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PubMed1999

[Identification of Panax quinquefolius, P. ginseng and P. notoginseng by protein fingerprints].

Establish the way of protein fingerprints to identify P. quinquefolius, P. ginseng and P. notoginseng of genus Panax by SDS-PAGE, Tris-tricine and Western blot. The fingerprints of Panax species from 28 KD to 58 KD and 55 KD are in common. Very different fingerprints of P. quinquefolius are found below 28 KD. The fingerprints above 58 KD seemed to be peculiar for P. ginseng. Hence the approach may be used as a means to authenticate the concerned Panax species, especially for identification of P. quinquefolius.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2001

[Studies on the arbutin biosynthesis by hairy root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer].

OBJECTIVE: To study basic conditions for biosynthesis arbutin by the hairy root of Panax ginseng. METHOD: Based on the content of arbutin and the biotransformation rate of hydroquione, these conditions such as the culture stage, the lasting time and the concentration of hydroquione fitting for biosynthesis were found. RESULT: After cultured for 22 days, transferred in fresh B5 medium having 2 mmol.L-1 hydroquione, the hairy root biotransformated hydroquione into arbutin in 24 hours, the bioconversion rate was 89.0% and the content of arbutin in dry root was 13.0%. CONCLUSION: Arbutin, was which never found in the genus of Panax ginseng, can be biosynthesized by the hairy root of Panax ginseng.

Arbutin↗
PubMed2003

Drug interaction potential of soy extract and Panax ginseng.

To determine if soy extract or Panax ginseng increases the urinary excretion of the 6-beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio as a marker of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzyme induction, subjects received a soy extract containing 50 mg isoflavones twice daily (n = 20) or Panax ginseng 100 mg standardized to 4% ginsenosides twice daily (n = 20) for 14 days. Neither Panax ginseng nor soy extract significantly altered the urinary 6-beta-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio, suggesting that unlike St. John's wort, they are not CYP3A inducers. Studies in vitro using human liver microsomes were performed to determine the effect of soy extract on probe substrates of CYP and UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Unhydrolyzed soy extract produced very little inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP2D6 and a trend of activation of CYP3A4. Hydrolyzed soy extract showed inhibition of all of the CYPs tested, particularly CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. UGT2B15 was the only UGT significantly inhibited. Even though both soy extract and ginseng have been shown to activate CYP3A4 in vitro, there is a lack of an in vitro correlation with the in vivo effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Thin layer chromatography and extractive technology of Panax japonicum C.A. Mey. var. major (Burk.) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng growing in Qingba Mountain Area].

Chemical components of the root, stem and leaves of Panax japonicum var. major were compared with those of Radix ginseng and Radix notoginseng by TLC. The results showed that the total saponin of the root Panax japonicum var. major was closer to that of Radix ginseng and the total saponin of its stem and leaves was similar to Radix notoginseng. A better extractive technology was obtained after isolating and purifying the whole herb of Panax japonicum var. major by ethyl alcohol at different concentrations. The components were compared by TLC. The results showed that with 60% ethyl alcohol the yield of the total extract was 17.15%.

Alkynes↗
PubMed2003

[Studies on formulations of Panax notoginsenosides for intranasal administration].

AIM: To develop high bioavailability preparations without irritation for Panax notoginsenosides. METHODS: The effects of some additives such as microcrystalline cellulose, beta-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl cellulose on drug in the preparations were examined. RESULTS: Saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) was absorbed in rabbits more when administered intranasally than through other routines, and the formulations including MCC both gave high bioavailability and low irritation. CONCLUSION: Bioavailability of Panax notoginsenosides can be increased through changing routine of administration and formulations.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of saponins from panax notoginseng using pressurized solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrum].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for qualitative analysis of saponins from Panax notoginseng using pressurized solvent extraction coupled with LC-ESI-MS. METHODS: The PSE technology was applied to the process of extraction for Panax notoginseng, and the negative ion detection and multiple reaction monitoring model were used. The saponins were investigated based on total ion chromatogram (TIC) and MRM chromatogram. RESULTS: According to the fragment character of saponins, the molecular weight and their structures could be identified. CONCLUSION: The method can be used for qualitative analysis of saponins from Panax notoginseng.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on lipopolysaccharide-induced adhesion of leukocytes in rat mesenteric venules.

