assessment confound differences between individuals in the person and situation variables that contribute to their behavior. In a field study, a widely used instrument was found to be sensitive to the base rates of boys' aggression but, as expected, did not discriminate between boys who were similar in their behavior base rates but different in their social environments and how they responded to them. A laboratory experiment replicated this finding and demonstrated that social observers discriminated between targets on the basis of their functional properties even though syndrome scores did not. The results clarify how syndromal methods can obscure situational factors, conflict with people's social knowledge, and reinforce the view that syndromes exist "in the individual" rather than in person-environment interactions. Implications for developing more contextually sensitive instruments are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Initial validation of the Personality Assessment Inventory-Spanish version with clients from Mexican American communities.

Psychological assessment of Hispanic populations are thwarted by the absence of clinical research on comparability of Spanish translations and the stability of their findings. In this study we examined the potential usefulness of the Spanish Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) for Hispanic clients residing in Mexican American communities. We administered the Spanish version on two occasions to 48 monolingual clients and the Spanish and English versions to 21 bilingual clients. Results indicated that the clinical scales had a moderate to good correspondence for Spanish-English (M r = .72) and good test-retest reliability for Spanish-Spanish (M r = .79). Much more variation was observed for the validity scales and the treatment/interpersonal scales. Also more variability was observed in the convergence of elevations across administrations. Because of these mixed results, we discuss the potential usefulness of the PAI clinical scales to screen for major psychopathology.

Adult↗