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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of several cigarettes smoked uninterruptedly on left ventricular systolic time intervals in healthy subjects.

The reported investigations were carried out in 50 healthy young men. Twenty of them (group I) performed a three-grade exercise on a Zimmermann cycle ergometer after smoking 4 "Sport" cigarettes, while another 30 subjects served as controls (group II). The exercise was carried out at 60 r.p.m. at a power of 1 W/kg body weight/6 minutes, 2 W/kg/minutes, and 3 W/kg/6 minutes. Between the successive phases of the exercise the subjects rested for 10 minutes. Group I performed work of 148 610 +/- 11 576, and group II--146 632 +/- 19 706 J (p greater than 0.01). The left ventricular systolic time intervals were calculated from synchronous records of the 2nd lead of the ECG, phonocardiogram obtained at Erb's point, and right carotid sphygmogram at rest, after cigarette smoking, immediately after successive phases of the exercise, and during 4 hours after exercise completion. Immediately after smoking 4 cigarettes a decrease was observed in the left-ventricular ejection time index (LVETI), a rise in the value of the pre-ejection period index (PEPI), and a decrease of the left-ventricular mechanical work index (LVET/PEP). These changes evidenced indirectly impairment of myocardial contractility. During the exercise after cigarette smoking no unfavourable changes were observed in left-ventricular pump-like activity in relation to the control group. The restitution period in group I was associated with an increase in PEPI value and reduction of LVETI value which were significantly greater than in controls (p less than 0.01). Despite disturbances in myocardial contractility cardiovascular system restitution was as long as in the control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Agreement among three different indices of sympathetic nervous system activity in essential hypertension.

Although plasma norepinephrine concentration often is elevated in patients with essential hypertension, the relevance of this to the pathogenesis of the blood pressure elevation remains uncertain. If the high concentration of plasma norepinephrine truly indicates sympathetic nervous system overactivity, it should be accompanied by hemodynamic features suggestive of sympathetic cardiovascular stimulation. This proposition was tested, and in part confirmed, in a study performed on 21 patients who had mild essential hypertension and on 11 normal subjects. Among hypertensive patients, plasma norepinephrine concentration was related to cardiac function but not to the level of the blood pressure or to total peripheral vascular resistance. Plasma norepinephrine concentration correlated significantly with heart rate and cardiac preejection period index at rest and with changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and preejection period after cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade produced by propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg intravenously. Patients with an elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations (9 of 21) showed features of sympathetic cardiac stimulation, manifested by an elevated mean cardiac index and heart rate at rest and by normalization of both after treatment with propranolol. Thus, substantial agreement existed among three commonly used indices of sympathetic nervous system activity--plasma norepinephrine concentration, general hemodynamics at rest, and the hemodynamic response to pharmacologic autonomic blockade.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Systolic time intervals during spironolactone treatment of digitalized and non-digitalized patients with ischaemic heart disease.

The effect of spironolactone on cardiac contractility indices was studied by externally recording systolic time intervals in four digitalized and four non-digitalized patients with ischaemic heart disease. A negative inotropic effect was found after spironolactone 100mg b.i.d. in all eight patients, as measured by an increase in pre-ejection period index PEPI (p less than 0.01), and the ratio between pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time PEP/LVET (p less than 0.001), while pre- and afterload remained constant. As expected, digoxin exerted a positive inotropic effect, as a decrease was observed in PEPI (p less than 0.01), and PEP/LVET (p less than 0.001). It was not possible to ascertain whether the observed effect was caused by a pharmacological interaction at receptor level between spironolactone and digoxin, or indirectly to changes in endogenous substances e.g. aldosterone. The results suggest that spironolactone may have unintended side effects in patients with severe heart failure and that its use be reevaluated.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Diagnoses of children and adolescents on initial presentation to a Nigerian outpatient psychiatry clinic.

