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PubMed1983

Differential effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 on two types of myoclonus in baboon Papio papio.

Certain benzodiazepines (BZs) like lorazepam, diazepam or clonazepam induce myoclonus jerks in photosensitive and non-photosensitive baboons. Papio papio, which are not accompanied by EEG paroxysmal discharges (type B). The effect of the selective BZ antagonist R0 15-1788 was evaluated in this myoclonus. Ro 15-1788 completely blocked type B myoclonus without decreasing the level of vigilance in the two types of baboons, and reversed the antiepileptic action of the BZs in the photosensitive ones, permitting the reappearance of myoclonus following EEG paroxysmal discharges (type A). L-5-hydroxytryptophan and progabide also blocked type B myoclonus, but the blockade was only transiently effective and was always accompanied by slight drowsiness.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1983

Antiepileptic action of excitatory amino acid antagonists in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio.

Antagonists of excitation induced by dicarboxylic amino acids have been evaluated for acute anticonvulsant activity in baboons, Papio papio, with photosensitive epilepsy. 2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, 1 mmol/kg, i.v., abolishes myoclonic responses for 5 h. Less prolonged protection is seen after cis-2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid, 1-3.3 mmol/kg; 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, 1-3.3 mmol/kg; or glutamic acid diethyl ester, 1-3.3 mmol/kg. Toxic side-effects are prominent after the latter two compounds. Antagonists of excitation due to N-methyl-D-aspartate possess acute anticonvulsant activity in a wider range of models epilepsy.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1984

Physostigmine antagonizes benzodiazepine-induced myoclonus in the baboon, Papio papio.

The antagonism of some benzodiazepine (Bz) actions by physostigmine was investigated in 4 Papio papio baboons. As a model of these actions, the myoclonus induced in this species by clonazepam i.m. administration was used. The baboon develops, 20-30 min after Bz i.m. injection, a non-epileptic myoclonus characterized by clinical symptomatology (jerks involving mainly the neck and the trunk bilaterally), by the absence of any correlative EEG discharge, and by its facilitation during movement. This Bz-induced myoclonus resembles the intention myoclonus of human patients, as seen for example after anoxia. In the present series, the effect of physostigmine i.v. injection on the frequency of clonazepam-induced myoclonus was tested. Physostigmine produces a rapid and total abolition of the myoclonus, and this effect lasts for a period which corresponds to the pharmacological activity of physostigmine. On the contrary, atropine i.v. injection considerably increases the amount of Bz-induced myoclonus. These results allow the existence of an anticholinergic action of benzodiazepines, reversed by physostigmine, and the theory that the myoclonus would be the consequence of a cholinergic system depression to be hypothesized.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Convulsant effect of Ro 5-4864, a peripheral type benzodiazepine, on the baboon (Papio papio).

The effects of Ro 5-4864, a 1,4-benzodiazepine with a high affinity for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine (Bz) binding site, were investigated in the baboon (Papio papio), which is genetically predisposed to epilepsy. A proconvulsant effect of low doses (1-3 mg/kg, i.v.) of Ro 5-4864 was observed by studying its effect on the photic responses induced by intermittent light stimulation in non-photosensitive baboons. Higher doses of Ro 5-4864 (10 mg/kg, i.v.) were overtly convulsant. The Bzs clonazepam and diazepam blocked these convulsant actions of Ro 5-4864 whereas neither Ro 15-1788, an antagonist of central Bz binding sites, nor PK 11 195, an antagonist of peripheral Bz binding sites, had any effect. It thus appeared that the convulsant effect of Ro 5-4864 was not mediated by Bz binding sites of either the central or the peripheral type. It is possible that Ro 5-4864 exerts its convulsant action at the picrotoxin site of the central Bz receptor - gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-chloride ionophore complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Proteoglycan populations of baboon (Papio papio) cartilages from different anatomical sites: gel electrophoretic analysis of dissociated proteoglycans and of fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation.