Panax notoginseng is the root of the Chinese traditional herb, Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen. This study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the leukocyte adhesion and the expression of adhesion molecules in rat mesentery venules. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane. These were divided into control, LPS (perfused with lipopolysaccharide), and PNS group (perfused with PNS). The mesenteric microcirculation was observed under a videomicroscope. The number of adherent leukocytes, which attached to the vascular wall during more than 10 seconds, was counted along single venules (30-50 microm in diameter, 200 microm in length). The expression of adhesion molecules was examined using flow-cytometry in blood which was taken from the abdominal aorta and incubated with FITC-labeled CD11b (or CD18) antibodies. The results showed that different changes in the leukocyte adhesion and the expression of adhesion molecules among three groups. In LPS group, the leukocyte adhesion increased significantly after 20 minutes during the observation time, while it was reduced markedly in PNS group. The expression of CD11b and CD18 on the neutrophils was induced in LPS group, while it was reduced significantly in PNS group. It was suggested that PNS could reduce leukocyte adhesion in venules under the inhibitory effect on the expression of adhesion molecules (CD11b and CD18) on neutrophils.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

In vitro pollen plant induction and embryoid clone establishment of Panax ginseng.

In anther culture of Panax ginseng, its callus formation showed a wide adaptability to culture media. Large numbers of calli were induced on media exhibiting better effects of induction. Supplements of 5 mg 2,4-D/1 and 1 mg KT/1 to the media proved to be much effective. Regeneration of the whole plantlets from anther culture of Panax ginseng is usually quite difficult. During the past three years, however, sixteen of the 100 medium formulae tested were proved to be suitable. The formulae of MS + 0.5 mg BA/1 + 2 mg GA/1 + 1000 mg LH/1 + 3% sucrose were considered good and effective. A visibly differentiated body, which was light-milky white and later turned into a light green spot, was formed 40 days after the callus was transferred to the differentiation media. This body differentiated subsequently into buds, roots and, eventually, seedlings. The embryoid clones have been established in order to maintain its ability of continual differentiation into plantlets through successive culturings of many generations. The test-tube ginseng thus formed were transferred to regular flowerpots and grew well. Based upon chromosome examination of the callus cells and the root tips, we tentatively affirmed that the majority of these regenerated from anther of Panax ginseng were originated from pollen cells.

Methods↗
PubMed2002

Proteome of Oriental ginseng Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and the potential to use it as an identification tool.

Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are two widely used valuable traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). Previously, the identification of ginseng was mainly performed by analyzing the ginsengnosides using high performance liquid chromatography and amplification of polymorphic DNA using polymerase chain reaction. However, these methods cannot be used to distinguish TCM samples which are from different parts (main root, lateral roots, rhizome head and skin) of ginseng and ginseng culture cells from wild-grown ginseng. The present study aimed to identify different species of ginseng, different parts of the same ginseng and cultured cells of ginseng using a proteomic approach. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) maps were established from the American ginseng main root, different parts (main root, lateral roots, rhizome head and skins) of Oriental ginseng and Oriental ginseng culture cells. Our results show that the 2-DE maps of different ginseng samples contain sufficient differences to permit easy discrimination. We have also identified common and specific protein spots in the 2-DE maps of different ginseng samples. The use of these "marker proteins" may help to speed up the identification process.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1981

Two-dimensional TLC analysis of ginsenosides from root of dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius L.) Araliaceae.

A procedure is reported for the two-dimensional TLC separation of ginsenosides from the root of Panax trifolius L. The solvent systems and spray reagents described are useful for the identification of ginsenosides in various species of Panax. The results of the separation and identification with controls of at least four ginsenosides from the root of P. trifolius L. are reported. The total percentage of ginsenosides was 0.0061%.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effect of the standardized Panax ginseng extract, EFLA400, in Swiss albino mice.