Child and adolescent psychiatry is an underdeveloped specialty in Nigeria, relegated by more entrenched cultural systems, such as traditional healers and syncretic churches, to merely an auxiliary role in child mental health care. Little is therefore known about the epidemiology of childhood disorders as encountered in psychiatric settings. We reviewed the outpatient psychiatric clinic's patient register at the Psychiatric Hospital of Uselu in Benin City, Nigeria, over a twenty-four week period. Fifty-three patients who presented in the twenty-four week index period had definite diagnoses indicated in the register. Of these, 68% had diagnoses denoting significant behavioral disturbances that would motivate their visit to allopathic hospitals after other, more culturally sanctioned healers were of little help. Our findings are compared with similar studies in other cultures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adherence to oral antidiabetic therapy in a managed care organization: a comparison of monotherapy, combination therapy, and fixed-dose combination therapy.

BACKGROUND: Although medication adherence is one of the most important aspects of the management of diabetes mellitus, low rates of adherence have been documented. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to examine medication adherence among patients with diabetes mellitus in a managed care organization who were receiving antidiabetic monotherapy (metformin or glyburide), combination therapy (metformin and glyburide), or fixed-dose combination therapy (glyburide/metformin). METHODS: Medication adherence was evaluated through a retrospective database analysis of pharmacy claims. The adherence rate was defined as the sum of the days' supply of oral antidiabetic medication obtained by the patient during the follow-up period divided by the total number of days in the designated follow-up period (180 days). Health plan members were included in the analysis if they had an index pharmacy claim for an oral antidiabetic medication between August 1 and December 31, 2000, were continuously enrolled in the health plan, and were aged > or =18 years. A 6-month pre-index period was used to classify patients as newly treated or previously treated. Patients were grouped according to their medication-use patterns. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, including overall medication burden at index, there were no significant differences in adherence rates among 6502 newly treated patients receiving monotherapy, combination therapy, or fixed-dose combination therapy. Among the 1815 previously treated patients receiving glyburide or metformin monotherapy who required the addition of the alternative agent, resulting in combination therapy, adherence rates were significantly lower (54.0%; 95% CI, 0.52-0.55) than in the 105 patients receiving monotherapy who were switched to fixed-dose combination therapy (77.0%; 95% CI, 0.72-0.82). The 59 previously treated patients receiving combination therapy who were switched to fixed-dose combination therapy had a significant improvement in adherence after the switch (71.0% vs 87.0%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a managed care organization, previously treated patients receiving monotherapy with an oral antidiabetic medication who required additional therapy exhibited significantly greater adherence when they were switched to fixed-dose combination therapy compared with combination therapy. Patients receiving combination therapy who were switched to fixed-dose combination therapy exhibited significantly greater adherence after the switch.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Modified TEI index: a promising parameter in essential hypertension?

PURPOSE: Modified TEI index is pointed to be more effective in the evaluation of global cardiac functions compared to systolic and diastolic measurements alone. We planned to determine its applicability in hypertension and relation with left ventricular mass index (LVMI). METHODS: We studied 48 patients with mild/moderate hypertension and normal coronary angiograms. In total 22 patients (12 men, 10 women, mean age: 55 +/- 6) with normal LVMI were studied in group I, 26 patients (12 men, 14 women, mean age: 57 +/- 7) with increased LVMI in group II, and 20 patients (10 men, 10 women, mean age: 53 +/- 7) with normal blood pressure as a control group. Standard 2D, Doppler, and mitral annulus pulse wave tissue Doppler were used for all measurements. Modified TEI index was calculated as diastolic time interval measured from end of Am wave to origin of Em (a') minus systolic Sm duration (b') divided by b(a'-b'/b'). RESULTS: Modified TEI index was significantly higher in both groups than normal group and in group II than in group I. ( CONTROL GROUP: 0.33 +/- 0.05, group I: 0.51 +/- 0.17, group II: 0.68 +/- 0.16, P< 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Modified TEI index, a marker of left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, is impaired in hypertensives before hypertrophy develops and impairment is more prominent in hypertrophy. Therefore, (1) modified TEI index in hypertensives is a safe, feasible, and sensitive index for evaluation of global ventricular functions. (2) Evaluation of hypertensives with this index periodically may guide interventions directed toward saving systolic and diastolic functions. (3) Modified TEI index is gaining importance as a complementary parameter to standard Doppler or in cases where standard Doppler has its limitations.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Haemodynamic effects and kinetics of concomitant intravenous disopyramide and atenolol in patients with ischaemic heart disease.