Proteoglycans extracted by 4 M guanidinium chloride from different cartilages and vertebral discs of young baboons (Papio papio) were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and assessed by gel electrophoresis. Proteoglycans fractionated by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation under 'dissociative' conditions were similarly purified and assessed. (1) Non-fractionated proteoglycans from articular, nasal, laryngeal, tracheal, costal, vertebral plate and ear cartilage and from anulus fibrosus gave three metachromatic bands on gel electrophoresis: two broad, closely running bands (I and II) and a faster, more discrete band (III). The migrations rates of corresponding bands of various cartilages were similar, with minor differences in staining intensity. Gel electrophoresis of material fractionated on the gradient indicated the presence of bands with the same migration and appearance as those found for the unfractionated proteoglycans and also partial separation of bands (buoyant density I greater than II greater than III). (2) Non-fractionated proteoglycans from growth cartillage yielded bands I and II only. Small amounts of material corresponding to band III were detected in the upper fractions of the gradients. (3) Proteoglycans from nucleus pulposus migrated as two diffuse bands corresponding to bands I and II. The two bands were partially separated in the gradients and an additional very slow band was formed in the middle fractions of the gradients. (4) Proteoglycans from knee menisci contained a densely stained band of corresponding mobility to band III. Faint bands corresponding to band I and II were also detected. The bands were partially separated in the gradients.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of effect of aspartame or of L-phenylalanine on photically induced myoclonus in the baboon, Papio papio.

The effects of large doses of L-phenylalanine and of aspartame on seizure susceptibility and severity have been assessed in baboons Papio papio from Senegal which show photosensitive epileptic responses similar to primary generalised epilepsy in man. L-Phenylalanine, 50, 150 or 450 mg/kg, or aspartame, 300 or 1000 mg/kg, were administered orally. Peak plasma L-phenylalanine concentrations of approximately 2000 mumoles/l occurred 1-4 h after the highest dose of L-phenylalanine or aspartame. The plasma L-phenylalanine to large neutral amino acid ratio increased approximately 30-fold at this time. Compared with water administration there were no changes in epileptic responses 1-5 h after either treatment. In this primate model of epilepsy acute increases in plasma phenylalanine concentration are neither pro- nor anticonvulsant.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Perception of the corridor illusion by baboons (Papio papio).

The corridor illusion was assessed in four baboons (Papio papio) by way of judgmental task implying a comparison between the size of two figures presented on various backgrounds. Findings demonstrate that the baboons are sensitive to the corridor illusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Seroepizootiology of the herpesvirus Papio (HVP) infection in healthy baboons (Papio hamadryas) of high- and low-lymphoma risk populations.

Seroepizootiology of Herpesvirus Papio (HVP) infection was studied in three groups of healthy hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas): the main Sukhumi (high-lymphoma) stock, forest Sukhumi (lymphoma-free) stock and newly imported wild animals. The prevalence to HVP infection, as judged by anti-VCA-HVP positivity, was approximately the same in both Sukhumi stocks (86% and 90% respectively) and it was significantly lower in the pooled group of newly imported baboons. It is interesting that prevalence of HVP infection in the different independent groups varied markedly (35-79%). Geometric mean titers of positives in all groups were approximately the same. The prevalence of HVP infection was age-dependent. It increased during the first years of life reaching the maximum (about 100%) at the age of 5 years being stable up to the age of 18 years and "decreased" at very old ages (over 18 years). The prevalence of HVP infection in newly imported baboons increased with age up to 71% in a group of the "oldest" monkeys and did not plateau. No significant sex differences in anti-HVP titers were found. Anti-EA-HVP-positive (with one exception) and anti-HUPNA-positive animals were found only in the main Sukhumi stock. Thus, "serologic activity" against HVP infection was the highest in the ligh-lymphoma stock.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Temporal variations of excitability in photosensitive papio papio after series of intermittent light flashes (author's transl)].

After several trains of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) each lasting 10 seconds and sometimes inducing paroxysmal electrical activity, isolated flashes or salves of 2 or 3 light flashes are capable of inducing bifrontal paroxysmal discharges in photosensitive Papio papio, an effect which is augmented by allylglycine or the use of highly photosensitive animals. Use of these salves repeated every second enabled the authors to demonstrate two types of changes in cortical excitability after intermittent photic stimulation: 1. responses which were more frequent and of greater amplitude appearing in the first 3 or 4 seconds after IPS; after paralysis of the animal amplitude and frequency of the responses are augmented. 2. if trains of intermittent photic stimulation are repeated regularly a seizure occurs after 5 to 15 trains. In the paralysed animal, more trains are required although large responses are seen after each train whereas in the non-paralysed animal the seizure occurs rapidly but the responses are on average weaker and less frequent than in 1. The relationship between photosensitive epilepsy and these responses is discussed as well as that of somatic afferents.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Modification of frontal and occipital cortical excitability provoked by trains of flashes in Papio papio (author's transl)].