In the present investigation the chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effects of a standardized Panax Ginseng extract (EFLA400, processed Panax ginseng extract containing a high titre of ginsenoside Rg3 (>3.0% w/w) known as Phoenix ginseng) in Swiss albino mice have been evaluated. The oral administration of EFLA400 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight at pre, peri and post-initiational phases, showed significant reductions in the number, size and weight of the papillomas. A significant reduction in tumour incidence (71.41 +/- 6.73%, 72.19 +/- 4.54% and 70.46 +/- 0.38% at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively) was observed in animals in the EFLA400 treated group compared with 100% tumour incidence in the control group. The cumulative number of papillomas during an observation period of 16 weeks was significantly reduced in the EFLA400 treated group (24 +/- 0.94, 16 +/- 1.41 and 11 +/- 1.41 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively). However, the average latent period was significantly increased from 10.81 +/- 0.1 weeks in the control group to 12.39 +/- 0.28 weeks in the treated group (10 mg/kg body weight). The average tumour weight was recorded as 128.55 +/- 8.48, 116.00 +/- 8.48 and 57.5 +/- 3.29 mg in 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated groups respectively. Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induction was also evaluated in bone marrow cells. These genotoxicity end-points were compared with papilloma occurrence at the same dose levels of carcinogen and ginseng. In the EFLA400 treated groups significantly reduced frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induced by DMBA and croton oil were observed. However, the maximum decrease in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were recorded in the 10 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated group than that of the 1 and 3 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated animals. The results from the present study suggest the dose dependent effectiveness of EFLA400 in chemoprevention and antimutagenicity in Swiss albino mice.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2001

Isolation of a novel thermolabile heterodimeric ribonuclease with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from roots of the sanchi ginseng Panax notoginseng.

An isolation procedure, consisting of ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, and fast protein liquid chromatography on Mono S, was utilized to purify a base-nonspecific, heterodimeric ribonuclease (RNase) with diverse activities from roots of the sanchi ginseng Panax notoginseng. The RNase is unique in that it consists of two different nonglycoprotein subunits with a molecular weight of 27 and 29 kDa, respectively. The latter subunit is characterized by an N-terminal sequence showing remarkable similarity to that of the bitter gourd RNase. The Panax notoginseng RNase demonstrates potent RNase and translation-inhibitory activities. In addition, it exhibits antiproliferative activity toward leukemia L1210 cells and antifungal activity against Physalospora piricola and Coprinus comatus. Its RNase activity is not heat-resistant, unlike most RNases which are thermostable.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ginsenoside Rb1: the anti-ulcer constituent from the head of Panax ginseng.

We previously reported that the butanol (BuOH) fraction of the head of Panax ginseng exhibited gastroprotective activity in peptic and chronic ulcer models. In order to identify the active constituent, an activity-guided isolation of the BuOH faction was conducted with a HCl x ethanol-induced gastric lesion model. The BuOH fraction was passed through a silica-gel column using a chloroform-methanol gradient solvent system, and six fractions (frs. 1-6) were obtained. The active fr. 5 was further separated by silica-gel column, to yield 6 subfractions (subfrs. a-f). Subfr. d was composed of ginsenosides Re, Rc and Rb1. The most active constituent was ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), a protopanaxadiol glycoside, which was investigated for its anti-ulcer effect. Gastric injury induced by HCl x ethanol, indomethacin and pyloric ligation (Shay ulcer) was apparently reduced with oral GRb1 doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg. GRb1 at these dosage significantly increased the amount of mucus secretion in an ethanol-induced model. The anti-ulcer effects were consistent with the result of histological examination. These results suggest that the major active constituent in the head of Panax ginseng is GRb1, and that anti-ulcer effect is produced through an increase in mucus secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng.

PURPOSE: Panax ginseng and its extracts have long been used for medical purposes; there is increasing interest in developing ginseng products as cancer preventive or therapeutic agents. The present study was designed to determine biological structure-activity relationships (SAR) for saponins present in Panax ginseng fruits. METHODS: Eleven saponins were extracted from P. ginseng fruits and purified by use of D(101) resin and ordinary and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical constants and NMR spectra. Compounds were then evaluated for SAR with their in vitro cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. RESULTS: The 11 compounds were identified as 20(R)-dammarane-3beta,12beta,20,25-tetrol (25-OH-PPD, 1); 20(R)-dammarane-3beta,6alpha,12beta,20,25-pentol (25-OH-PPT, 2); 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD, 3); daucosterine 4, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh(2) (Rh(2), 5); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(3) (Rg(3,) 6); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(2) (Rg(2), 7); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(1) (Rg(1), 8); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rd (Rd, 9); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Re (Re, 10); and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rb(1) (Rb(1), 11). Among the eleven compounds, 1, 3 and 5 were the most effective inhibitors of cell growth and proliferation and inducers of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. For 1, the IC(50) values for most cell lines were in the range of 10-60 microM, at least twofold lower than for any of the other compounds. Compounds 1 and 3 had significant, dose-dependent effects on apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the type of dammarane, the number of sugar moieties, and differences in the substituent groups affect their anti-cancer activity. This information may be useful for evaluating the structure/function relationship of other ginsenosides and their aglycones and for development of novel anticancer agents.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2002

Decreased Hill reaction rates and slow turnover of transitory starch in the obligate shade plant Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng).