The haemodynamic effects of concomitant intravenous administration of disopyramide (Norpace) and atenolol (Tenormin) were studied in a cross-over trial in 7 patients with ischaemic heart disease. Following 150 mg disopyramide i.v. the cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) decreased by 14% and 26%, respectively and the heart rate (HR) and preejection period index (PEPI) increased by 13% and 19%, respectively. A decrease in CI of 14% and HR of 21%, respectively were noted after intravenous administration of 7.5 mg atenolol; PEPI increased by 10% whereas SVI remained unchanged. The cardiac Index (CI) fell by 33% following the administration of both drugs. The effect on CI of the two drugs was additive. The effect of disopyramide and atenolol on HR, SVI and PEPI was not significantly modified by coadministration of the other drug. No change in blood pressure was observed after disopyramide or atenolol. A correlation (rho) of 0.540 and 0.387 was observed between the change in PEPI and the log free and total serum concentrations of disopyramide, respectively. Combined intravenous use of the two drugs in patients with incipient or overt heart failure is not recommended, unless it is due to the arrhythmia to be treated.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Risk of antipsychotic drug use in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with rivastigmine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cholinesterase inhibitors may offer some improvement in the behavioural symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The dual inhibitory mechanism of action of rivastigmine (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) may improve behavioural symptoms and may delay the need for antipsychotics. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rivastigmine on the time to first antipsychotic drug use among patients with Alzheimer's disease, compared with patients with Alzheimer's disease not treated with a cholinesterase inhibitor. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study used MarketScan research databases from 1 January 1999 to 31 March 2002. Patients were included if they: (a). were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease on two occasions or filled a prescription for rivastigmine for the first time during the index period from 1 July 2000 to 31 December 2001; (b). were 65 years of age and older; (c). had continuous health and prescription insurance coverage during the entire study period; and (d). had not used an antipsychotic medication within 18 months prior to their index Alzheimer's disease prescription or diagnosis. The 'no cholinesterase inhibitor' group included patients who were newly diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, but did not use any cholinesterase inhibitors. Chi-square, Student's t-, and log-rank tests were used to test differences in study variables between groups. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate predicted risk of first antipsychotic drug use. RESULTS: The study included 497 patients in the rivastigmine group and 749 patients in the 'no cholinesterase inhibitor' group. The rivastigmine group patients were younger compared with the 'no cholinesterase inhibitor' group patients (p < 0.01). The overall usage of antipsychotics was considerably lower for patients taking rivastigmine (9.8%) compared with those not taking cholinesterase inhibitors (25.6%). Patients taking rivastigmine were 64% less likely (relative risk = 0.36; p < 0.0001) to take antipsychotics compared with patients not taking cholinesterase inhibitors, after adjusting for demographic covariates, comorbid conditions, and use of other CNS drugs and anticonvulsants. Age was the only other factor that influenced antipsychotic use; older patients were significantly more likely to start antipsychotics than younger patients. CONCLUSION: This study provides initial evidence that patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with rivastigmine have a reduced risk of initiating therapy with an antipsychotic drug compared with patients who receive no cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. These findings may imply that rivastigmine use could delay the onset of behavioural symptoms that require treatment with antipsychotic medications.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of left ventricular performance in acutely ill patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