The experimental conditions necessary for obtaining an evoked paroxysmal response from the frontal cortex were studied in the baboon Papio papio. The trigger stimulus was comprised of an isolated flash preceded by a train of intermittent light stimulation (SLI). Two conditions were necessary for the appearance of paroxysmal responses: a subconvulsant dose of DL-allylglycine had to be injected at least 3 h previous to recording, and a sufficient number of SLI trains had to be presented to the animal. The paroxysmal responses disappeared as soon as SLI trains were stopped. At the same time, modifications in the evoked occipital potential continue, although these do not become paroxysmal. These modifications appear either simultaneously with or previous to the paroxysmal frontal response.

Allylglycine↗
PubMed1982

[Myoclonus induced by some benzodiazepines in the Papio papio. Comparison with myoclonus induced by intermittent light stimulation (author's transl)].

Papio papio may show two different kinds of myoclonus. A first type corresponds to myoclonus induced by photic stimulation (25 Hz). This type is always preceded by paroxysmal discharges. Another type of myoclonus may be induced, or at least facilitated, by some benzodiazepines, especially lorazepam and, to a lesser extent, diazepam. This type is neither preceded nor accompanied by paroxysmal discharges. A single injection of lorazepam (1 mg/kg i.v.) blocks the first type of myoclonus but favors the appearance of the second. However, these effects do not follow the same evolution; while myoclonus induced by photic stimulation disappears immediately after the injection, benzodiazepine-induced myoclonus appears only 10-15 min. Furthermore, whereas the former reappears after 150-210 min, the latter may persist for a longer time (up to 1 h). A preliminary pharmacologic study of benzodiazepine-induced myoclonus indicates that drugs increasing brain GABA level block this type of myoclonus. The possible reticular origin of benzodiazepine-induced myoclonus is suggested.

Allylglycine↗
PubMed1975

Recurrent spontaneous seizure state induced by prefrontal kindling in senegalese baboons, Papio papio.

In our earlier study of amygdaloid kindling in Papio papio (Pp), the development of partial complex seizure and of focal motor seizure was correlated with bifrontal theta discharge and increasing Rolandic spike discharge respectively and the final stage was characterized by primary generalized convulsive seizure. Since the latter seizure pattern is known to originate from the frontal focus in man, the frontal cortex became suspect in the development of the final stage seizure pattern. Daily prefrontal stimulation showed that Pp can be kindled from this site, culminating in a recurrent spontaneous seizure state identical to that induced by amygdaloid kindling in this species. However, our observation did not support our original assumption regarding the genesis of primary generalized convulsive seizure. Prefrontal and amygdaloid kindling are significantly different with respect to morphology, distribution and propagation of after discharge and interictal spike discharge, and speed and pattern of clinical seizure development. Most intriguingly, inter-ictal behavioral aberration associated with depth EEG changes was observed only in the prefrontal animals and not in the amygdaloid animals.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Mirror-image matching and mental rotation problem solving by baboons (Papio papio): unilateral input enhances performance.

Three experiments, using a matching-to-sample procedure, were conducted to examine hemispheric specialization in mirror-image discrimination and mental rotation in baboons (Papio papio). In Experiment 1, no significant difference was found in discrimination of mirror-image and asymmetric pattern stimuli. In Experiment 2, orientation discrimination was assessed within the left (LVF) and right (RVF) visual half-fields. An RVF advantage was found in accuracy for asymmetric patterns, whereas an LVF advantage was found for discrimination of mirror-image stimuli. No significant relation was found between angular disparity of the stimuli and response time. Experiment 3 examined the effect of bilateral visual input on accuracy and response time. Significantly lower accuracy and longer response times were found for bilateral compared with unilateral visual input.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Manual and hemispheric specialization in the manipulation of a joystick by baboons (Papio papio).