To identify physiological processes that might limit photosynthesis in Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng) a comparison has been made with Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean ginseng), Pisum sativum L. (pea) and Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach). The quantum yield of oxygen evolution in intact leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes was found to be smaller in ginseng than in pea or spinach. However, the number of photosystem II (PSII) centers on a chlorophyll basis was found to be similar in all species. This suggests that ginseng thylakoid membranes possess relatively more inactive PSII centers than thylakoids of pea and spinach when grown under similar conditions. Unexpectedly, whole-chain electron transport from water to methyl viologen, and partial photosystem I reactions, demonstrated that electron transport rates to methyl viologen were anomalously low in P. quinquefolius and P. ginseng. Additionally, at elevated light intensities, intact leaves of P. quinquefolius were more susceptible to lipid peroxidation than pea leaves. In plants grown at a light intensity of 80 micro mol photons m(-2) s(-1) the levels of fructose and starch were higher in both ginseng species than in pea or spinach. Significantly, the level of starch in P. quinquefolius was relatively constant throughout the entire 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle and remained high after an extended dark time of 48 h. In addition, P. quinquefolius had lower activities of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase than P. ginseng, pea and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The significance of the elevated levels of leaf starch in P. quinquefolius remains to be determined. However, the susceptibility of P. quinquefolius to photoinhibition may arise as a consequence of a reduced fraction of active PSII centers. This may result in the normal dissipative mechanisms in these plants becoming saturated at elevated, but moderate, light intensities.

Carbon↗
PubMed2005

Induction and characterization of adventitious roots directly from the explants of Panax notoginseng.

Adventitious roots from leafstalks and lateral roots were obtained directly from explants of Panax notoginseng. The lateral root explants were more sensitive to the induction of adventitious roots using indole-3-butyric acid. HPLC analysis of saponins extracted from the adventitious roots indicated that several protopanaxatriol saponins were present but ginsenoside Rd was missing, compared with the saponins extracted from the raw herbs. The dry weight of primary adventitious root culture of Panax notoginseng increased 5.25 times during multiplication in a classical shaking-flask system, suggesting that it is a culture system with great potential for scale-up.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Ginsenoside-Rd from panax notoginseng blocks Ca2+ influx through receptor- and store-operated Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Previously, it was found that total saponins from panax notoginseng inhibited Ca2+ influx coupling to activation of alpha1-adrenoceptor. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ginsenoside-Rd from total saponins of panax notoginseng on receptor-operated (ROCC) and store-operated (SOCC) Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells using fura-2 fluorescence, whole cell patch clamp ion channel recording, radio-ligand-receptor binding, 45Ca2+ radio-trace and organ bath techniques. It was found that ginsenoside-Rd reduced phenylephrine-induced contractile responses and Ca2+ influx in normal media without significant effect on these responses in Ca2+ -free media. Ginsenoside-Rd also decreased phenylephrine- and thapsigargin-induced inward Ca2+ currents, and attenuated thapsigargin- and 1-oleoy-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG)-induced cation entries that are coupled to ROCC and SOCC respectively. Ginsenoside-Rd failed to inhibit KCl-induced contraction of rat aortal rings and Ca2+ influx, and did not alter voltage-dependent inward Ca2+ current (VDCC) which was blocked by nifedipine. Also, ginsenoside-Rd did not change binding site and affinity of [3H]-prazosin for alpha1-adrenoceptor in the vascular plasma membrane. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rd, as an inhibitor, remarkably inhibits Ca2+ entry through ROCC and SOCC without effects on VDCC and Ca2+ release in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of Panax ginseng extract (G115) on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production.

This study investigates the effects of the Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) extract G115 on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and nitric oxide (NO) in cultured human endothelial cells from umbilical veins (HUVEC) and bovine mesenteric arteries (BMA). In HUVEC, ACE activity was significantly reduced after 10 min incubation with aqueous extract of ginseng 5.0 and 10 mg/ml. This effect was additative with the inhibition of the traditional ACE inhibitor enalaprilat. No effect was seen on NO production from the cells. Angiotensin I-induced contraction of BMA was significantly attenuated by 0.1 and 0.5 mg/ml ginseng, while no endothelium-dependent or -independent relaxation was seen. In conclusion, extract of Panax ginseng (G115) inhibits ACE activity, but does not affect NO production in HUVEC and BMA.

Angiotensin I↗