Among 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with increasing dyspnea, the resting mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was elevated (greater than 12mm Hg) in 4 and became abnormal with exercise in 3 other subjects. Stroke volume index was reduced (less than 36 ml/beat/M2) in 16 of 26 patients (62 percent). The resting pre-ejection period index was prolonged (greater than 144 msec) in 17 patients (65 percent), while the left ventricular (LV) ejection time index was reduced (less than 408 msec) in 23 patients (88 percent). The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the LV ejection time was within the normal range (0.309 to 0.381) in only 3 of 26 patients (12 percent). Echocardiographic measurements of LV function were normal in nine patients, seven of whom had one or more abnormal values for systolic time intervals (STIs). These data suggest that reduced LV filing results in abnormal values for STIs in patients with COPD, and therefore that in such patients STIs are not accurate indices of LV function.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Patterns of cholinesterase-inhibitor use in the nursing home setting: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared dosing and utilization patterns of the cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine in the nursing home setting. METHODS: An exploratory, retrospective analysis of prescription claims data from January 1, 2001, to March 31, 2003, was conducted using data from a nationwide network of long-term care facilities in the United States. Nursing home residents with > or =1 new prescription for donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine during the index period from June 1, 2001, through March 31, 2002, were identified, and those who received an index prescription for a ChEI >45 days after nursing home admission and remained in the nursing home for > or=1 year after the initiation of ChEI treatment were included in the analysis. Utilization patterns were evaluated based on prescription claims for 1 year after the initiation of therapy. The study end points were the proportions of patients discontinuing or switching ChEI therapy, the proportion reaching an effective daily dose of ChEI therapy, the mean time to effective dose, and the mean daily dosage. RESULTS: : Two thousand eight hundred seventy-three residents of 1417 nursing homes were included in this analysis, of whom 1906 (66.3%) were prescribed donepezil, 507 (17.6%) rivastigmine, and 460 (16.0%) galantamine. The proportion of residents who were prescribed an effective dose at any point during the 1-year study period was significantly greater for donepezil than for rivastigmine or galantamine (99.3%, 72.5%, and 65.1%, respectively; both, P < 0.001). The difference between rivastigmine and galantamine also was statistically significant (P < 0.014). Donepeziltreated residents had a significantly shorter mean time to effective dose than rivastigmine- and galantamine-treated residents (1.5, 76.7, and 99.9 days; P < 0.001). The mean daily dosage of donepezil was above the effective dose throughout the study period, whereas the mean daily dosage was below the effective dose for the first 3 months with rivastigmine and did not approach the effective dose for galantamine until month 12. ChEl therapy was discontinued during the study period by 43.1%, 46.2%, and 47.0% of donepezil-, rivastigmine-, and galantamine-treated residents, respectively. The corresponding proportions of residents switching therapy were 3.3%, 4.7%, and 2.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that early effective dosing occurred more often with donepezil than with rivastigmine or galantamine in these nursing home residents. Almost half of residents discontinued donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine, whereas rates of switching from one ChEI to another were low.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Observations on the periodicity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in natural human infections.

The circadian periodicity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in peripheral blood was analysed in a group of children from an holoendemic community of north-eastern Tanzania. No periodicity was observed with asexual stage parasites. Gametocytes were shown to display a diurnal subperiodic pattern with a periodicity index of 31. 8. Mathematical analysis of the data indicated that P. falciparum gametocytes tend to display periodicity with a peak (15:30-19:30 h) that do not coincide with the peak (00:30-03:30 h) biting activity of the local vector, Anopheles gambiae. We were thus able to show a P. falciparum gametocyte periodicity with a harmonic wave pattern, but its functional biological significance if any, is currently unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cladding mode reorganization in high-refractive-index-coated long-period gratings: effects on the refractive-index sensitivity.