Manual performance asymmetries were examined in 8 baboons (Papio papio). Using a joystick, monkeys had to track and hit with a cursor a randomly moving target on a monitor. The left or right hand was tested first, depending on group assignment, followed by a transfer to the other hand. A transfer effect is reported for the total number of trials to criterion and total number of successful trials. No effect was found for response time. However, for both test and transfer, the group initially tested with the left hand exhibited more controlled movements as demonstrated by shorter cursor's paths. Overall, it appears that the spatial components of the task are more sensitive to laterality effects than response times or learning scores.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Video-task assessment of stimulus novelty effects on hemispheric lateralization in baboons (Papio papio).

In a video matching-to-sample task, we examined the effects of stimulus novelty on hemispheric specialization in 6 baboons (Papio papio). After familiarization with a set of 8 composite stimuli, baboons were tested with either familiar stimuli paired in a novel way, novel stimuli composed of familiar elements, or novel stimuli differing in structure from the previous stimuli. Analyses focused on visual field differences between initial and later trials in each condition. The findings reflected shorter left than right visual half-field response times for initial but not for terminal trials. With regard to accuracy, scores were smaller for the initial trials than for the later ones, but there was no significant difference between left and right visual half-fields. Overall, this study suggests that hemispheric lateralization changes with practice and that the right hemisphere of the baboon plays a critical role in the processing of novelty.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Same-different conceptualization by baboons (Papio papio): the role of entropy.

The authors trained 6 baboons (Papio papio) to make 1 of 2 report responses to 16-icon same arrays versus 16-icon different arrays. In the same arrays, the icons were all the same as one another, whereas in the different arrays the icons were all different from one another. In Experiment 1, the baboons discriminated the same arrays from the different arrays, and they transferred their discriminative responding to arrays of novel icons. In Experiments 2 and 3, the baboons exhibited strong sensitivity to the degree of display variability when they were shown mixed arrays that comprised some same and some different items. The information theoretic measure "entropy" systematically described these results and outperformed several rival metrics. Finally, in Experiments 4 and 5, the baboons' responses to displays that contained jittered and blurred icons suggested that their same-different conceptual behavior was not based on the spatial orderliness of the visual arrays.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Proteoglycan populations of baboon (Papio papio) articular cartilage.

1. Gel electrophoresis of proteoglycans extracted with use of 4 M-guanidinium chloride from baboon (Papio papio) articular cartilage and purified on DEAE-cellulose in 8 M-urea yielded three bands on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide/agarose gels: two wide bands close together (I and II) and a third, thinner and more rapidly moving band (III). 2. Gel electrophoresis of fractions from direct 'dissociative' gradients showed that these bands were partially separated (buoyant density of I greater than II greater than III). 3. Reduction and alkylation of proteoglycans did not alter either the gel-electrophoretic pattern or the distribution of the bands in the fractions of the gradient. 4. Band III was found in the upper third of 'associative' gradients but not in the bottom fraction, which yielded after dissociation only bands I and II. 5. The third band was completely extracted for 24h with an iso-osmotic solution, but was contaminated with bands I and II. The second extraction step with 4M-guanidinium chloride yielded only bands I and II. 6. The data strongly suggest the presence in the articular cartilage of several populations of dissociated proteoglycans differing in gel-electrophoretic migration, buoyant density and aggregation capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Fibrinopeptides A and B of baboons (Papio anubis, Papio hamadryas, and Theropithecus gelada): their amino acid sequences and evolutionary rates and a molecular phylogeny for the baboons.

Amino acid sequences of fibrinopeptides A and B from savanna baboons, Papio anubis and Papio hamadryas, and highland baboon, Theropithecus gelada, were established. The sequences of the fibrinopeptides A from the three baboons were identical: (sequence: see text) The fibrinopeptides B were composed of 9 residues and demonstrated the sequence: (sequence see text) where X3 = Arg in P. anubis, His in P. hamadryas, and Gly in Th. gelada. Position-3 of the B peptides was the only replacement site observed among the 25 amino acid residues in both fibrinopeptides from the baboons. Based on these sequences, a molecular phylogeny for the three species of baboons was deduced. The evolutionary rates of the peptides B of the baboons and macaques were also estimated. It was observed that the fibrinopeptides changed at an uneven rate during the evolution of old-world monkeys, i.e., baboons and macaques.

Amino Acid Sequence↗