We theoretically and experimentally investigated the reorganization of cladding modes in high-refractive-index- (HRI-) coated long-period gratings (LPGs), focusing on the influence of refractive-index sensitivity. When azimuthally symmetric nanoscale HRI coatings are deposited along LPG devices, a significant modification of the distribution of cladding modes occurs, depending on the layers' features (refractive index and thickness) and on the external refractive index. In particular, if these parameters are properly chosen, a transition between cladding modes and overlay modes occurs. Numerical and experimental effects of the mode transition on the sensitivity of the surrounding refractive index are described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Prescribing COX-2s for patients new to cyclo-oxygenase inhibition therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To profile the pattern of cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor (COX-2) use, including length of therapy, medical conditions treated, and gastrointestinal (GI) risk profile of users. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive retrospective analysis of medical and prescription claims data from a large preferred provider organization in the Midwest. METHODS: During an index period of January through May 31, 2000, patients new to COX-2 therapy were evaluated 365 days before and after their first prescription. Among the inclusion criteria, patients had to have no previous use of COX-2 therapy, be at least 18 years of age, and be continuously eligible during the entire study period. RESULTS: Of the more than 300 000 members with at least 1 day of coverage in the index window, 1312 members met the inclusion criteria. The average age of COX-2 users was 49.5 years (SD = 11.4) and 60% were female. The number of days' supply of COX-2 agent obtained by members was highly skewed, with a mean of 116 days (SD = 119.5) and a median of 60 days. The medical conditions associated with COX-2 use included a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, the most common being low back pain (22%) and osteoarthritis (18%). Approximately 19% of members did not have a diagnosis associated with COX-2 use. Sixty-five percent of those new to COX-2 therapy did not have an indication of being at risk for GI events, and 68% had no indication for trying a lower-cost nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescription prior to beginning COX-2 therapy. Taken together, 45% did not have a GI risk factor or prior use of nonselective NSAID prescription therapy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that opportunities exist to encourage the cost-effective prescribing of COX-2 therapy. Possible methods include implementation of step therapy, academic detailing, and physician education programs, among others.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Endothelin-1 limits increases in blood flow to native and collateral-dependent myocardium.

We hypothesized that blood flow to collateralized and noncollateralized myocardium is improved by antagonism of endothelin (ET) A receptors. Coronary collateral development was stimulated by placing an ameroid constrictor around the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx; collateralized region) in 11 swine. After 35 +/- 2 days, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD; noncollateralized region) was autoperfused at constant pressure using blood from a femoral artery. In group 1 (n = 6) transmural blood flow was measured using radioactive microspheres in the LAD, LCx, and border regions (i.e., area between LAD and LCx) during pacing stress while vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) was infused into the LAD coronary artery (pace 1). Approximately 55 min later, a second period of pacing (pace 2) was performed in the presence of ETA receptor antagonism (BQ-123; 5 mg.ml-1.min-1 ic). In the time control group (group 2, n = 5) vehicle was infused during both pacing periods. Indexes of myocardial oxygen demand were similar between paces 1 and 2 in each group. Compared with the first pacing period, transmural blood flow (ml.100 g-1.min-1) was higher (P < 0.05) during ETA receptor antagonism (i.e., pace 2) in the LAD (105 +/- 8 vs. 139 +/- 9), border (51 +/- 5 vs. 83 +/- 7), and LCx regions (22 +/- 3 vs. 41 +/- 4, respectively) in group 1. In group 2, while perfusion in the border (98 +/- 17 vs. 103 +/- 16) and LCx regions (19 +/- 4 vs. 27 +/- 6) was similar in paces 1 and 2, LAD transmural flow was greater (134 +/- 9 vs. 160 +/- 13; P < 0.05) during the second pacing period. However, the percent increase in LAD flow comparing pace 1 with 2 was greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (39 +/- 6%) compared with group 2 (20 +/- 7%). These data suggest that during the stress of pacing blood flow to collateralized and noncollateralized myocardium is improved in the presence of ETA receptor blockade.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cryptosporidiosis: a cause of diarrhea in Bangladesh.

Fecal samples from diarrheal patients and non-diarrheal controls were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts in a year-long prospective study at a diarrhea treatment center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 42 (3%) of 1,382 diarrheal patients but in none of 235 non-diarrheal controls. In 32 (76%) of 42 patients, no other enteropathogens were detected. Children less than 5 years of age were more commonly infected than older children (4.8% vs. 1.6%, P greater than 0.05) and adults (4.8% vs. 0.2%, P less than 0.01). A higher number of cases were detected during hot and humid months (April--July). Nineteen children less than 5 years of age (index cases) and their 71 family members were followed for 3 weeks after the release of the index cases from the hospital. Diarrhea continued for greater than 14 days (persistent diarrhea) in 8 (32%) index children. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 1 (12.5%) of 8 family members who developed diarrhea during the follow-up period. Index cases excreted oocysts for 3-28 days (12.37 +/- 8.35 days). Almost all the patients recovered with oral rehydration. Cryptosporidium ssp. cause self-limited diarrhea episodes in children less than 5 years of age in Bangladesh, with a low frequency of intrafamilial transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Changes in systolic time intervals during treatment of diabetes mellitus.

The cardiovascular response to the control of diabetes by sulphonylurea drugs has been investigated using systolic time intervals in a group of 19 diabetics. Before treatment a significantly greater heart rate and shortening of QS2 interval and left ventricular ejection time index were encountered among the more hyperglycaemic diabetic patients requiring drug therapy while all diabetics had a reduction of pre-ejection period index. There was a gradual return of resting heart rate and systolic time intervals to control values along with the fall in plasma sugar concentration during treatment. A likely explanation of the findings is that uncontrolled diabetics, particularly those more severely affected, are subjected to an increased adrenergic stimulus to the cardiovascular system which disappears with therapy. There is no evidence of positive inotropic action of sulphonylurea drugs in this study.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1993

Pronus angina (angina pectoris induced by stooping or crouching). A proposed mechanism.

Patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) sometimes complain of chest pressure upon crouching or bending-forward (pronus angina). The factors that trigger pronus angina are not clear. We therefore investigated 28 patients with CAD and 26 normal subjects in the sitting, knee-chest, stooping, and squatting positions. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were found to increase by 13.5 and 19.5 percent (p < 0.005) in the stooping position. In addition, left ventricular (LV) ejection time index (LVETI) also increased (p < 0.005). Despite the acute rise in aortic pressure, which is expected to lengthen the pre-ejection period index (PEPI), the latter shortened slightly in 10 of 14 (71 percent) patients tested, suggesting augmentation in contractile force during the isovolumic phase. Finally, left atrial size increased (p < 0.005) during the knee-chest maneuver, suggesting that the LV size also increases upon bending forward. The effect of stooping on blood pressure was similar in magnitude to that of squatting. It is concluded that the triggering factor for "pronus angina" in severe CAD may be explained as a combination of hemodynamic events which acutely increase myocardial oxygen requirements.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Epidemiology of primary tumors of the central nervous system in the 1st year of life].

148 children under the age of 5 have been identified from the files of the National Cancer Registry of the GDR. They all had primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), which were histopathologically diagnosed in the period 1975 to 1980. Additional information concerning their health status and diseases was collected from birth history, postnatal care-unit files, out- and in-patient medical records and other sources. Based on these materials the time of clinical onset of the disease has been elucidated. In 12 of the 148 patients the onset was in the perinatal period and in another 36 during the first year of life. 1,322,450 births took place in the GDR in the index period. The incidence of primary tumors of the CNS with onset of signs and symptoms prior to the end of the first year of life was 3.6 per 100,000 births. The most common type of tumor was astrocytoma, with an incidence of 0.9/100,000. It is followed in frequency by other neuroectodermal tumors and by intracranial teratomas. No meningiomas or pituitary adenomas had their onset in infancy. The conclusion is drawn that the incidence of neuroectodermal tumors is almost the same in newborns and infants as it is in older age groups. The findings contradict the genera view, that CNS tumors in infants are very rare.

Astrocytoma↗